India Scenario Renewables

Overview of Non Conventional Energy sources in India
Mr. Amol Bhavsar

(Assist. Prof. G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Management)
Abstract The energy of a body is its capacity to
do work. It is measured the total amount of work
that the body can do. Everything what happens in
the world is the expression of flow of energy in
one of its forms. Today every country draws its
energy needs from a variety of sources. We can
broadly categorize these sources as conventional
and nonconventional. The conventional sources
include the fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas),
types of nuclear power (Uranium), while the
nonconventional sources such as sunlight, wind,
rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are
renewable. The energy crisis which began in 1973
caused petroleum supplies to decrease and prices
to rise exorbitantly. This crisis forced developing
countries to
reduce or
postpone important
development programs, so they could purchase

petroleum to keep their economies operating. It
created the urgent necessity to find and develop
alternative energy sources, such as other fossil
fuels (coal, gas), nuclear energy, and renewable
energy resources.
The consumption of
energy is directly proportional to the progress of

the mankind. With ever growing population,
improvement in the living standard of the
humankind,
Industrialization
of
developing
countries, the global demand for energy is
expected to increase significantly in the near

future. The primary source of energy is fissile fuel,
however these fissile fuel sources are finite also
with their fastly widespread use degradation of
environment takes place, which causes global
warming, urban air pollution and acid rain, It
strongly suggest that the time is now come to
harness
and
use
the
non-conventional and
environment friendly energy sources is vital for

steering the global energy supplies towards
sustainable path. This paper describes in brief the
non conventional energy sources and their usage in
India.
INTRODUCTION
HE
oil shocks of 1970s led to spiraling crude
oil prices in the world market which
prompted planners to view energy security as an

issue of national strategic importance. Energy
security has an important bearing on achieving
national
economic
development
goals
and
improving the quality of life of the people. Indias

dependence on crude oil will continue for most
part of the 21st century. In addition, global
warming, caused largely by greenhouse gas
emissions from fossil fuel energy generating
systems, is also a major concern. India needs to
develop alternate fuels considering the aforesaid
two concerns.
India has a vast supply of renewable energy
India was the fourth largest oil consumer in the
resources, and it has one of the largest programs in
world, after the United States, China, and Japan.
the world for deploying renewable energy products
Despite the global financial crisis, Indias energy
and systems. Indeed, it is the only country in the
demand continues to rise. In terms of end-use,
world to have an exclusive ministry for renewable
energy demand in the transport sector is expected
energy
&
to be particularly high, as vehicle ownership,
Renewable Energy Sources (MNRE) supports the
particularly of four-wheel vehicles, is forecast to
implementation of a large broad- spectrum of
increase rapidly in the years ahead
development,
Ministry
of
New
programs covering the entire range of new and

India currently has 15,789 MW of installed
renewable energies. The program broadly seeks to,

supplement conventional fossil fuel- based power;
reach renewable energy, including electricity to
remote rural areas for a variety of applications like
renewable energy sources out of 1, 57,229 MW

total installed capacities with distribution shown
below
water pumping for irrigation and drinking water

purposes, drying farm produce, improved chulhas
and biogas plants, energy recovery from the urban,
municipal and industrial wastes. In addition,
exploitation of hydrogen energy, geothermal
energy, tidal energy and biofuels for power
generation and automotive applications is also
planned.
Increasing the share of new and renewable
energy in the fuel-mix is in the Indias long-term
interest. Although, the development process may
warrant selection of least-cost energy options,
strategic and environmental concerns may, on the
other hand, demand a greater share for new and
renewable energy even though this option might
appear somewhat costlier in the medium-term.
1.
I.
INDIAN POWER SCENARIO
With high economic growth rates and over 15
Thermal power - 64.6 per cent of the total
installed capacity, producing 1,00,598 MW.

2.
Hydel power plants come next with 24.7 per
percent of the worlds population, India is a
cent of the total an installed capacity of 36,863
significant consumer of energy resources. In 2009,
MW.
3.
Renewable energy sources contribute around
10% to the total power generation in the

country
producing
15,789
MW (as
expected to increase from 632kWh per annum

today to 1000kWh by the beginning of 2013.
on
31.1.2010).
Gross Generation: 640 BUs
Per Capita Consumption: 632 kwh/ ANNUM
The key drivers for renewable energy are the

following:
Among 16 major states, per capita electricity
consumption of Punjab, Gujarat, Haryana, Tamil
Nadu, and Maharashtra exceeded 1,000 kWh in
2007-08. On the other hand, for underdeveloped
states such as Bihar the figure was as low as 10
The demand-supply gap, especially as

population increases
A large untapped potential
Concern for the environment
The need to strengthen Indias energy

security
kWh.
Energy Shortage about : 12%

Peaking Shortage about: 13-15 %
Pressure on high-emission industry sectors

from their shareholders
A viable solution for rural electrification
Electricity demand growing @ 8% annually

Capacity addition of about 92,000 MW required
II. POWER FROM NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
in the next 10 years
India is one of the fastest growing countries in
Challenge is to meet the energy needs in a
terms of energy consumption. Currently, it is the
sustainable manner
fifth largest consumer of energy in the world, and

will be the third largest by 2030. At the same time;
However Indias demand/supply gap is 12%
the country is heavily dependent on fossil sources
on average and the progressive states see a gap in
of energy for most of its demand. This has
access of 15%. Being one of the fastest growing
necessitated the country to start aggressively
economies, the average energy usage per capita is
pursuing alternative energy sources - solar, wind,

biofuels, small hydro and more.
The country has an estimated renewable energy

potential of around 85,000 MW from commercially
exploitable sources: Wind, 45,000 MW; small
hydro, 15,000 MW and biomass/bioenergy, 25,000
State
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Karnataka
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Orissa
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Total
Gross
potential
(MW)
8275
9675
6620
875
5500
3650
1700
5400
3050
450
45195
Technical
potential
(MW)
2110
1900
1310
610
1050
3060
1085
1050
2150
450
14775
India is implementing the world's largest wind

resource assessment program comprising wind
monitoring, wind mapping and complex terrain
projects.
MW. In addition, India has the potential to

generate 35 MW per square km using solar
photovoltaic and solar thermal energy.
It has proposed an addition of 15,000 MW of
Renewable Energy generation capacities during the
period. Wind Power projects form 70 percent
(10,500 MW) of the proposed capacity addition,
while Small Hydro Projects (SHP) accounts for 9.3
per cent (1,400 MW).
A) Wind Energy
Indias wind power potential has been assessed
at 48500 MW. The current technical potential is
estimated at about 13 000 MW, assuming 20%
grid penetration, which would increase with the
augmentation of grid capacity in potential states.
The state-wise gross and technical potentials are
given below
This program covers 800 stations in 24 states

with around 200 wind monitoring stations in
operation at present. Wind Electric Generators are
being manufactured in the country by a dozen
manufacturers through
(i) joint ventures or under licensed production
(ii)subsidiaries of foreign companies under licensed
the country, 5415 potential sites with an aggregate
production and
capacity of 14,292 MW have been identified. Most
(iii)
of the potential is in Himalayan States as river-
Indian companies with their own technology.
The current
annual production
capacity of
domestic wind turbine is about 3,000 MW.
based projects and in other States on irrigation

canals.
B) Hydro Energy
Hydel projects call for comparatively larger
Hydro power is the largest renewable energy
capital investment. Therefore, debt financing of
resource being used for the generation of
longer tenure would need to be made available for
electricity. The 50,000 MW hydro initiatives have
hydro projects. Central Government is committed
been already launched and are being vigorously
to policies that ensure financing of viable hydro
pursued with DPRs for projects of 33,000 MW
projects.
capacity already under preparation.
State Governments need to review procedures
Harnessing hydro potential speedily will also

facilitate
economic
particularly
development
North-Eastern
of
States,
States,
Sikkim,
for land acquisition, and other approvals/clearances

for
speedy
implementation
of
hydroelectric
projects.
Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh and J&K, since a

large proportion of our hydro power potential is
located in these States.
In India, hydro power projects with a station
capacity of up to 25 megawatt (MW) each fall
under the category of small hydro power (SHP).
Type
Micro
Mini
Station Capacity
Upto 100 KW
101 KW to 2000 KW
Small
2001 KW to 25000 KW
With numerous rivers and their tributaries in India,

small hydro RE presents an excellent opportunity
with an estimated potential of 15,000 MW with
only 17 percent of this sector exploited so far.
Over 674 projects aggregating to about 2558.92
MW generating capacity have been set up in the
country as on 31.12.2009. Of the estimated
potential of 15,000 MW of small hydro power in
The Central Government will support the

State Governments for expeditious development of
their hydroelectric projects by offering services of
Central Public Sector Undertakings like National
Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC). Landacquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation issues
have caused significant delays in hydro projects.
C) Solar Energy
concentrators for power generation (above 100
India is a solar rich country. India is a country
KW).
near the equator which means that given its
The future is bright for continued PV
geographical location, it is subject to a large
technology dissemination around the world. PV
amount of solar radiation throughout the year.
technology fills a significant need in supplying
India is also, according to area, the 7th largest
electricity, creating local jobs and promoting
country in the world.
economic development in rural areas, while also

having the positive benefits of avoiding the
external environmental costs associated with
traditional
electrical
generation
technologies.
People who choose to pursue a renewable and

sustainable energy future now, are the ones
showing the way for the future.
D) Biomass energy
Globally, India is in the fourth position in
generating power through biomass and with a huge
potential, is poised to become a world leader in the
utilization of biomass. Biomass power projects
The average solar radiation received by most
with an aggregate capacity of 773.3 MW through
parts of India range from about 4 to 7 kilowatt
over 100 projects have been installed in the
hours per meter square per day, with about 250-
country. For the last 15 years, biomass power has
300 sunny days in a year. As can be seen from the
become an industry attracting annual investment of
solar radiation map above, the highest annual solar
over Rs. 1,000 billion, generating more than 09
radiation is received by Rajasthan (desert area) and
billion unit of electricity per year.

More than 540 million tons of crop and
the lowest by the Northeastern states of India.

India has one of the worlds largest
plantation residues are produced every year in
programmes in solar energy which include R&D,
India and a large portion is either wasted, or used
demonstration
inefficiently.
standardization,
and
utilization,
industrial
and
testing
&
promotional
activities. Processed raw material for solar cells,

large capacity SPV modules, SPV roof tiles,
inverters, charge controllers all have good market
potential in India as do advanced solar water
heaters, roof integrated solar air heaters; and solar
for generating approximately 2,600 MW of power

from
urban
and
municipal
wastes
and
approximately 1,300 MW from industrial wastes in

India. A total of 48 projects with aggregate
capacity of about 69.62 MWeq have been installed
in the country thereby utilising only 1.8% of the
potential that exists.
F) Biofuels:
The GOI recently mandated the blending of 10
percent fuel ethanol in 90 percent gasoline. This
By using these surplus agricultural residues, by
mandate as created an approximately 3.6 billion-
conservative estimates more than 16,000 MW of
liter demand for fuel ethanol in blend mandate to
grid quality power could be generated through
the entire country. This significant demand growth
Biomass. In addition, about 5,000 MW if power
creates a tremendous manufacturing opportunity
can be produced, if all 550 sugar mills in the
for the fuel ethanol industry seeking to expand its
country switch over to modern techniques of
investments internationally.
Conclusion:
cogeneration.
Thus the estimated biomass power potential is
It is not an exaggeration to state that Humanity is
about 21,000 MW.
facing a choice between a peaceful decision on its
However, in India, though the energy scenario
common energy future or wars for resources in the
in India today indicates a growing dependence on
near future. The world Population is set to grow
the conventional forms of energy, about 32% of
by 0.9% per year on average, from an estimated
the total primary energy use is still using biomass
6.7 billion in 2008 to 8.5 billion in 2035 (UNDP,
and more than 70% of the countrys population
2009). There is a need of trapping and using non
depends upon it for its energy needs.
conventional energy sources in India for the
E) Energy from Wastes:
survival of future generation. However it is clear
The rising piles of garbage in urban areas caused

by
rapid
urbanization
and
industrialization
throughout India represent another source of nonconventional energy. An estimated 50 million tones
of solid waste and approximately 6,000 million
cubic meters of liquid waste are generated annually
in the urban areas of India. Good potential exists
that grid extension in rural areas is often not cost

effective, so decentralized electricity generation
with non conventional energy sources such as
small wind, hydro, solar, biomass, biofuels and
energy from waste are best suited to provide the
much needed options.
REFERENCES
[1]
Shoumyo Majumdar, The Current Scenario Of

Developments In Renewable Energy In India in
renewable energy and energy efficiency, 2008 pp. 132
[2]
Pradeep Chaturvedi, Renewable Energy in India

Programmesand Case Studies, in ISESCO, Science
and technology vision Volume 1 May 2005 (61-64)
[3]
S.K. Patra and P.P.Datta, Renewable sources of

energy Potential and achievements, technical digest
Issue 6
[4]
Peter Meisen Overview of sustainable renewable

energy potential in India GENI, Jan 2010.
[5] G. M. Pillai, Wise Indian wind energy outlook 2011

april 2011
[6]
Giorgio dodero, IPGSRL 2011 India energy

handbook, August 2010
[7]
K.P. Sukumaran Bioenergy India Issue 7 , Jan March - 2011.
[8] M. S. Swaminathan research foundation Bioenergy

resources status in India , Pisces, may 2011
[7] www.mnes.nic.in
[8] www.wisein.org
[9] www.geni.org

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Overview of Non Conventional Energy sources in India

Mr. Amol Bhavsar

development programs, so they could purchase

energy is directly proportional to the progress of

countries, the global demand for energy is

expected to increase significantly in the near

environment friendly energy sources is vital for

oil shocks of 1970s led to spiraling crude

oil prices in the world market which

prompted planners to view energy security as an

improving the quality of life of the people. Indias

India has a vast supply of renewable energy

India was the fourth largest oil consumer in the

resources, and it has one of the largest programs in

world, after the United States, China, and Japan.

the world for deploying renewable energy products

Despite the global financial crisis, Indias energy

and systems. Indeed, it is the only country in the

demand continues to rise. In terms of end-use,

world to have an exclusive ministry for renewable

energy demand in the transport sector is expected

to be particularly high, as vehicle ownership,

Renewable Energy Sources (MNRE) supports the

particularly of four-wheel vehicles, is forecast to

implementation of a large broad- spectrum of

increase rapidly in the years ahead

programs covering the entire range of new and

renewable energies. The program broadly seeks to,

renewable energy sources out of 1, 57,229 MW

water pumping for irrigation and drinking water

INDIAN POWER SCENARIO

With high economic growth rates and over 15

Thermal power - 64.6 per cent of the total

installed capacity, producing 1,00,598 MW.

Hydel power plants come next with 24.7 per

percent of the worlds population, India is a

cent of the total an installed capacity of 36,863

significant consumer of energy resources. In 2009,

Renewable energy sources contribute around

10% to the total power generation in the

expected to increase from 632kWh per annum

The key drivers for renewable energy are the

The demand-supply gap, especially as

A large untapped potential

Concern for the environment

The need to strengthen Indias energy

Energy Shortage about : 12%

Pressure on high-emission industry sectors

A viable solution for rural electrification

Electricity demand growing @ 8% annually

II. POWER FROM NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

in the next 10 years

India is one of the fastest growing countries in

Challenge is to meet the energy needs in a

terms of energy consumption. Currently, it is the

fifth largest consumer of energy in the world, and

However Indias demand/supply gap is 12%

the country is heavily dependent on fossil sources

on average and the progressive states see a gap in