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    Project Proposal

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    Odellien Saja
    A capacitive low-pass filter is generally preferred over an inductive low-pass filter because capacitors exhibit less resistive effects than inductors, making them more predictable. The document discusses the design and applications of low-pass and high-pass filters, including determining their cutoff frequencies using component values. Filters are useful in applications like stereo systems to efficiently direct different audio frequencies to the appropriate speakers.

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    Project Proposal

    Uploaded by

    Odellien Saja
    253 views5 pages
    A capacitive low-pass filter is generally preferred over an inductive low-pass filter because capacitors exhibit less resistive effects than inductors, making them more predictable. The document discusses the design and applications of low-pass and high-pass filters, including determining their cutoff frequencies using component values. Filters are useful in applications like stereo systems to efficiently direct different audio frequencies to the appropriate speakers.

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    project proposal

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    A capacitive low-pass filter is generally preferred over an inductive low-pass filter because capacitors exhibit less resistive effects than inductors, making them more predictable. The document discusses the design and applications of low-pass and high-pass filters, including determining their cutoff frequencies using component values. Filters are useful in applications like stereo systems to efficiently direct different audio frequencies to the appropriate speakers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    253 views5 pages

    Project Proposal

    Uploaded by

    Odellien Saja
    A capacitive low-pass filter is generally preferred over an inductive low-pass filter because capacitors exhibit less resistive effects than inductors, making them more predictable. The document discusses the design and applications of low-pass and high-pass filters, including determining their cutoff frequencies using component values. Filters are useful in applications like stereo systems to efficiently direct different audio frequencies to the appropriate speakers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Main problem

    Which type of filter can produce a better quality of sound?

    Sub problems

    How to determine which has a better sound quality?


    What are the values of capacitors, resistors, and inductors are required in our filter
    circuit?

    Scope and limitations


    A low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency signals and difficult passage
    to high-frequency signals. There are two basic kinds of circuits capable of accomplishing this
    objective, and many variations of each one: The inductive low-pass filter and the capacitive lowpass filter.
    The inductive low-pass filter is the pinnacle of simplicity, with only one component comprising
    the filter. The capacitive version of this filter is not that much more complex, with only a resistor
    and capacitor needed for operation. However, despite their increased complexity, capacitive filter
    designs are generally preferred over inductive because capacitors tend to be purer reactive
    components than inductors and therefore are more predictable in their behaviour. By pure I
    mean that capacitors exhibit little resistive effects than inductors, making them almost 100%
    reactive. Inductors, on the other hand, typically exhibit significant dissipative (resistor-like)
    effects, both in the long lengths of wire used to make them, and in the magnetic losses of the
    core material. Capacitors also tend to participate less in coupling effects with other
    components (generate and/or receive interference from other components via mutual electric or
    magnetic fields) than inductors, and are less expensive.
    All low-pass filters are rated at a certain cutoff frequency. That is, the frequency above which the
    output voltage falls below 70.7% of the input voltage. This cutoff percentage of 70.7 is not really
    arbitrary, all though it may seem so at first glance. In a simple capacitive/resistive low-pass filter,
    it is the frequency at which capacitive reactance in ohms equals resistance in ohms. In a simple
    capacitive low-pass filter (one resistor, one capacitor), the cutoff frequency is given as:

    When dealing with filter circuits, it is always important to note that the response of the filter
    depends on the filter's component values and the impedance of the load. If a cutoff frequency
    equation fails to give consideration to load impedance, it assumes no load and will fail to give
    accurate results for a real-life filter conducting power to a load.
    A high-pass filter's task is just the opposite of a low-pass filter: to offer easy passage of a highfrequency signal and difficult passage to a low-frequency signal. As one might expect, the
    inductive and capacitive versions of the high-pass filter are just the opposite of their respective
    low-pass filter designs. As with low-pass filters, high-pass filters have a rated cutoff frequency,
    above which the output voltage increases above 70.7% of the input voltage. Just as in the case of

    the capacitive low-pass filter circuit, the capacitive high-pass filter's cutoff frequency can be
    found with the same formula:

    Using a stereo system as a practical example, a capacitor connected in series with the tweeter
    (treble) speaker will serve as a high-pass filter, imposing high impedance to low-frequency bass
    signals, thereby preventing that power from being wasted on a speaker inefficient for
    reproducing such sounds. In like fashion, an inductor connected in series with the woofer (bass)
    speaker will serve as a low-pass filter for the low frequencies that particular speaker is designed
    to reproduce. In this simple example circuit, the midrange speaker is subjected to the full
    spectrum of frequencies from the stereo's output. More elaborate filter networks are sometimes
    used, but this should give you the general idea. A real stereo would have six speakers: 2 woofers,
    2 midranges, and 2 tweeters.
    For better performance yet, we might like to have some kind of filter circuit capable of passing
    frequencies that are between low (bass) and high (treble) to the midrange speaker so that none of
    the low- or high-frequency signal power is wasted on a speaker incapable of efficiently
    reproducing those sounds.

    Significance of the project


    It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of selectively filtering one frequency or range
    of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies in a circuit. A circuit designed to perform this
    frequency selection is called a filter circuit, or simply a filter.
    A common need for filter circuits is in high-performance stereo systems, where certain ranges of
    audio frequencies need to be amplified or suppressed for best sound quality and power
    efficiency. You may be familiar with equalizers, which allow the amplitudes of several
    frequency ranges to be adjusted to suit the listener's taste and acoustic properties of the listening
    area. You may also be familiar with crossover networks, which block certain ranges of
    frequencies from reaching speakers. A tweeter (high-frequency speaker) is inefficient at
    reproducing low-frequency signals such as drum beats, so a crossover circuit is connected
    between the tweeter and the stereo's output terminals to block low-frequency signals, only
    passing high-frequency signals to the speaker's connection terminals. This gives better audio
    system efficiency and thus better performance. Both equalizers and crossover networks are
    examples of filters, designed to accomplish filtering of certain frequencies.
    Basically, an electrical filter is a circuit that can be designed to modify, reshape or reject all
    unwanted frequencies of an electrical signal and accept or pass only those signals wanted by the
    circuit designer. In other words they "filter-out" unwanted signals and an ideal filter will separate
    and pass sinusoidal input signals based upon their frequency.
    In low frequency applications (up to 100kHz), passive filters are generally constructed using
    simple RC(Resistor-Capacitor) networks, while higher frequency filters (above 100kHz) are
    usually made from RLC (Resistor-Inductor-Capacitor) components. Passive filters are made up
    of passive components such as resistors, capacitors and inductors and have no amplifying
    elements (transistors, op-amps, etc) so have no signal gain, therefore their output level is always
    less than the input.

    Circuit Design

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