Yarding and Loading Handbook

OREGON OSHA
YARDING AND LOADING HANDBOOK
OREGON OSHA
YARDING AND LOADING HANDBOOK

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
SECTION 1. PLANNING AND SETUP
SECTION 2. OPERATIONS
Chapter 1. Planning for the Unit 4
Chapter 7. Yarding the Logs 82
Think Safety First

Pre-work Checklist
Landing Operations
Rigging Crew
Major Hazards for the Rigging Crew
Chapter 2. Setting Up the Landing 7

Production Planning
Yarding Machinery
Standard Layouts
Develop a Safe Work Area
Chapter 8. Landing the Turn 109
Landing Crew
Landing the Turn
Unhooking the Turn
Major Hazards for the Landing Crew

Chapter 3. Machine and Equipment

Inspection 20
Chapter 9. Loading the Logs 123
Machinery
Spar
Carriages and Rigging
Wire Rope
Line Connections
Machine Operations
Log Trucks
SECTION 3. SAFETY GUIDE

Chapter 10. Worker Safety Rules 129
Chapter 4. Anchors 30
Safety and Health Program

Safety Planning and Hazard Control
Personal Protective Equipment
Basic Tool Safety
Controlling Fires in Forest Operations
Fire Prevention for Chainsaw Use
Chainsaw Safety
First Aid for Survival
Anchor Safety
Single-stump Anchors
Multiple-stump Anchors
Cable Clips and Spikes
Alternate Anchors
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Yarder 43
Moving in the Yarder

Guylines
Raising the Spar
Changing Roads
Chapter 11. Signs and Signals 142
Signal Use
Voice Signals
Whistle Signals
Traffic Signs
Hand Signals
Chapter 6. Rigging the Yarding Lines 60

Yarding Systems
Line Safety
Tailholds
Elevated Supports
Tree Climbing
Yarding and Loading Glossary 148

1
Oregon OSHA Yarding and Loading Handbook
Introduction
Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Standards,
his handbook focuses on skyline yarding as the

most common type of logging operation in Oregon,
assuming steep terrain and use of a yarder tower and
cable system. Basic information may also apply to other
logging methods.
Division 7 Forest Activities. 2008. Oregon OSHA.
Cable Yarding Systems Handbook. 2006. WorkSafe

BC. British Columbia, Canada.
Practical Methodology for Operational Layout of
The material in the handbook is intended to reinforce

safe practices in a hazardous work environment, based
on Oregon OSHA Division 7 Forest Activities safety and
health standards, and generations of practical experience
in Oregon logging. The main intent is to provide loggers
with a readable, easy-to-use resource.
Commercial Skyline Thinning Systems. 2004. Oregon

State University, Forest Research Laboratory.
Best Practice Guidelines for Cable Logging. 2000.

FITEC, New Zealand.
Yarding and Loading Handbook. 1993. Oregon

OSHA.
This handbook does not contain all forest activity

rules and is not a substitute for Oregon OSHA
Division 7 which should be consulted for a
complete understanding of work safety rules.
Designing Double-Tree Intermediate Supports for

Multispan Skyline Logging. 1984. Oregon State
University Extension Service.
Cable Logging Systems. 1974. U.S. Forest Service,
Technical information is provided in some instances for

quick reference, but loggers should also consult more
complete technical manuals for specific topics, such
as setting appropriate guyline zones or engineering
specifications for alternative anchor systems. Always
consult Division 7 work rules which are continually
reviewed and updated and the manufacturers operating
instructions for specific equipment.
Pacific Northwest Region.

Illustrations in the handbook typically show model
equipment and behavior. Negative examples are marked
with the symbol
. Please observe the difference.
Production of the Oregon OSHA Yarding and Loading
Handbook included the following contributions.
Logging Safety Consultant: Jeff Wimer
Training is critical before working in the woods. Get

hands-on training with a competent logger before
engaging in any yarding and loading activity. This
handbook provides useful information, but does not
replace training in the field and supervised experience in
the safe use of tools, equipment, and procedures.
Editor: Terry Hammond

Illustrator: Phil Fehrenbacher
Technical Review: Mike Lulay, Oregon Forest Activities
Committee, Oregon OSHA
Logging is a complex enterprise, and the challenge of

organizing a comprehensive view of yarding and loading
has been greatly helped by 40 years of attention to best
practices in other published resources. Publications
from Oregon, British Columbia, and New Zealand
were consulted. Primary source materials included the
following:
Section 1
Planning and Setup
CHAPTER 1
PLANNING FOR THE UNIT

up to the logger. The best locations may not be clear until
timber is on the ground. Assess the basic requirements
for each potential landing, using the following criteria:
THINK SAFETY FIRST

Planning a unit for logging requires up-front attention to
work safety requirements. Implement the firms general
safety and health plan, and then assess specific working
conditions and hazards in the unit (see Chapter 10).
Make sure the area to be logged is accessible and

yarding distances are minimized.
Ensure deflection is adequate.

Assess each landing according to the available
machinery; assure adequate landing size, feasible
landing to tailhold distances, tailhold anchor, and
payload requirements.
Determine if adequate guyline stumps or other

anchor types are available for each landing.
Assess danger trees near the landing.
PRE-WORK CHECKLIST
IMPORTANT: Look at the worst yarding situation
The unit plan will help ensure a safe and productive

operation. The following items should be checked off
before setting loggers to work.
from each landing and determine if the machines

have sufficient capacity for it.
[4] Landing Size. Landowners or loggers will develop
the working size of the landing according to production
and safety requirements, involving the volume of timber,
terrain, decking, equipment, and logging method (see
Chapter 2). An initial assessment of the unit for landing
locations should calculate the required minimum size for
the following basic features.
[1] Hazard Assessment. Survey the setting for hazards,

such as standing snags, rock outcroppings, stream
buffers, or power lines. Pay attention to unique features
of the unit. Topographical maps are useful. Determine
ways to avoid or eliminate identified hazards in the work
areas.
Machines maintain at least 3 feet of space between
[2] Weather. Consider how the weather may affect the

crew and roads. Snow, wind, and rain can create hazards.
Pay particular attention to the roads and their ability to
function in difficult weather.
any machine.
Landing edge check the stability of the slope on

the side where work will be performed. In some
instances, it may be necessary to work over the edge
to get logs moved.
IMPORTANT: Assess the ability of emergency personnel

to reach the logging site in adverse weather conditions.
Landing chute accommodate at least two-thirds
[3] Landing Locations. Identify the best landing

locations and potential secondary locations. Usually,
landings are already determined or choices are limited by
the terrain. In some cases, the landing locations are left
the length of the longest log landed.
Decking area must be adequate for the volume and

size of logs processed.
Chapter 1. Planning the Unit
TRUCK TURNAROUND
FIRE TRUCK
LOG TRUCK BACKED IN
CRUMMY
GUYLINES
LOG DECK
CARRIAGE ON SKYLINE
LOADER
LANDING
CHUTE
YARDER
TURN
PROCESSOR
View of a typical landing
SURGE AREA
Surge area reserve a place where the processor can
surfacing, overhead power lines, adverse grades, tight

curves, and so on.
lay logs off to the side until there is time to catch up

and move the logs to the decking area.
[6] Timber Cutting. Determine the method of falling.

Terrain will dictate whether the unit will be mechanically
felled or hand felled. The timber size, landing area,
terrain, and machinery to be used will determine whether
tree-length or log-length methods of timber cutting will
be used. These decisions will affect the size of the landing
and associated hazards.
Loading where log trucks turn around, load, and

exit.
[5] Haul Roads. Position machinery and arrange the
sequence of logging to minimize conflicts with haul
roads. Movement of log trucks on the landing should
not interfere with the logging process. Consider how
the road connects to the landing and how it relates to
potential decking areas. Also, anticipate the interaction
between the haul road and the ongoing logging and
falling processes. It may be necessary to control access
with flaggers at the landing or where lines cross the haul
road.
Timber should be felled to lead to minimize risk to the

rigging crew that follows. If snags or other hazard trees
are left for the rigging crew, the unsafe timber needs to
be clearly identified with hazard ribbon.
IMPORTANT: Communicate with fallers to save support
trees that may be needed in the skyline corridors. Also,
inform operators of mechanical fellers to save anchor
stumps around all potential landings. Mechanical fellers
typically cut timber close to the ground, which eliminates
the possibility of using those stumps as anchors.
Also consider the entire haul route. Look at the main

county or state access roads and determine if there
are any obstacles to moving heavy machinery, such as
weight-limited bridges, unstable roads, inadequate road
5
Remote locations may have problems with communication

dead spots, and may be difficult to access. If external
communication is not possible at a landing, find a
location nearby where communication works. Make sure
everyone involved with the logging process is aware of
points where external communication is possible.
Acceptable
stump height for
guyline anchor
[9] Internal Communications. During the operation,

radios and signal devices are essential tools for
communication. Determine in advance what machines
and equipment will be necessary for the particular unit.
Typical stump
height from
mechanical feller
Radios make a test; radio systems, analog or

digital, can be prone to interference.
[7] Anchor Requirements. For each potential landing,

evaluate the available stump anchors and whether
additional anchoring requirements will be needed.
Other anchors include tieback or multiple stump
anchors, deadman anchors, equipment anchors, and
tipping-plate earth anchors (see Chapter 4). Timber
size, logging distance, soil conditions, payload capacity,
and machinery in use, all play a role in guyline anchor
requirements.
Whistle system a whistle system must be

understood by all of the crew, and any modifications
in the whistle system must occur only after all of the
crew understands the changes.
Horn the horn must be loud enough to hear over

the entire unit. Prepare for situations where an
auxiliary whistle will be needed on landing ledges
to communicate to the rigging crew.
[8] External Communications. Communication with

emergency services and plans for emergency evacuation
are essential elements of the safety and health program.
Evaluate communication links and establish emergency
plans for each proposed landing, including the following
points:
IMPORTANT: Register whistle systems with Oregon

OSHA to ensure uninterrupted signals. By registering
a radio frequency, interference, overlap, fadeout, and
blackout can be eliminated or greatly reduced. (Register
by contacting Oregon OSHA directly, or online at www.
orosha.org under Radio permits for forest activity.)
Make sure transportation is available to the nearest

suitable medical facility.
[10] Pre-work Safety Meeting. In the rush to start

logging in a new unit, it is easy to forget to schedule
a pre-work meeting with everyone on the logging
crew. The importance of communication is too often
underestimated. Dont start work without a pre-work
safety meeting. A prework meeting provides an
opportunity to share information and begin thinking as
a team. Loggers with expertise in different aspects of
logging operations may be able to provide useful options
and practical advice; and everyone together needs to
become familiar with the particular hazards identified in
the setting and how they will be eliminated or controlled.
Discuss emergency communications and response at the
meeting.
Identify a point where an ambulance or helicopter

airlift can be met.
Keep emergency contact information near the

worksite communication device, including phone
numbers for land or air evacuation service, and
important contacts.
Write out land directions to the worksite. Identify

the location by township, range, and section; and by
latitude and longitude if air service is available.
Consider using identifying markers on roads and

intersections to assist emergency access, so first
responders unfamiliar with the area can quickly find
the correct route.
6
Chapter 2. Setting Up the Landing
CHAPTER 2
SETTING UP THE LANDING

PRODUCTION PLANNING
PROPER DEFLECTION IN SKYLINE

PROPER DEFLECTION IN SKYLINE
Each landing will present unique features in terrain,

layout, and productivity. In a highly productive
operation a lot of wood will go through the landing.
An efficient layout that minimizes interference
between machine operation and people on the ground
increases both production and safety. Keeping
the work flowing smoothly reduces the risk of an
unexpected incident and possible injury. For best
results, consider the following conditions before
moving in to set up a landing.
On a constant slope, anchor the

skyline to an opposite hillside to
provide deflection.
A concave slope provides

ideal ground conditions for a
Yarding system. Determine the yarding system to

use, considering the available equipment, terrain,
timber size, and yarding distances (see Chapter 6).
single-span skyline.
Size of timber and number of sorts. Tree-length

logging requires much more room than log-length. Is
there room to safely deck larger sorts of logs? Be sure
there is a sufficient landing-chute area to safely land the
logs.
is necessary. Communicate clearly in the planning stage,

so everyone understands work procedures and hazards.
IMPORTANT: On small landings, plan in advance for
situations where the loader operator may need to grab
the logs to effectively land a turn, and hold them while
the chaser unbells and hands them off to the processor.
Prepare for runaway logs on steep terrain and keep the
rigging crew well in the clear.
Volume of timber. In highly productive sites, it may be

necessary to include a surge area on the landing. This
will allow the processor to deck unprocessed logs until
incoming volume slows. Be sure there is adequate room
to deck the volume of timber and expected log sorts.
Deflection. Deflection is critical in logging with cable

systems. Poor deflection will affect payload capacity
and reduce production, and in some cases as in going
over a blind ridge to log behind that ridge may make
it impossible to tighten the lines enough to effectively
get the logs off the ground. Many loggers can assess
the terrain by eye. In uncertain situations, running a
deflection line prior to rigging up allows a closer look
at the terrain and a clear indication of how tight the lines
may have to run. At this stage, the landings are already in
place, and the logger will need to assess what deflection
is available and choose an appropriate yarding system.
Slope of surrounding terrain. The slope of surrounding

terrain dictates how logs will be landed, how many logs,
and where they may be decked. On steep terrain, there
may be a problem landing treelength logs. Very steep
terrain may make it impossible to increase the size of
landing and decking areas, and requires machines
and landing personnel to work in close proximity. In
that case, the organization of the landing needs to be
extremely efficient with space, and work processes need
to be tightly organized to avoid interference between
machines and people on the ground. Increased diligence
Running Deflection Lines

Running deflection lines involves use of clinometers and tape
to show the profile of the terrain in a logging road. Two persons
with clinometers stand at either end of a terrain break, with the
tape running between them to establish the length and pitch of
each break. Start at the back end of the landing and work down
the logging corridor to just beyond the tailhold. The data can be analyzed by the chain and board
method, or entered into a computer program like LoggerPC or SkylineXL (both programs are
available from USFS or OSU). It may be possible to obtain this information from a topography map,
government agency, or timber seller.
Deflection Lines and Haulbacks
Running deflection lines helps assess payload, lift, and the possible need for haulback use during
yarding.
Payload Analysis
The payload analysis screen shown here from the
computer program SkylineXL works on input for
equipment and terrain to estimate an appropriate
payload. Using a computer program is the easiest
way to calculate payload. Adjust the estimate by
additional variables related to the particular situation
for environment, equipment, and human factors.
YARDING Machinery
Payload analysis. There are several ways to analyze

the payload for any given tower, landing, and terrain
combination. Analyze the worst payload scenario for
each landing to determine how much wood can be safely
carried on the skyline. If suitable payload is not available
with a tailhold down low on a unit, consider finding a
tailhold up the back side, or use a tailtree to raise the line
and give more deflection.
In most cases, loggers will come to a job with a set of

machinery on hand. After evaluating the conditions at the
landing as outlined above, the capacity of the available
equipment needs to be reassessed to determine if it meets
the task. Principal options and features are outlined
below for yarders, log loaders, and processors.
Yarders
Guyline anchors. Locate and mark available guyline

stumps suitable for the expected yarder locations. If
appropriate stumps are not available, then other anchoring
methods such as deadman or equipment anchors need
to be established before rigging up the tower.
Yarders of various types have been around for more than

a century. Early yarders were ground-based and relied on
large rigging to move the turn of logs. Later, trees were
rigged to lift the lines and allow the logs to clear most
obstacles. Mobile steel towers were introduced in the past
60 years. Older mobile towers are still working, and new
towers keep appearing. Always check the manufacturers
manual for essential features and inspection points on
each particular machine.
IMPORTANT: Communicate with the falling crew to be

sure potential guyline stumps are not cut off too short
at any potential landing sites. Some landing locations
may not be identified beforehand, because the terrain
can be seen much better once timber is on the ground.
A different landing and set of anchors may prove more
favorable. Also, plan ahead to preserve necessary tail
and support trees.
Order of the skyline roads to yard. Normally, skyline
roads work away from the side where the logging road
enters the landing and the position of the log loader.
Working away allows the log loader more room as the
volume of logs accumulates. However, if the terrain
creates a sidehill for the rigging crew, it is more important
to log the felled timber from top to bottom for the safety
of the crew. Then, the skyline roads might start farther
away and move toward the loader. Plan road changes
in advance. Also, consider obstacles that may obstruct
moving the skyline.
Straight tube telescoping tower. Uses a hydraulic

ram or multiple-sheave cable system to raise the
tower. Some telescoping towers allow use at the
telescoped height or partially retracted, which can
be an advantage if guyline anchors need to be
placed closer to the landing or on steep slopes.
Fixed leaning tower. A one-piece tower can be

frontmounted vertical, or leaning. The height of the
tower varies with make and model.
Travel: Self-propelled / Trailer mount / Track mount

Long reach; Height 90-110 feet
Travel: Self-propelled / Trailer mount / Track mount
Advantages
Heavy payloads
Medium reach; Height 40-80 feet
Tower height allows for more line deflection
Advantages
Faster line setup
Some yarders allow yarding 180 degrees
Smaller landing requirements
without moving yarder or guylines
Lighter easier to move
Disadvantages
Heavy and hard to move; requires better roads;
Lower guyline anchor requirements
may have to be disassembled to move on public

roads
Disadvantages
Yarding window smaller need to move tower
Large landing requirements
and guylines more often
Need large guyline anchor capacity
Smaller payloads than straight tube towers.
10
Swing yarder. Similar to the fixed leaning tower in

nearly all respects. The swing yarder is also capable
of swinging logs onto the road or landing. Capable
of using a running skyline. Track mounts are more
stable when moving.
Grapple yarder. Uses a swing yarder or yoader
system. The grapple is controlled by signals from
the rigging slinger, or by the yarder engineer using
a video link on the carriage. Swing capability is
necessary to allow a wider logging corridor. A
grapple system is typically used in conjunction with
a machine anchor and elevated support on the back
end of the unit, making for quick road changes.
Yoader. This yarder is typically a log loader with

two drums mounted at the base of the boom. Both
lines run through sheaves mounted on the boom
or heel rack. The lines can be set up in a standing,
live, or running skyline configuration, or a highlead
configuration.
Travel: Track mount / Rubber-tire mount
Travel: Track mount / Rubber-tire mount
Medium to short reach
Medium reach
Advantages
Advantages
No guylines required
Smaller crew size, typically a yarder engineer,

landing worker, and a hooktender
Easy to move
Easy road changes
Easy road changes
Easy rig up ideal for smaller logging areas
Disadvantages
Can be used as a loader
Requires extensive planning to achieve full
Disadvantages
production
Slower line speeds
Must have moderate to good deflection
Stability can be an issue blocking up front of
Generally need access to back of unit
track helps (See Chapter 5)
Limited yarding width
Rigging height is limited

11
Tong-tosser
with grapple
Stiff-leg spar yarder. One of various configurations

for this yarder uses an excavator or log loader fitted
with a third boom between the main and jib boom,
which is elevated to provide lift. The elevated boom
is typically rigged with two or three lines. Works
with high lead, standing, running, or slackline
configurations.
Jammer system with chokers
Travel: Track mount
Tong-tosser/Jammer system. These two systems

use basically the same machine as the yoader, with
either tongs or chokers on the end of the line to
secure the logs. This version typically uses one
drum on the machine with a spitter wheel at the end
of the boom to pull the line from the drum and push
it out to the brush. The yarder engineer usually gets
the tongs or chokers swinging and then tosses them
to the waiting choker setters.
Medium reach
Advantages
May not need guylines

Easy to move
Easy road changes
Can be used as a loader or excavator
Travel: Track mount

Short reach
Jib boom offers great stability
Advantages
Rigging height is greater than yoader or
Same as yoader
Does not require line layouts or anchors
tongtosser/jammer system
Disadvantages
Slower line speeds
Disadvantages
Same as yoader. Greater potential risk to
Attached tower boom may need to be removed
rigging crew.
for other operations
Heavy stress on boom and components

12
Log Loaders
The earliest way to move logs
in Oregon followed ancient
methods of heeling, rolling,
and floating. Mechanized
loading began with cable
systems. Presently, hydraulic
excavators with a log-loading
boom load the majority of
logs.
Rubber-tire mount. Not as mobile as

trackmounted loaders.
Advantages
Can be driven long distances great

for roadside cleanup over large areas
Disadvantages
Not as mobile in short moves

Requires outriggers for stability
Track mount. Track-mounted loaders allow for easy

movement in and around a landing area. They are slow to
move over long distances, usually loaded on a lowboy for
movement between jobs. On terrain where they can operate
safely, some track-mounted loaders are capable of logging
small areas around the landing or an entire unit.
Advantages
Most common
Easy mobility
Can be used for shovel logging
Can be set up for quick change to excavator or processor
Disadvantages
Transport required if moved long distances

13
Log Processors
Whole-tree processors have been around Oregon
since the mid-1970s as logging operations
started working more in smaller timber, and
more wood needed to flow through the landing
to stay economical. The introduction of log
processors allowed higher production rates,
but also created new hazards in operating and
working around the additional machinery.
Dangle head. Mounted onto a standard log-loading
boom. Uses feed wheels to pull the stem through
the processor.
Advantages
Smaller turn radius
Can process logs not lying in lead to machine
Disadvantages
Feed rolls some mills wont allow damage
caused by some styles of feed rolls
Requires butt of tree to be cut off to give zero
reference
Stroke boom. Stroke boom delimbers were among
the first whole-tree processors. The delimber can
scan the entire tree stem for bucking decisions. Long
booms can be a hindrance on small landings.
Advantages
No feed wheels help reduce damage to stem
Disadvantages
Ground-based processor. Pulls the stem through
delimbing knives on top of the machine. Some have
a saw for cutting stems to length.
Long boom, requires larger turn radius; need to

watch behind to not strike other machines
Transport: height on lowboy can be an issue
Advantages
Requires trees to be in lead with machine
Low initial cost

Lower maintenance
Suitable for smaller landings
Disadvantages
Does not measure log length
14
STANDARD LAYOUTS
Operational zones. Each machine and vehicle at the

landing site has a zone of normal operation. A minimum
3-foot clearance needs to be maintained between all
pieces of equipment.
Machine selection changes the way operations are

organized, but a few critical factors apply to any landing.
First, look at the landing again after the timber is on the
ground to be sure what is needed. The original plan could
change. Consider the following elements:
IMPORTANT: Pay attention where zones of operation

intersect, and to potential impacts between machines,
vehicles, and workers on the ground. Use barricades,
danger ribbon, or other effective control measures to
limit conflicts and worker access.
Landing size. The size of the landing is determined

by conditions and machinery choices identified in the
planning stage. The logging crew will need to decide
how to best use the landing as planned. Confirm that the
landing is large and level enough for safe movement, so
machines or swinging logs will not strike standing timber,
rigging, or other machines or objects. Also consider the
surrounding ledges. Make sure logs can be landed and
decked without risk of the logs or other materials sliding
over the edge toward workers below. A landing that is
too small can create safety hazards and delay production
as machines, trucks, and logs compete for space.
Downhill yarding. Downhill yarding requires a runout

area to prevent material that may come down the hillside
from striking the yarding equipment.
Surge area. When trees are felled and bucked, the log
loader can take logs directly from the landing chute
and place them in log decks for transportation. With the
use of a processor, an intermediate surge area is often
necessary, where logs are placed prior to processing.
Split landings. Split or jump-up landings may be

necessary on steeper ground where one level area is
not large enough to hold all of the machines, or would
create greater risk to workers. Placing the yarder above
gives the yarder engineer a better view of everything, but
communication can be affected, because hand signals
will be harder to use.
IMPORTANT: Be sure the surge area is large enough

that it will not be overloaded or create a hazard to the
rigging crew below from rolling or shifting logs.
Log decks. A landing will commonly have multiple log
decks, sorted for various destinations. With most log
sorts, there are some that accumulate faster than others,
and those should typically be closer to the landing
operation. Consider the volume of wood that each
sort will create when planning the decking area. Some
landing areas may be so small that decking areas need
to be created. Using tall stumps adjacent to the landing
is one solution.
Landing chute. The yarder needs to be set back far enough

from the front edge of the landing to allow logs to land
safely. The landing chute should be at least twothirds
the length of the logs. Considerable hazards result when
a log starts to run back downhill and the loader operator
has to grapple the log to unbell the chokers. If logs need
to be decked on the landing, make sure they will not slide
or roll onto the crew below.
Operational areas for the loader and log trucks. Set

up the loading at the entrance to the landing, with the log
decks on either side where the trucks back up to the log
loader. On landings where a processor is working, the
loading is separated, but not a great distance from the
landing operation. The loader moves the logs between
the yarder or processor to the log decks.
IMPORTANT: With tree-length logging, make sure

longer trees can be safely landed, so they will not slide
over the hill and strike the rigging crew. Logs for pole
piling or an infrequent long break may be yarded, but the
log must be secured before unhooking the choker.
15
On smaller landings, establish procedures or control measures to avoid impacts wherever

zones of machine operation intersect.
Debris area. As logging proceeds, debris accumulates in

the landing area. If the debris needs to be placed over the
edge of the landing, make sure it will not roll or shift and
place the rigging crew in danger.
and leave unblocked to allow quick transportation.

Plan where first-aid supplies will be kept whenever the
crummy is taken for use in another part of the unit.
DEVELOP A SAFE WORK AREA
Haul road. Haul roads may access a landing from any

direction. If a road runs through the middle of the unit, it
may be necessary to have flaggers control traffic. Trucks
usually back into the landing, so a turnaround should be
not too far away.
The following activities are essential in landing setup:

Communicate. Communication with the rigging crew
and fallers is important while planning the landing to
be sure the best falling leads and yarding directions
are selected. Make sure all key members of the crew
understand basic features of the landing and the operating
plan. Control zones of intersection or potential impact.
Make sure all landing workers understand restricted
zones around each machine. Ground personnel must be
aware of the blind spots for each machine operator.
Water and fuel trucks, and crummy parking.

Consider where support vehicles will be located.
During fire season, the Oregon Department of Forestry
requires a fire truck to be available for immediate use.
The crummy, which typically contains the medical and
first-aid supplies, should also be available. Park nearby
16
Five Steps to Evaluate Danger Trees
IMPORTANT: Any time a worker in any of the landing

processes steps out of the normal routine and into another
operating zone (such as the chaser deciding to run into
the landing chute to cut a limb), it is imperative that the
worker communicate his intention to nearby machine
operators before acting. Organize an efficient landing to
minimize the need to step out of normal routine.
The following five-step process to evaluate danger trees

summarizes a comprehensive plan in Field Guide for
Danger Tree Identification and Response (2008) by
the U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region and
Bureau of Land Management. Consult the field guide for
practical details, and use its color photographs to help
identify specific defects and diseases.
Remove hazards. Basic housekeeping on the landing

is a primary safety feature. Keep the landing free of
loose materials or debris. Other typical hazards, above
and below the landing, include snags that can reach the
landing, loose or overhanging logs, and loose rocks
or boulders that could roll onto the landing or onto
the rigging crew below. Guylines must not siwash any
standing timber, because guyline pressure could cause
a tree to fall over and strike a machine or worker on
the landing.
1. Determine the type of work activity.

2. Identify tree defects and potential to fail.
3. Determine the failure zone.
4. Decide if the tree is a hazard.
5. Specify the action to take.
Step 1. Determine the type of work activity. Exposure
is the first factor to evaluate risk. Consider three types of
activity: (a) traffic on roads, (b) walking or nonmotorized
activities that do not involve tree contact, and (c)
motorized activities that could contact the tree. Failure is
more likely near active machinery.
Assess the stability of elevated areas around the

landing. When a landing is lower than a nearby slope
or a gradecut developed to clear the landing site, the
elevated areas must be inspected and assessed for
hazards. Loose rocks, stumps, logs, and other debris that
could roll or slide downhill must be removed or secured.
A hillside or gradecut above the landing should also be
regularly assessed for slide hazards, especially after a
heavy rainfall or a freeze/thaw cycle.
Also consider exposure duration: intermittent, short

duration, and long duration. Intermittent exposure
includes drive-by traffic; short-duration includes staying
Consider Making a Record
Maximize the line of vision of the yarder operator.

Consider the yarder operators line of vision when
choosing the yarder location on a landing. The yarder
operator is in a central position to oversee all the visual,
voice, radio, and signal communications from each
member of the crew, and can warn workers or supervisors
on the ground if an unexpected event occurs or one of the
crew is out of place.
An inspection record of danger trees can be
Danger Trees
following key details:
useful if an incident occurs, and also useful

as a reference for any later evaluation if the
same location is used for logging activity.
Suspect trees identified the first time but left
alone will be easier to locate for a second
look. A report form should include the
While setting up the landing, and before work begins, a

competent person must evaluate work areas to determine
if any tree or snag poses a hazard to workers. Identified
danger trees must be felled, or the work arranged to
minimize exposure. Danger trees that lean away from
work areas may be left in place.
location date species designated tree

number height failure class (none, likely,
imminent) expected work activity exposure
how work activity could contribute to failure
action taken
17
near a defective tree for up to 15 minutes; long-duration

includes situations such as parking at a trailhead, repairing a
road, or working on a log landing. Traffic frequency modifies
the term of exposure by accounting for many individuals
together. Higher traffic means higher exposure.
Determining the type and duration of activity will help
prioritize where to look for danger trees and how to judge
them. On roadways, pay closer attention to blind curves,
where a tree fallen across the road could surprise drivers. If
a tree is a hazard no matter when it falls, the exposure to risk
is much higher.
Step 2. Identify tree defects and potential to fail. There are
three levels of potential failure: low, likely, and imminent.
Defective or rotten trees, snags, or their parts, have a low
failure potential if they require considerable effort to make
them fall, a likely failure potential if they require some effort
to make them fall, and an imminent failure potential if they
require little effort to make them fall.
Failure potential is a function of tree condition. Different
species present different risks. Failure indicators include the
following conditions that require an evaluation.
- Dead trees
- Recently leaning or root-sprung trees
- Heart, butt, or sap rot
- Cracks, forks, defects, decay
- Dead tops or large branches
- Bole wounds, mistletoe or fungal cankers
- Fire-damaged trees
- Detached tops, limbs, or loose bark
- Wind or snow loading
Step 3. Determine the failure zone.
The failure zone is determined first by identifying the part
of the tree likely to fail: the entire tree, tree top, branches, or
bark. The failure zone is the area that could be reached by any
part of a failed tree. The setting also matters. A failed tree on
a slope can slide or roll; a failed tree could strike other trees
On level ground, measure the failure zone in a circle around
the tree with a radius at least 1 times the length of the
failed part.
18
and make them fail as well; or strike other trees or

debris on the ground and fling material a considerable
distance. Add distance to the failure zone as necessary
to account for these additional factors.
On level ground with no lean, the failure zone is a
circle around the base of the tree with a radius at least
1-1/2 times the tree height. With a leaning tree or a
slope, the area behind the lean is not in the direction
of fall, but is included in the failure zone to account
for backlash (see diagrams).
Step 4. Decide if the tree is a hazard. Combine the
points above exposure level, failure potential, and
failure zone to decide if a tree should be classified as
a danger tree. If work activity occurs entirely outside
the failure zone, the tree is not a danger tree. Observe
the following priority situations where action must be
taken to control the hazard before work begins:
Trees with an imminent potential to fail along all

roads used by workers.
Trees with an imminent or likely potential to fail

on roads with high traffic frequency.
Trees with an imminent or likely potential to

fail that overlap landings, working areas for the
rigging crew, parking areas, pull-offs, and other
locations where long-duration exposure could
occur.
Step 5. Specify the action to take. Following the
evaluation of danger trees, the competent person
making the evaluation needs to decide to remove
danger trees or control the hazard by excluding access.
If the failure potential is likely but not considered a
danger due to the type or frequency of activity, the tree
should be marked and workers informed so activity
in the potential failure zone can be done quickly and
without tree contact to minimize exposure.
With a lean or slope, the amount of lean is measured
as the horizontal distance from the base of the tree to
the point where the part could dislodge. This distance
is added to the failure zone in the direction of lean and
out 90 degrees on either side of the tree.
19
CHAPTER 3
Machine and Equipment Inspection

Yarder
Before setting up the yarder at the landing site, a

competent person must inspect all machinery, tools, lines,
blocks, shackles, and other rigging, and make repairs or
replace defective equipment prior to use.
Metal towers and their appurtenances must be inspected

by a competent person each time the tower is lowered,
and at any time its safe condition is in doubt. Use the
following list to check specific components on the
yarder:
Machines
Machine operators must know the manufacturers
recommendations for safe machine operation and
maintenance, as well as safe work practices. Operators
must inspect their machines each day before starting
work, and make all necessary repairs and adjustments for
safe operation before any strain or load is placed upon
the machine. The engine must be off during inspection or
repair, except when running the engine is necessary for
adjustment or checking fluids. The machine must not be
operated until all guards are reinstalled, safety devices
reactivated, and tools removed.
Visually check the entire tower or gantry frame, the

transport frame, and raising frame for cracks, bends,
dents, and wear, loose or worn bearings, and missing
or loose retainer clips, bolts, and washers.
Check the tower raising system.

Check all drive chains, locking dogs, dog actuator,
and ratchet wheel on the guyline drums for signs of
cracks, wear, or damage. Ensure guyline drums and
drives are properly secured.
Check machinery on a regular basis for cracks appearing

in welds or in the steel plating. Repair defects before
operation. A daily inspection to ensure safe operation
must include the following items:
Ensure all lever mechanisms are in good condition.

Guyline drum controls and outrigger controls
must be separated and clearly identified to prevent
engaging the wrong control.
Steering and brakes must operate properly; test all

drum brakes before taking a load.
SAFETY TIP: Yarder control handles are

commonly color-coded to match the color
Multiple throttle controls operate properly.
of the lead blocks and guyline drums they
Hydraulics operate properly, motors rotate both
control to avoid confusion during use.
ways, and all hydraulic lines are clear.
Check hydraulic hoses for signs of chafing, damage,
All fuel and oil levels must be adequate.
Check air pressure on the skyline brake and all

components on the yarder drum brakes. Note that
making adjustments on bolts and anchor pins will
cause wear over time and require replacement.
Power take-off equipment to the hydraulic system,
Ensure the ram has a safety valve to stop the tower
or leaking. Defective hoses, lines, or fittings must be

replaced immediately.
and the leveling and raising jacks must operate

properly. Boom-type machines must have a boom
stop.
from coming down if a hydraulic hose blows.
Check the raising lines and pendant lines for damage

and signs of aging.
20
Chapter 3. Equipment Inspection
Check the age of the guylines and guyline extensions.
the manufacturer or a professional engineer before using

the equipment.
Consider age, use, care, and visual inspection when

deciding to replace the guylines.
Yarder spars are subjected to extreme forces, and over

time, the metal will develop stress-related fatigue. Even
if dents or deformations are not observed in the spar, it
is extremely important to have it thoroughly inspected
on an annual basis by the manufacturer or a professional
engineer to prevent catastrophic failure.
Spar
Check the spar closely for dents or deformation whenever
it is raised or lowered, or if it has been struck. Lighter
vertical tube spars are made from spiral rolled material
and the slightest deformation will greatly reduce the
strength. Newer towers with lattice boom construction
are also greatly weakened by deformations or dents. If
there is any doubt concerning damage to the spar, consult
The principle inspection method involves magnaflux and

sample X-ray of the metal structure. This testing will
detect stress-related fractures that may not be visible. The
Machine Shutdown Procedures

Hazards for machine operators
are highest when entering or
exiting the machine. Never start
the machine while outside the
cab. Start and operate only
from the operators station or
from a safe area recommended
by the manufacturer. Never
exit the machine without
shutting down and securing all
hazardous energy completely.
Observe the following safety
procedures:
Lower blades, grapples, masts, or attachments to the ground or other stable surface.
Shut down the engine and engage brakes to prevent movement.
Before any maintenance is conducted, make sure the pressure or stored energy in pneumatic
storage devices that move machine elements is discharged. Use durable lockout tags over
control devices, clearly saying DO NOT OPERATE or DO NOT START or another appropriate
warning. Before lockout tags are removed, check the work area to be sure all tools have been
removed, guards are in place, and workers in the clear.
21
Buttrigging and Drift Carriages
test will not determine

if the metal alloys
have lost their tensile
strength. Unfortunately,
the only current method
to determine changes in
the strength of the metal
requires destructive
testing.
- Sheaves, bearings, and barrels

- Attachment points
- Shackles used to attach lines to carriage
- Butt hooks
Mechanical Slack Pullers and Grapples
- All of the above, plus:
- Dropline wear
Check the following

components on the
spar:
- Skyline clamps
- Hydraulic hoses and fittings
- Fluid level
On telescoping towers, check the locking dogs

(or locking pawl) for damage, excessive wear,
or cracks.
Motorized Carriage
- All of the above, plus:
Check all attachment points for excessive wear

or cracking.
- Radios and horns

- Clear of oil and debris
Check the guy ring and guy lugs where they

attach to the tower.
- Fire extinguisher
- Spark arrester (if not turbo charged)
Check the safety strap at the top of the tower

to ensure that it is properly connected and is in
serviceable condition. The strap must be equal
in strength to the individual guyline in use.
Check sheaves for cracks, deformations,
evidence of line wear, and loose or worn
bearings.
Carriages and RIGGING

Make sure to regularly inspect carriages. Carriages
typically see the highest amount of wear and tear.
Ensure all hooks and shackles are the correct size
for the lines. Also, check components according
to the type of carriage and replace worn parts, as
follows.
Skyline carriage
SAFETY TIP: Stabilize heavy carriages when

inspecting or working on them to prevent the
carriage from falling on workers.
BUTTRIGGING
22
Wire Rope
wire strand core (WSC) or an independent wire rope

core (IWRC).
General Characteristics
Strength. Referred to as breaking strength, usually

measured as a force in pounds or tons. The breaking
strength is not the same as the load limit, which is
calculated as a fraction of the breaking strength to ensure
safety.
Wire rope comes in many grades and dimensions, and

every rope has its own characteristics with regard to
strength and resistance to crushing and fatigue. A larger
rope will outlast a smaller rope of the same materials and
construction, used in the same conditions, because wear
occurs over a larger surface. Similarly, a stronger rope
will outlast a weaker rope, because it performs at a lower
percentage of its breaking strength, with reduced stress.
Swaged line. Manufactured by running a nominal-sized

line through a drawing die to flatten the outer crown
and thus reduce the rope diameter. This compacted rope
allows for increased drum capacity and increased line
strength.
Common grades of wire rope include extra improved

plow steel (EIPS) and swaged powerflex, among others.
The table below lists a few examples of wirerope
breaking strengths. The following terms are commonly
used for wire rope:
Die-form line. Made from strands that are first compacted

by drawing them through a drawing die to reduce their
diameter. The finished rope is then swaged or further
compressed.
Core. The foundation of a wire rope is made of materials

that will provide support for the strands under normal
bending and loading conditions. A fiber core (FC) can
be natural or synthetic. If the core is steel, it can be a
Abrasion resistance. Ability of outer wires to resist

wear. Abrasion resistance is greater with larger wires.
Typical Wire Rope Specifications

6x26 Improved Plow
Steel
6x26 Swaged
Swaged
Compacted-Strand
Diameter
(inches)
Weight
(lbs/ft)
Breaking
Strength (tons)
Weight
(lbs/ft)
Breaking
Strength (tons)
Weight
(lbs/ft)
Breaking
Strength (tons)
1/2
0.46
11.5
0.6
15.2
0.63
18.6
9/16
0.59
14.5
0.75
19.0
0.78
23.7
5/8
0.72
17.9
0.93
23.6
1.01
28.5
1.10
28.8
1.18
35.3
1.37
34.6
1.41
42.2
1.56
39.6
1.63
49.3
1.83
46.5
1.91
56.0
1.95
53.3
2.20
66.1
11/16
3/4
1.04
25.6
13/16
7/8
1.42
34.6
15/16
1
1.85
44.9
2.42
60.6
2.53
73.7
1-1/8
2.34
56.5
2.93
75.1
2.97
92.9
1-1/4
2.89
69.3
3.52
92.8
3.83
112.1
1-3/8
3.5
83.5
4.28
108.2
4.62
128.6
Source: Cable Yarding Systems Handbook. 2006. WorkSafe BC. Table lists typical breaking strengths. See manufacturers
specifications for specific lines.
23
Crushing resistance. Ability of the rope to resist being

deformed. A rope with an independent wire core is more
resistant to crushing than one with a fiber core.
on site and remove any that are unsafe. Observe the

following precautions.
Make sure the working load limit for any line is
adequate for the intended task. Wire rope has an
assigned breaking strength, determined by engineering
test results, factored on the grade of the wire, number
of strands, number of wires per strand, filler wire
construction, lay pattern of the wires, and the diameter
of the line. Follow the manufacturers specifications
Fatigue resistance. Ability of the rope to withstand

repeated bending without failure (the ease of bending
a rope in an arc is called its bendability). Fatigue
resistance is greater with more wires.
Synthetic Rope
High-tensile strength synthetic lines are coming into use
in logging. Some lines are dimensionally as strong as
standard wire rope, but are considerably lighter, as little
as one-ninth the weight. Current use substitutes synthetic
lines for brush straps, tree straps, tail and intermediate
support guylines, guyline extensions, skyline extensions,
and haywire. Manufacturers provide standards for
determining usable life or criteria for retirement. Follow
the manufacturers recommendations. Look for broken
or abraded strands, discoloration, inconsistent diameter,
glossy or glazed areas caused by compression and heat,
and other inconsistencies. Rope life is affected by load
history, bending, abrasion, and chemical exposure. Most
petroleum products do not affect these ropes.
Breaking strength safety factor

A safety factor of 3 is commonly used
to determine the working load limit for a
standing or running line. A standard 6x26
IWRC wire rope with a diameter of 1 inch has
a breaking strength of 45 tons divide by 3
equals 15 tons working load limit.
Wire rope out-of-service example

A 6x25 IWRC wire rope = 6 strands in one lay
with 25 wires per strand = 150 wires. The rope
Inspection and Care
must be taken out of service when 12.5 percent,

or one-eighth, of the wires are broken within the
Wire rope must be inspected daily by a competent

person and repaired or taken out of service when there is
evidence of any of the following conditions:
distance of one lay = 150 divided by 8 = 18.75, or

19 broken wires.
A typical wire rope is labeled, for example, 6x25
12.5 percent of the wires are broken within a distance

of one lay.
FW PRF RL EIPS IWRC. The label indicates a

6strand rope with 25 wires per strand (6x25),
filler-wire construction (FW), strands pre-formed
Evidence of chafing, sawing, crushing, kinking,

crystallization, bird-caging, corrosion, heat damage,
or other damage that has weakened the rope
structure.
in a helical pattern (PRF), laid in a right-hand lay

pattern (RL), using an extra-improved plow steel
(EIPS) grade of wire, and strands laid around an
independent wire rope core (IWRC).
Make a very close check of those points subject to the

most wear, including the knob ends of lines, eye splices,
and those sections of line that most often run through
blocks or carriages. When in doubt, it is far safer to
replace a suspect line, or cut out and resplice a defective
area, than risk a failure during operation. Evaluation
of the load-bearing yarder lines should be stringent. A
competent person must also inspect all other lines used
STRAND
WIRE
CORE
1 LAY
24
Line Life by Wood Hauled

System
Use
Skyline
Standing
Skyline
Mainline
Haulback
Skyline
Live
Skyline
Mainline
Haulback
Dropline
High
Lead
Mainline
Line Size
(inches)
Line Life
(million board feet)
1-3/4
20 - 25
1-1/2
15 - 25
1-3/8
8 - 15
1 to 1-1/8
15 - 20
10 - 15
3/4 to 7/8
8 - 12
1-1/2
10 - 20
1-3/8
8 - 15
6 - 10
10 - 15
3/4
8 - 12
5/8
3/4 to 7/8
8 - 12
1/2
6 - 10
7/16
5-8
1-3/8
8 - 15
1-1/8
6 - 12
Source: Willamette Logging Specialists Reference by Keith L McGonagill.

1976. Portland, OR: Willamette National Forest. Calculations of line life refer to
EIPS 6x21 wire rope for the skyline, and EIPS 6x26 for other lines. Figures will
be different for other classes of wire rope.
Correct way to measure line diameter
Incorrect way to measure line diameter
in determining load limits. The working

load limit is a fraction of a lines breaking
strength a factor of 3, or onethird the
breaking strength, is commonly used as
a safety factor for running and standing
lines, when workers are not exposed to
breaking lines or loads passing overhead.
Consider high dynamic loads when
calculating safe working limits. Wire
ropes are often subjected to high dynamic
loads, which greatly multiply the force on
a line and may exceed the safe working
limit. Even a split second over the limit
can lead to premature failure of a line.
Typical dynamic loads occur when a turn
hits a stump, a turn comes down off of the
back hillside to full suspension, or when
excessive force is applied to pulling a
turn out of its bed. A high dynamic load
or a sudden shock load that exceeds the
working limit may not result in immediate
failure, but rope strands will stretch and
weaken, and can fail at a later time.
Measure line diameter to detect
stretching. A stretched wire rope has a
reduced diameter. Check for stretched lines
by measuring the diameter, particularly on
older lines and any line used in stressful
situations.
Check date stamps and evaluate line life. Standing lines

and guylines are often kept in service four to five years
(and as long as 10 years) without exhibiting any signs of
excessive wear other than rust. Inspect the core of older
lines periodically for a fractured or dry core, which could
indicate other deficiencies such as broken wires, excessive
wear, or line deformation.
The life of a wire rope is also affected by hard use. Line life
can be measured by the volume of wood hauled (see table
above). Line life is reduced when a line exceeds its elastic
limits, is heavily shocked, or rubbed against rocks or other
lines. As a line wears, lower the safe working load limit and
adjust the payload.
25
Working within the endurance and elastic limits of lines

can help preserve line life. Use the following measures:
kept properly lubricated, following the manufacturers

instructions. An improperly lubricated line can pick up
particles of dirt and sand that will increase abrasion.
Inspect lines carefully for faults in areas where dust and
sand collect. Store lines off the ground.
The endurance limit for all lines is 50 percent

of the breaking strength. If wire rope tensioning
regularly exceeds the endurance limit, the life of the
line is reduced through fatigue.
LINE CONNECTIONs
The elastic limit for all lines is 60 percent to

65 percent of the breaking strength. When a wire
rope is loaded to its normal safe working limit, the
line stretches, but then returns to its original size
when the load is released. If a load increases past the
elastic limit through prolonged exertion or repeated
stress, the line will stretch and stay stretched, resulting
in a permanent reduction in the breaking strength.
Regularly inspect shackles, hooks, splices, and other

connecting equipment for damage and wear. Ensure the
connectors are the correct type and size for the line and
intended use.
Wire Splicing
Splices are used to form an eye at the end of a line,
extend the length of a line, or repair a broken or damaged
line. Splicing requires special skill and should only be
performed under the supervision of a competent person
with the proper tools. Reference books are available
with detailed instructions for numerous splices. Always
wear solid eye protection when splicing or helping with
a splicing procedure.
Check lubrication and abrasion. Wire rope is lubricated

in the factory to reduce internal friction and corrosion,
and prolong the life of the rope. Heat from friction causes
the internal lubricant to deteriorate. Friction occurs when
the rope stretches under load, particularly in places where
it bends around sheaves or other objects. Commercial
wire rope lubricants are available, and all lines should be
Take care of guylines

Guylines are a vital link in holding up a tower.
Guylines extensions that are moved around
by dragging on the ground or left on the
ground for long periods will age faster.
The loggers eye splice and three-pressed eye (above)

Deformed eye
are the most common methods to form an eye for use

as a skyline terminal. The spliced eye is approximately
Eye with thimble
A line deforms where it loops around a shackle or pin,
80 percent efficient. A three-pressed eye can reach

90 percent line strength. The pressed eye is typically
performed at the rigging shop. Spliced eyes can be
placed in the field, but require time to install.
producing weakness that may result in line failure. A

thimble in the loop protects the line. Thimbles work well
on standing lines, but not on running lines.
26
Shackles and Hooks
On standing or overhead rigging, use shackles with
Check that hooks have not sprung open. Make sure

shackles are positioned correctly to bear the load.
Haywire swivels in use must be inspected frequently,
because they generally wear rapidly.
Screw shackle pins must be tightened securely; do
pins, and securing nuts with mollies or a cotter key.
not use in any standing or overhead rigging.
Shackle pin mollies must be rolled sufficiently
Shackle Safety
and fit the pin hole fully. Mollies must be tucked a

minimum of three times.
Proper bells or shackles must be used to connect the

guylines to the stumps, and the guyline lead blocks to
the ring at the top of the tower. Connections must have
at least 1.5 times the strength of the guyline. The pins
of the shackles must be secured against dislodgement,
usually with a nut and cotter key, or a nut and molly.
Some shackles may use a screw pin. The use of loops or
mollies to attach guylines is prohibited.
Always place the shackle with the pin nearest to the

yarder, so if the shackle fails the least amount of
hardware will be thrown at the yarder.
The minimum sizes of shackles required for different

uses, and other rules, are specified in the Forest Activities
code (see tables, Div. 7, Sec. G, Shackles).
Observe the following points to use shackles safely:
A shackle must have a rated breaking strength

greater than the rated breaking strength of the lines
attached to it (use manufacturers rated strengths to
determine oversized requirements). An old rule-ofthumb used to recommend a shackle one size larger
than the line used, which was fine with standard wire
ropes. With newer lines of greater breaking strength,
charts are necessary to choose the correct shackle
size.
Shackle with safety pin
Replace shackles that are bent, broken, or

show excess wear on the inner surfaces.
Shackle selection
Sleeve with
knockout pin
Bell with
knockout pin
Sleeve with
safety pin
Flush pin,
straight side
Haywire swivel
Haywire hooks
27
Knobs, Ferrules, Eyes
Chains and Straps
Poured nubbins and a doubleend hook are acceptable

connectors in place
of shackles in some
instances. Oregon forest
rules prohibit the use of
quick nubbins as guyline
and skyline end fittings
unless attaching guylines
Babbited knob
to guyline drums. Follow
the manufacturers
Pressed ferrule
recommendations when
attaching sockets and
similar end fastenings.
Always use chains or straps sized correctly for the intended

purpose. Different factors apply. Oversized trailer lift
straps, for example, must have a breaking strength equal
to five times the load to be lifted. Towing chains must
have a tensile strength equivalent to the gross weight of
the towed vehicle. Always consult the manufacturers
specifications or other reference materials to ensure the
right chain or strap for the job.
Poured nubbins achieve

99 percent of line strength;
quick nubbins only achieve
65 percent at best. Pressed Ferrule
are not certifiable for strength.
QUICK nubbin
Inspect knobs, ferrules, and eyes at cable ends for loose

or broken wires, and corroded, damaged, or improperly
applied end connections. Poured nubbins must be date
stamped.
Good chain
Stretched chain
Worn chain (inside links)
Periodically check chains for damaged, worn, or stretched

links. If chains are used for hoisting or where individuals
could be struck by a breaking chain, replace chains
with more than 10 percent wear at the bearing surface.
Periodically inspect straps, looking for broken wires or
wear.
yoke
Shell
sheave
Choker and bell

with BUTTHOOK
line
guard
pin
Brush Blocks
Haulback block sheave
Check brush blocks thoroughly for cracks, wear, or

deterioration. As with the lines, look closely at the points
subject to the most wear bearings, sheave, frame, yoke,
pins and replace defective parts immediately. Grease
blocks each time before use.
28
sizes vary (10-22). Larger

diameters reduce line wear.
NOTES
29
CHAPTER 4
Anchors
ANCHOR SAFETY
Anchors need to withstand significant forces to assure
tower and rigging system stability. In general, remember
the following critical points in anchor safety:
Ensure that guyline stumps or anchors are within
the guy zones. Guy zones established by the yarder
manufacturer, or established for lift tree stability, are
designed to avoid catastrophic failure during the yarding
process. Guy zones are set so the guylines share the
load on the yarding lines. If anchors are not available in
a guy zone, or at the extreme edge of a guy zone, reduce
the payload or adopt other measures to ensure stability.
It may be possible or necessary to rig an additional
guyline.
A manufacturers cab decal (above) shows a yarder

setup with five guylines, which allows at least three
guylines to oppose the load in a broader 60-degree
yarding window. Always follow manufacturers models or
available technical manuals for anchor placement within
appropriate guy zones. Oregon OSHA Division 7 Forest
Activities rules show required guy zones for different
numbers of anchors, one through eight, with variations
suitable for tailholds and lift trees, as well as yarders
(examples shown on right).
30
Chapter 4. Anchors
Relative Stump Strength

Douglas fir is preferred for anchors or,
if unavailable, white pine or hemlock.
Use extra caution with spruce, cedar, or
hardwoods consider using tiebacks or
ee
other multiple support.
eg
The holding power of a stump multiplies by
45
the square of the diameter so double the

diameter gives four times the holding power.
The equation is modified, however, by
HORIZONTAL
factors of soil and species, direction of pull,
The angle of the guyline, measured from the horizontal,
and zones and angles of the guylines. Before
must be no more than 50 degrees. Lower angles give
relying on an anchor, load to maximum and
greater stability.
watch the stump for movement.
The angle of the guyline measured horizontally from

the anchor point must be no greater than 50 degrees
(or the manufacturers recommendation). Angles
greater than 50 degrees can place a buckling force on
the tower and cause a catastrophic failure. The flatter the
angle, the more effective the anchor. An anchor above
the height of the tower will be less stable. Guylines too
far above the tower will create a lifting force that could
actually lift the tower off the ground. Examine upward
forces on the tower to assure stability. If a suitable
anchor is not available, so a guyline exceeds a 50-degree
angle, then additional precautions must be taken, such
as adding guylines to oppose the load, or using narrower
yarding roads or lighter loads.
IMPORTANT: Guylines that are straight back from the

tower will load up quicker than guylines off to the side; a
shorter guyline that is straight back will load up fastest.
Inspect all anchors daily. Yarding can reduce the
strength of an anchor stump. High dynamic loads increase
the risk of progressive failure. Check all guylines and
anchors after several turns and on a daily basis. Look for
signs of movement in stumps, mobile anchors, or buried
deadman anchors. Any unstable guyline anchor must be
immediately corrected.
Balance the load. The back guys on the yarder must
share the load. Regularly recheck tension on the lines. If
balance is neglected, the load may shift to one stump and
cause that stump to fail (see Chapter 5).
Choose anchors that are equal distances away

from the tower or lift tree. Guylines that are shorter
will tighten up quicker than longer guylines. A shorter
guyline can take up the majority of the load and not share
with the other guylines. This could overload the shorter
guyline and cause it to fail. If anchors are not available
equal distances from the tower or lift tree, make sure to
adjust the tension on the guylines so all share the load.
Maintain adequate deflection. Inadequate deflection of

the rigging lines can overload lines and increase the risk
of rigging-system failure.
31
SINGLE STUMP ANCHORS

As the industry moves into logging smaller trees,
adequate guyline stumps are harder to find. Faced with
fewer options, loggers must be able to identify a good
anchor and understand how the forces applied to a stump
during the logging process could affect its holding
power. If a single stump is inadequate, multiple stumps
or alternative anchors must be used.
Correct notching: good depth, in lead
Selection of Anchors
A competent person must carefully choose the skyline,
guyline, and running line anchors for position and
strength. Many factors affect the suitability of an anchor
point. Avoid using unsuitable anchor stumps as shown
on the following page. If such weaker stumps must be
used, take extra precautions to assure stability.
IMPORTANT: A notch that is too deep

decreases the diameter of the stump and
reduces its holding power.
Choose stumps rather than trees for guyline anchors.

Tailholds and intermediate supports for the yarding lines
may use trees as anchors and support, but the yarder
guylines should use stumps to avoid the possibility of
a tree falling on workers at the landing site during the
operation. If a tree must be used, tie it back to prevent it
from falling.
Improper notching: too deep
Carefully select the anchor stump according to the

species, size, and terrain. Select anchor stumps for
position and strength. Each species of tree has a different
root system and grows differently according to the soil
moisture, density, and slope. The holding power of
a stump increases with soil depth and density. Never
assume the stumps in one setting will be the same as
stumps in the next setting.
Stumps are generally strongest with a side pull rather
than an upward pull. On slopes, stumps have more root
structure on the downhill side, and are therefore stronger
on an uphill, rather than downhill, pull. Stumps on the
back side of a ridge, with an upward pull, are stronger.
Improper notching: too close to top
Notching the Guyline Stump

The common way to notch a guyline stump is with an
axe or power saw. Clear the area around the stump to
work safely; if using a saw, wear protective gear. Two
basic points are critical when notching a guyline stump.
Improper notching: shallow
32
Chapter 4. Anchors
UnSUITable anchor stumps
Stump disturbed by grade construction
Stump grown on loose rock
Stump at water table
Stump with only shell wood
Stump on a sheer rock face
Stump of felled snag
33
Depth. Stump anchors must be notched to a depth not

greater than is necessary to safely secure the line to the
stump. Cutting too deep reduces the diameter of the
stump and effectively reduces its holding power.
NOTE: Deeper notching of swells, burls, and other
irregularly shaped stumps is allowed so the line will be
properly secured to solid wood.
Stump tieback anchor
Position. Keep the notch in lead with the guyline and

with enough wood above the notch to prevent slabbing.
The notch needs to be as low as possible, but do not cut
off the roots. By placing the notch low, less leverage is
exerted that could pull the stump out of the ground.
may hold approximately two-thirds of the load force and

the back stump one-third, if the line transfers the load.
When three stumps are used, the load to the third stump
is negligible.
Twister Tieback
Twister tiebacks only take a few minutes to set up. To do
it well, consider the following guidelines:
Use a good, strong sapling or sturdy limb of sufficient

strength, diameter, and length for the twister stick.
Locate the twister line close to the top of the front

stump, unless there is concern about the roots pulling
out while tightening the tieback.
Guyline attachment with sleeve and bell shackles,

knockout pins, and mollies.
Notch secondary anchors to prevent line slippage.

Wrap a piece of line around the front and back
MULTIPLE STUMP ANCHORS
tree, and secure with a timber hitch wrapped under

several times. Insert a sturdy stick in the opening
created by the line and twist the line over itself until
taut. Use a minimum of two wraps. Wedge the stick
in the ground so it holds the wrap in the line.
In the event that a single stump is not adequate, multiple

stumps must be tied together or an alternative anchor type
must be considered. If in doubt, use multiple anchors.
Avoid the zipper effect. Multiple anchors are only as
strong as the weakest link. If one stump fails, the entire
system can fail in a surge. If possible, isolate tieback
stumps in multiples, so if one anchor fails, other leads
will hold.
Use caution when applying the twister stick. Keep it

firm. Unexpected release can cause serious injury.
Common methods for combining the holding power of

multiple stumps include (a) wrap and go back, (b) twister
tie back, and (c) bridle block.
Wrap and Go Back

Wrap-and-go-back stumps wrap the line around a front
stump and anchor to the back stump. The front stump
Stump twister anchor
34
Chapter 4. Anchors
Bridle Block
Bridle stump anchors have a line tied to each stump
with a block that floats on the line, allowing an even
distribution of force to each stump (see diagrams on next
page). Never place a dutchman in a guyline in order to
place the guyline within its guy zone. Instead, consider a
bridle block or other means to bring the guyline into line
with an even distribution of force.
Cable clips and spikes

Guylines must be anchored to stumps with appropriate
shackles or other connectors. When it is not possible to
use a shackle and an eye to tie off the end of a line, then
use cable clips or spikes to secure the line.
Effective setup:
alignment in lead
Both of these options require special care to avoid injury.

When loosing the line, always consider where the tail
will go if the line takes off running. Never stand on the
outside of the line.
Cable Clips
Cable clips are used to secure the end of lift-support
guylines and jacklines. Select and notch a stump as
shown earlier. Tighten the guyline or jackline using a
rigging chain, come-a-long or power saw winch, or the
haywire off the yarder. Take the end of the line and wrap
the stump a minimum of three times, with the tail of the
line pointing back at the support. Place the clips on the
line as shown in the following images. Cable clips must
be spaced at least six rope diameters apart. Nuts must
Less effective setup:

alignment not in lead
Make sure the twister stick is planted securely,

perpendicular to the twister lines. The rule is firm
but not tight.
Longer twister lines require additional twister sticks

to take up the slack and prevent line damage.
Never release a twister by cutting the twister

pole with an axe or power saw. Carefully unwind
the twister until the stored energy is completely
released.
Two workers can apply tiebacks more quickly and

safely together. Make sure a worker check system is
in place when one worker does this job.
Guyline secured with cable clips
NOTE: Synthetic rope makes effective twisters.
35
Spiked Guylines
be tightened evenly and rechecked after initial loading.

When high-strength wire rope is used, one more cable
clip must be added. (See Div. 7, Table 7-3 for exact
number and spacing requirements.)
Spiked guylines are used in situations when additional

guyline support is required and no drum is available on the
yarder typically for tailholds and supports for yarding
lines. Spiked guylines require special precautions:
When removing cable clips from stumps, a reverse safety

wrap must be applied and secured before loosening the
last wrap. If there is strong tension in the line, use a
come-a-long, power saw winch, or haywire to assist in
lowering the line.
Choose a stump that is large enough so that when the
spikes are placed they will not degrade the stump to

the point of being unsafe to use. Typically, larger
lines use spiked guylines on larger stumps. Smaller
lines may use cable clamps and tiebacks to multiple
smaller stumps as necessary.
CORRECT
Spiked
guylines must be anchored with at least

2 wraps around the stump the first strap with at
least eight spikes or six staples in sound wood; the
second with at least three spikes; and the top wrap,
like the first, with eight spikes or six staples.
INCORRECT
All the bark must be removed from the stump where

the line is wrapped and spiked.
INCORRECT
Stay in the clear when the guyline wraps are being

tightened. The line is tightened by running a haywire
from the yarder through a pulley on a stump behind
the anchor, and attaching it to the guyline to be
tightened.
Cable clips must be attached correctly. Make sure

the U section of the clip is in contact with the dead
or short end of the rope.
When removing spiked guylines (or skylines) from

stumps or trees, a reverse safety wrap must be
applied and secured before loosening the last wrap,
or the guyline must be held while the spikes are
removed from the last wrap, and snubbed until the
tension is relieved.
Use eight spikes on the first wrap (or more to prevent
Use reverse safety wrap when removing spikes.
the line from slipping), three spikes on the second

wrap, and eight spikes again on the third wrap.
36
Chapter 4. Anchors
TAILHOLD
TAILHOLD
TAILHOLD
TAILHOLD
MAXIMUM 120
10,000 LBS
MINIMUM
10,000 LBS
5,000 LBS
BRIDLE BLOCK
5,000 LBS
BRIDLE BLOCK
10,000 LBS
10,000 LBS
LOAD
LOAD
Bridle block angles

With a load of 10,000 pounds at a maximum angle of 120 degrees, each tailhold will receive 10,000 pounds of load.
With a load of 10,000 pounds at a minimum angle of zero degrees, each tailhold will receive a load of 5,000 pounds.
IMPORTANT: Never exceed

an angle of 120 degrees
between the two legs of
the strap. Wider angles
increase the force on each
stump. Angles more than
120 degrees produce a
greater force than the
original load. The less angle
the better.
Bridle block
37
Alternate Anchors
Condition of the soil and slope of the ground.

Soil conditions and slope play an important role in the
holding power of a machine anchor. Shallow or rocky
soils will have less holding power than deep penetrable
soils. A machine sitting on a relatively flat surface will
have much more resistance to movement than a machine
on uneven or downward sloping ground.
When adequate stumps are not readily available, alternate

anchoring methods must be considered. Alternate anchors
are typically more expensive and require additional
time, special equipment, and in some cases engineering to
set up.
Machine Anchors
Holding aids. Look for embankments and stumps to

help stabilize a machine anchor. With bulldozers, push
a good volume of dirt in front of the blade; it is better
if the bulldozer can be placed on the lower side of an
embankment or with an upward slope.
Machine anchors are the most versatile of the alternate

anchor systems. They are easy to move and rig, and the
fixed size of a particular machine provides consistent
performance in comparable load situations. Machine
anchors may be used for guyline or tail anchors. They
are not suitable where access is limited or in positions
that could interfere with other activities or where soil
disturbance is an issue. Of course, using heavy equipment
as an anchor for its sheer weight underutilizes expensive
machinery.
Horizontal and vertical angle of the line. Stability

of the machine is greatly affected by the angle of the
attached line. An angle that is too steep can apply
upward pressure that will reduce traction. Place the
blade or boom so the pressure is applied straight on. Side
pressure can make the machine tracks screw sideways
or even overturn the machine. Tie back the machine to
account for side pressures. Take extra precautions when
multiple lines are attached.
The two most common types of machinery used for

anchors are bulldozers and excavators. The following
factors need to be considered for any machine anchor:
Size and weight of machine. The bigger and
heavier the machine, the greater the holding power.
Size is not the only factor. Follow the procedures
for line attachment exactly to ensure the loaded line
will exert downward pressure and maximize holding
power. Experience is the best way to determine the
stability of a particular machine. When experience is
limited, apply lighter loads until assured of adequate
stability.
Type of logging system.
The type of logging
system can greatly in
fluence the forces being
exerted on the machine.
Uplift, side pull, or
block purchase can all
influence the holding
power. When position
ing the machine boom
or blade, consider all
forces being applied and
compensate.
Rely on a competent person

Any use of machines as anchors must be
under the supervision of a competent person.
A bulldozer used as an anchor, tied back to a stump in lead: use a raised spar to
add lift to the back of the skyline road.
38
Chapter 4. Anchors
A bulldozer at a slight backward angle and dirt scooped

in front of the blade gains stability by downward
pressure in the direction of pull.
Anchor security. As with any anchor system, ensure

that the slack is pulled or rendered out of the system,
before a load is applied. Regularly inspect anchors for
any indications of movement. A tieback to a stump can
be used to add stability to the machine.
IMPORTANT: Never attach a line directly to

the blade, which is not designed to withstand
forward pressure.
Bulldozers
The following steps are a reliable method for rigging a
bulldozer anchor:
strength of the largest line attached to it. For greatest

security, double the strap back from the rear of the
machine and attach both eyes to the line at the front.
Place the blade in the direction of pull.

Place the machine on flat or up-sloping ground, or
over an embankment, where possible.
Excavators
Push up a full blade of dirt and park the bulldozer

up against it.
As with a bulldozer, attempt to find relatively flat

ground for an excavator. Always face the direction of
pull. Sideways forces are more of a problem with an
excavator. The best position is up against a bank with the
tracks parallel to the bank to oppose sideways movement.
Sideways force can also be countered by orienting the
tracks at 90 degrees to increase the effective width of
the base.
Place the line over the top of the blade. Ensure the
line is protected from the sharp top edge of the blade
with a fixed sheave or shoe, or the equivalent. By
placing the line over the blade, the line will create
downward pressure, causing the blade to dig deeper
as pressure is applied.
Tie off the line to the drawbar or around the winch
Place the stick on the ground at an angle of 110 degrees

to 130 degrees between boom and stick so the pull will
push the stick deeper into the ground. Extending the
stick more or less than this angle range will increase the
lateral force and reduce holding power; less force will be
directed down into the ground. Establish the attachment
point on the boom as high as possible to maximize the
downward pressure on the stick.
at the back of the bulldozer.
Get in the clear. Ensure the operator is off the

machine before the lines are tensioned.
As an alternative to passing the line over the blade to
the back of the machine, a strap can be used for easier
attachment. The strap must be at least the size and
39
Attach the line higher up the stick and extend the stick to an angle of 110 degrees to 130 degrees
to increase stability.
Deadman Anchors
3. Place the line in the trench with the ends on each

side at roughly equal distances. Place the log in the
trench over the line and use the excavator to pull
together the line ends. If a second log will be used,
pull the ends together on the side opposite the load
and place the second log in the trench before pulling
the ends together in the direction of the load.
A deadman anchor is a buried log (or logs). Properly

installed, a deadman anchor is more secure than an
machine anchor and can be placed in uneven terrain or
in areas where a machine anchor could be in the way
of the operation. The deadman requires good soil depth,
logs of adequate size and species (preferably fir), and
the ability to get an excavator to the site to dig a trench.
Second support logs may be required if there is a steep
upward pull on the deadman or the single log is smaller
than necessary. Observe the following steps:
4. Backfill the trench about half way, making sure the

line ends are not buried.
5. Thread a chain through the eyes of the line and
shackle the chain to the excavator to pull the lines
even and tight.
1. Determine the maximum load imposed on the

deadman, the angle of pull, ground slope, soil type
and compaction, and calculate the dimensions
required for the log and the depth of the trench. A
log of sufficient size is typically at least 16 feet long
and 20 inches in diameter. The trench should be at
least 4-5 feet deep. If available logs are too small,
multiple logs wrapped in a bundle with a strap may
provide sufficient holding power.
6. Fill the rest of the trench, packing down the fill in

stages with the excavator bucket. Do not disturb
the front wall of the trench, which will weaken the
anchor. Piling rocks on top of the deadman will help
its holding power, if necessary.
7. Do not bury the line; the line connectors must
remain plainly visible for inspection. Spray-paint
across the ends of the line and the ground to detect
anchor movement.
2. Bring in the excavator to dig the trench, ideally

perpendicular to the direction of pull. The walls of
the trench must be preserved at right angles, with an
angled notch cut into the side facing the load where
the line emerges. The notch should be no larger than
the bucket width and at the center of the trench wall.
The notch increases the horizontal pull and increases
the holding power.
IMPORTANT: Beware of trench hazards. Workers

should not need to enter the trench, but if it should be
necessary, special precautions must be taken for any
person working in a trench more than 5 feet deep.
40
Chapter 4. Anchors
Place a strap in the trench with the ends extending on

each side, and set the log.
Install a small notch in the front face of the deadman
trench to prevent vertical pull.
IMPORTANT: As the anchor point is brought

closer to the yarder, the pull on the anchor
is directed upward. A deadman closer to the
yarder should be buried deeper.
Pull both ends of the strap together and pull both eyes
taut together before hooking up guylines.
As a less secure alternative, if a perpendicular trench is
If only smaller logs are available, two logs may be
not feasible, the trench can be installed parallel to the
wrapped together before setting in the trench.
direction of the load.
Log Bundles
Log bundles can be used as an effective
guyline anchor. A qualified individual
must determine the maximum amount of
pull that can be exerted on the line to be
anchored. The weight of the bundle needs
to be 2-3 times the exerted pull. The line
needs to wrap around the entire bundle at
its center, and the bundle positioned so
both ends are secure and will not shift.
The bundle must not be able to move.
41
Balance the Load on Multiple Anchors
LOAD
When using multiple minor anchors to

support a line, take care to balance the load on
the anchors. Use sheaves and straps to continually
redistribute forces as the lines stretch and move.
Without sheaves, one anchor can drop out, and
the load will be shifted entirely to the remaining
STRAP-ON SHEAVES
anchors.
Synthetic rope straps allow load sharing
SHEAVES
with variable lengths. Wire rope may

require line clamps to align loading at
STRAP EYES
ATTACHED TO
proper lengths.
SHEAVE
Place in a ditch or up against a bank in the direction of

pull. The anchor needs to be monitored until a competent
person is satisfied with its stability.
STUMP ANCHORS
As with deadman anchors, do not bury the line; the line

connectors must remain plainly visible for inspection.
Spray-paint across the ends of the anchor line and the
ground to supply an indicator for movement.
Rock Anchors
Rock anchors may be necessary when other anchors are
not possible. They are rarely used in the Pacific Northwest.
Installation requires special equipment and training,
and they are more costly and timeconsuming to set up.
Always follow the manufacturers recommendations.
Tipping Plates
Tipping plate anchors are used in clay, sand, or gravel.
Manufactured in a wide variety of shapes and sizes,
they are effective when installed correctly. In some
conditions, a pre-drilled hole is used, then backfilled.
In softer conditions, special vibrating installation
equipment is required to force the anchor through the soil
to a predetermined depth. The anchor is set by applying
a heavy load.
When using tipping plates, do not directly attach
guylines, skylines, or mainlines to the anchors. Attach
a strap or system of straps from multiple anchors to
hold the line. The combined strength of straps or lines
attached to multiple anchors must be equal in strength
to the line held.
Tipping plates require multiple anchors for each guyline.
42
Chapter 5. Setting Up the Yarder
CHAPTER 5
Setting Up the Yarder

MOVING IN THE YARDER
The yarder position was decided in the planning
stage to minimize the number of times the yarder
is moved on the landing. Set up the yarder to take
full advantage of the first yarding window, and
recheck the appropriate guy zones for the selection
of anchor stumps.
Yarder Transport
Moving a yarder on uneven ground is always
hazardous. Make sure the access road and the
landing is well-chunked, packed, and level before
moving in the yarder. Any time the yarder is
moved, assign a spotter working on the ground
to ensure the machine does not crush someone or
something, walk off the road, or walk into a soft
spot. The spotter is the eyes and ears for the yarder
or truck operator moving the machinery. Establish clear
communication between the spotter and operator with
hand signals and/or radio communications. Be prepared
to stop immediately with any sign of danger.
Good communication is critical

Hasty decisionmaking and poor communication
while setting up the yarder increase the risk of
injury. Make sure all workers understand their
own tasks as well as the tasks of others while
working around the yarder. Workers should
inform others when they begin a task, particularly
if they move out of an expected position. Always
use a spotter when loading, unloading, and
moving the yarder. Make sure all workers are in
the clear.
heavy load. Consider the length of the lowbed relative

to tight corners.
Use an experienced driver. Driving a lowboy requires a
different skill set than driving a dump truck or log truck.
Ensure the driver is qualified to handle conditions on the
route.
Hauling yarders on logging roads is a common source

of serious injuries. Many incidents are preventable.
Observe the following precautions:
Load and unload with caution. Loading and unloading

heavy equipment is the most hazardous part of the
operation. Make sure to load a machine on flat, even
terrain with no overhead hazards such as limbs or power
lines. Always use a spotter.
Plan the route. The yarder or truck operator must know

the road conditions firsthand. Check for steep grades
that will require assistance, loadlimited bridges, tight
curves, and weak subgrades. Reinforce or widen roads
with surfacing, if necessary. Check overhead hazards,
such as power lines and bridge obstructions.
Consider weather conditions. Will snow or ice be a
factor? Will chains be required? Will rain cause the road
to fail? Will steep grades be passable?
Consider weight distribution on the trailer. If there

are adverse grades along the route, it may be necessary
to load the machine forward on the trailer to add more
weight to the drive axles of the truck and give better
traction.
Inspect transportation equipment. Check equipment

for operability before use, particularly the brakes. Make
sure the equipment and tiedowns are adequate for the
Lead with a pilot vehicle. A pilot vehicle leading the

oversized load can let the driver know of unforeseen
conditions well in advance, and also warn oncoming
43
traffic to yield. In unfavorable conditions, a towing

vehicle may be necessary to snub or assist in pulling the
lowboy.
Yarder selection for the job is critical. Using a smaller

yarder to increase access to remote areas also forces
loggers to push the outer limits of the machine. Long
spans on midsized towers add extra stress to both tower
and guylines. Whenever a midsized tower is used for
an extremely long cable system, take extra care to rig
the tower correctly, ensure the guylines are sharing
the load, and analyze the payload for the tower-terrain
combination.
Know Your Machinery

The siderod, hooktender, or other competent
person supervising the yarder setup must know the
manufacturers specifications for the yarder and know
the appropriate rigging and procedures for the particular
conditions at the site. Basic decisions will be guided by
the manufacturers design specification plate located
on the spar of the yarder, which displays critical
information about the spar capacity, including maximum
and minimum inclination for the spar; number, size, and
breaking strength of the guylines and any other required
lines; and maximum size and breaking strength of the
skyline, mainline, and haulback lines.
Yarder Setup
Stability of the yarder is essential. Consider the following
critical factors during the setup:
Place the yarder on solid, level ground. When working
with heavy loads, changing the angle of force can make
a huge difference to stability. Make sure the yarder is
near to absolute level as possible and the ground is firm
enough to avoid settling during operations. It
may be necessary to crib a track with short log
lengths set perpendicular to achieve a firm,
level surface.
Assure good drainage. The solid surface for
the yarder should be protected by assuring
rainwater drains away rather than settling
in pools under the yarder. Use slopes and
channels directed away from the yarder. Laying
down gravel can greatly improve drainage and
prevent mudholes.
Install the yarder on level ground with good drainage.
Install cribbing. A rock base for the yarder

is ideal, but may not be possible. With softer
ground, solid cribbing can be created with
short log lengths positioned side by side. Log
cribbing is commonly used to prevent the spar
pad from settling. On uneven ground, it may be
necessary to use cribs to bring the yarder level.
Stack logs or short blocks of wood to achieve
the height needed, and add layers crosswise.
Make sure the materials are large enough that
they will not crush or fail during the yarding
process.
Cribbing is commonly used under the spar pad.
44
GUYLINES
Guyline Angles and Tension
Guylines used to stabilize the yarder must be at least the

size, strength, and number recommended by the machine
manufacturer. Some yarders are designed to operate with
fewer than three guylines. Proper placement ensures that
all guylines oppose the pull of the yarding lines at all
times.
Guyline angles should be as flat as possible to avoid

extreme tension. Greater angles produce greater tension.
Tension in the guylines produces a downward force
on the tower. Greater tension produces greater tower
compression.
Tension = 10 tons
90o
Tension =
14 tons
Compression =
20 tons
45o
With a horizontal skyline, a load of 10 tons, and a
A guyline to the rear of the yarder provides resistance to
guyline angle of 45 degrees, tension on the guyline is 14
prevent the tower from toppling forward.
tons and compression on the tower is 20 tons.

Tension = 10 tons
90o
Tension =
20 tons
Compression =
27 tons
60o
With a horizontal skyline, a load of 10 tons, and a
Guylines to the side provide lateral support to the tower.
guyline angle of 60 degrees, tension on the guyline is 20

tons and compression on the tower is 27 tons.
Skyline
Placing a guyline
above the tower
can result in a lifting
force that increases
tower instability.
Upward force on tower
Lift is produced if a
guyline angles up
from the working
line. If the guyline
In some situations a snap or front guyline is required
angles down from
to prevent the tower from toppling backward if one of
Skyline
the lines break. The weight of guylines at the rear of the
the working line,

then a downward
tower can tip the tower, particularly if the guylines are
Downward force on tower
fully extended and line extensions are used.
45
force is produced in
the tower.
Horizontal angles in guyline placement also affect

the tension in the guylines. As the angle between two
guylines increases, the tension shared in those guylines
increases. The figures below show results for different
guyline configurations, with a 10ton load on a horizontal
skyline, and guylines set at 45 degrees.
Guylines safety factor

Guylines help distribute the load from
the yarding lines. A machine set up with
one guyline back is considered to have a
1:1 safety factor (depending on how it is
rigged). With two guylines, the safety factor
is 2:1, and so on. It is important to consider
The tension on two

guylines equally
Skyline
the number of guylines that share the
10 tons
spaced at an angle
load when rigging a tower. An overloaded
of 30 degrees will be
guyline system can result in tower failure. A
7.3 tons.
minimum of three guylines is recommended

7.3 tons
7.3 tons
for most yarding situations to assure a safer

distribution of the load and provide increased
Guylines
support for lateral yarding forces.
30o
Guyline Positioning
Skyline
10 tons
Double-check that guyline stumps and other

anchors are within the guy zones and guyline angles
are less than 50 degrees. Stay within the guy zones
recommended by the yarder manufacturer, so guylines
share the load applied to the yarding lines. Recheck the
guyline angles at this stage in the process to be sure they
are flatter than 50 degrees. If guylines have to be rigged
at an angle greater than 50 degrees, consult the yarder
manufacturer.
The tension
on two
guylines
equally
11.1 tons
11.1 tons
spaced at an
angle of 100
degrees will
Guylines
100
be 11.1 tons.
Skyline
Know the limits of the yarding radius. The yarding

radius, as shown in the yarder manufacturers operating
manual, indicates the outer limits of the yarding forces
that can be applied to the tower. The skyline and
mainline need to be rigged within this target window.
If the haulback is used outside the limits, or any side
pull on the skyline pulls the skyline to the outer limit
of the yarding window, the tower needs to be turned or
the guylines moved to counter the forces being exerted
on the tower. Make sure the force of the yarding line is
always countered by at least three guylines.
10 tons
16.7 tons
16.7 tons
Guylines
130o
Use caution with long guylines. With normal rigups,

guylines will extend back within a range of 23 times
The tension on two guylines equally spaced at an angle

of 130 degrees will be 16.7 tons.
46
Working inside the hauling radius places the load
DANGER! Working outside the hauling radius places
on guylines 2, 3, and 4, and less on 1 and 5
the load on guylines 1, 2, and 3, and less on 4 and 5

SKYLINE
SKYLINE
HAULING
RADIUS 60o
HAULING
RADIUS 60o
1
2
Ideally, the load on the skyline or mainline will be opposed by at least three guylines. If anchors cannot be found in
the guy zone or must be placed at an extreme edge of the zone, the payload should be reduced.
Make a clear path. Guylines must not rub against any

tree or obstacle. If necessary, cut a corridor to a guyline
anchor.
the height of the tower. If the guylines extend beyond

this normal range, the weight of the guylines plus the
tensioning force applied to them can exert enough weight
and force to tip a tower over backwards. With vertical
tube-type towers, an unwritten rule said guylines should
never extend out beyond five times the height of the tower.
No similar rule-of-thumb exists for new leaning-type
towers, which gain additional support from the yarder
base. Be sure to know the specific capacity of the tower
used to avoid tipping over due to longer guylines.
Know when to use snap guylines. When there is

potential for the yarding line system to fail (tailhold
failure, skyline breakage), it may be prudent to place
a snap guyline out in front of the yarder to prevent the
rear guylines from pulling over the tower. A snap guyline
may also be necessary when numerous guylines are used
or extreme tension is applied to the yarding system. The
haulback can be used as the snap guyline. The biggest
disadvantage to snap guys is they are often in the way
during yarding and loading.
Long guylines also increase the amount of sag, or belly,

which can cause a problem once the skyline is tightened
up. The tower may move out of plumb before the
guylines come taut. In that case, consider pre-tensioning
the guylines: pull the tower out of plumb to account for
the belly so the correct level results once the guylines are
tightened. Use caution to not pull the tower so far out of
plumb that it tips and falls.
Guyline Lead Blocks

Ensure the guyline ring at the top of the tower is turned
so the guyline blocks are in line with the intended
guyline anchor. Proper alignment will ensure no sudden
movement of the ring causes a shock to the tower or
guyline block. Before raising the tower, ensure that the
safety strap is in good condition and the strap ends are
properly secured.
If a guyline is too short to reach the anchor, a guyline

extension must be added in the same size and condition
as the guyline, attached by a shackle or guyline sleeve.
47
Stringing the Guylines

Once the guyline stumps have been selected and notched,
and the placement of anchors is doublechecked,
stringing and attaching the guylines to the stumps is the
final step in raising the spar. The structure and weight of
the guylines usually require the use of a haywire to pull
the guyline to the stump.
Yarding
blocks
Guyline ring
Guyline lead
blocks
Two methods are typically used: (a) a haywire is attached

to a guyline and carried out to the anchor and strung
through a block to return to the yarder to pull out the
guyline, or (b) the haywire is attached to a guyline and
pulled with a vehicle from the yarder to the anchor.
Safety
strap
Guylines
an
Work safely with haywire. The haywire is typically

attached to the eye of a line or hooked several feet up the
guyline with a rigging chain to make it easier to connect
the guyline to the stump. Once movement begins, stay in
the clear the chain may slip.
Yarder drums
hors
Beware of the hazardous forces involved in this phase of

work. Observe the following precautions.
The angle of the guyline in the lead blocks must be at

least 40 degrees out from the perpendicular tower. This
angle corresponds to the angle at the anchor point,
which must be less than 50 degrees from the horizontal
(both angles added together equal 90 degrees).
If a chain is used to attach the haywire to a guyline,

the chain must be wrapped opposite to the direction
of pull.
Beware of tension in the line when unhooking the

haywire. Pulling out a line can produce a twist that
will unleash violently when the haywire is released.
Never touch a moving line. Haywire can get loops

or tangles in the line when pulled from a coil. Never
put your hand in the middle of a loop to attempt to
straighten it out when it is under tension or being
moved. Stringing haywire is the source of many lost
fingers.
Protect the lines. Avoid dragging guylines or

extensions down the road. Damage occurs due to
abrasion and heat. Dirt forced into the line, causes
abrasion to the core and between strands. Also, avoid
running over guylines with tracked or rubbertired
machinery, which can cut, kink, or damage the line.
Use spotter with a haywire vehicle

Care must be taken when attaching guylines
to a vehicle to pull them off the yarder. Pulling
Pay careful attention to the stability of the spar.

During this stringing process, the spar is only held up by
the raising system on the yarder. Stay aware of the forces
exerted on the spar and avoid unnecessary loads on it.
Use a bubble level to monitor tower movement. Stay
out of the bight of the spar in case it should suddenly
drop. Refer to the manufacturers instructions if there
is any question about how high the spar can be raised
too fast or too hard can upset the tower.

The yarder engineer needs to be in control
at all times. Use a spotter to communicate
between the yarder engineer and the vehicle
operator.
48
without the support of guylines. Some

telescoping spars have auxiliary
safety guylines to anchor before the
main guylines are strung and the top
section raised.
The guylines must be strung out in
an order that ensures the stability of
the spar. With vertical towers, ensure
guylines are strung with opposing
lines in succession to prevent all of
the weight pulling one side of the
tower. With a leaning-type tower,
pull out the side guylines first, work
to the center, and do the back guys
last. Work so that tightening any one
guyline will not tip the tower.
Avoid siwashes. A siwash is a bend
in the line under tension, commonly
caused by obstructions from saplings,
String guylines in order, each opposite the one previous to balance
stumps, or roots. A siwash in any
the forces exerted on the spar.
line is extremely dangerous. When
stringing the lines, make as straight a
line as possible from the yarder to the stump, and go
RAISING THE SPAR
over the top of all debris. When tensioning the lines,
Once the yarder is securely positioned and leveled, the
be alert for hang-ups and correct immediately. Never
rigging and fittings checked, all the necessary greasing
assume a haywire is free of siwashes.
completed, and the guylines strung, the spar can be
raised. Every yarder is different in the way it is raised.
The bight of the line in a siwash is a direct hazard,
Some require the use of guylines, others use hydraulics
but a siwash can also throw material considerable
only, and others use various combinations of lines and
distances. When the line gets passed underneath a log
hydraulics. Follow the manufacturers instructions. All
as the line is strung out, it can throw the whole log
line movement must be accompanied by proper whistle
when the line is tightened.
or hand signals. Keep people in the clear.
DIRECTION OF PULL
Stay clear of moving lines!

Get clear of haywires under tension and
stay alert for thrown material. Siwashes
are common. Signal stop and wait for
a full stop before approaching to clear a
A rigging chain is often used to attach a haywire to

a cable. Wrap several feet up the cable opposite
the direction of pull.
hang-up.
49
Rig lines to support the spar in case the raising system

fails. Front guylines can assist in raising the tower, so if a
jack or raising line fails, the front guylines will keep the
tower from falling down onto the machine.
Spar Angle
Angles are critical in load-bearing lines. Keep a vertical
spar perpendicular to the base of the yarder, even if the
base cannot be made absolutely level; that means, install
cribbing or blocks according to the position of the yarder,
not the position of the ground. This will avoid damage or
failure in the equipment. Any offangle in the spar will
increase stress on the top of the spar during operations,
and make extra guyline support and caution necessary.
A tower out of lead may also cause the lines to spool
incorrectly on the drums. Some manufacturers allow for
rigging a tower out of level. Follow the manufacturers
recommendations, and know your machine.
Keep a minimum of three wraps on guyline drums.

Some operators recommend keeping at least five
wraps on the drums. Follow the manufacturers
instructions to keep guyline ends secure.
Hydraulic Jacks
Secure line ends. Make sure the ends of lines attached
to drums are secured by end attachments, and keep a
minimum of three wraps on the drum at all times (or
more as recommended by the yarder manufacturer).
When lines are pulled off the yarder and then respooled
onto the drum, lines can acquire a twist if the end comes
free of the drum or the anchor point. The twist can be
controlled by using a swivel at the point of attachment.
Use caution when disconnecting a line pulled from the
yarder.
Inspect and maintain jacks regularly to be sure all

hydraulic lines and cylinders are in good condition.
During use, make sure the jack is secure. Workers have
been injured by blocks kicked out sideways from under
a jack or by being sprayed with high-pressure hydraulic
oil from broken lines.
Spooling Lines
Caution is necessary when unspooling and spooling lines
on the yarder drums to protect workers, the lines, and the
yarder. Observe the following precautions:
Avoid crushing and chafing. Always make sure to

spool lines neatly onto the drum. A crossed line can be
crushed or malformed and cause premature failure of
the line. Use a tool or the haulback to apply pressure
(snub the line) and guide the line in layers onto the drum.
Depending on the yarder drum configuration, it is better
to spool the bottom layer of line with a 1/16inch gap
between lays. The small gap allows the bottom layer to
flatten slightly without crushing or chafing, and allows
the above layers to spool correctly.
Use tower safety straps

Use safety straps and other equipment to
prevent the fall of the guyline or guyline
attachment in the event of failure. Straps
must prevent guylines from falling more than
5 feet. Use appropriate strap connections,
Work carefully near moving lines and drums. Workers

helping to guide lines onto yarder drums must stay alert to
following the manufacturers instructions.
50
Before moving any line, sound the yarder whistle to make

sure everyone is in the clear. Observe all anchors as the
skyline is raised. Once up, check for proper deflection.
Typically, tightening the last guyline can slightly loosen
the previously tightened guylines. When the skyline is
in position, strike each guyline in pairs to feel if they
are approximately the same tension. This method of
comparing pairs of guylines gives a close estimate of
how guylines are sharing the load. More exact methods
should be used when there is any doubt or when the
tower will be stressed to its working capacity. If the
guylines are not balanced, lower the skyline and adjust
the guylines as needed.
Recheck Guylines and Anchors

Once all lines are in place, recheck the guylines for
correct tension to ensure they still share the load. Test the
setup by passing several light turns over the system first,
and recheck all the anchors again. Look for any signs
that stumps, mobile anchors, or buried deadman anchors
have moved. Check all connectors to ensure they have
not shifted or are coming unconnected.
Use a tool when guiding a line onto a drum.

Never allow a line to slide through gloved hands.
the high hazard of working near both rotating machinery

and moving cables. Observe the following precautions:
After several initial turns (and daily) recheck all guylines

and anchors.
Make sure the operator turns the line slowly enough

to spool properly and avoid hazards.
Always stand well-braced on a nonslip surface.
Guyline layers and drum torque
Do not stand on a drum even when stopped for

maintenance unless precautions are taken to
prevent unintentional activation of the drum.
A full guyline drum reacts differently than an
Never let a line slide through gloved hands or place
spooled line increases the working diameter
empty drum, because the torque changes as
any part of the body in direct contact with the line.
of the drum. Layers of line on a drum are like

gears in a transmission: the first layer like low
Tighten and Balance the Guylines
gear, exerting high torque at a low speed,
Tension lines on alternate sides to keep the tower in

balance. Working one side at a time could tip the tower.
Do not lock in the guyline dogs until final tensioning.
Leaving the dogs out during the initial tightening will
allow rapid relief on a guyline if a problem occurs. Once
the tower is fully rigged, pre-tension the guylines close
to their final tension and raise the skyline to its safe
working limit.
and the top layer like high gear, with low

torque at high speed. Operators should use
extra caution when guylines are extended far
out, leaving an empty drum. The drums extra
torque can over-tension a line.
51
RAISING THE SPAR
CHECKLIST
Telescoping systems: lock the hydraulic system

of the jacks and keep in the float position once
yarding starts.
[1] Position of Workers
[6] Lift Spar Off the Initial Raising System
In position to perform assigned duties.
Workers attend to lines as tower system is raised.
Safely positioned and clear of hazards.
Spotter checks yarder stability as spar is raised.
Properly instructed and alert to all work activity,

and ready to react to unexpected conditions.
Attach guylines as instructed by yarder

manufacturers recommendations.
In good view, if required to give signals.

Clear of other traffic through the landing.
Maintain as little slack as possible in the back

quarter guylines as the spar approaches the
upright position.
[2] Guylines Anchors

Guyline anchors or stumps are selected and
properly positioned.
Once spar is in upright position, check for plumb

and square.
Anchor stumps are properly notched and

guylines or guyline extensions are in the notches.
Initial tensioning of the guylines should be done

with the locking dogs out.
Shackles and hooks are properly attached.

Guylines are not fouled under roots, logs,
or other material.
Alternate guyline tensioning so pressure is not

all exerted to one side of the machine; keep
guylines tensioned as much as possible.
[3] Level and secure yarder base

Ensure stability of yarder base with rock, dirt,
or cribbing
Ensure tower is still in plumb and square; check

clearance of the leveling jacks and blocking.
Ensure that cribbing is stable and secure.
Once guylines are close to final tension, raise the

skyline and check tension on individual guylines.
Make sure all brakes are set or machine is

blocked to prevent movement.
Set dogs on back quarter guyline drums, then

tension the front quarter guylines to tighten
spar. Secure all drum dogs by gently reversing
the drum back onto the dogs. This is critical to
prevent drum shaft or key damage.
If the yarder base cannot be fully leveled, check

how the manufacturer advises to compensate.
[4] Back Quarter Guys

Give slack throughout the travel of the rising ram,
but tighten guylines with sufficient and equal
tension to control the spar and oppose the load if
the raising system fails.
Drop the skyline and test final tension to ensure

the guylines share the load.
Square the lead guys and adjust as required.
Check the manufacturers procedures. Some

systems require the guylines to be pre-attached
to the anchors and used to help raise the spar.
Keep mainline and haulback slack free of lead

blocks, and haulback clear of mainline sheave.
Properly spool front quarters; workers must
stand clear of line on provided platforms.
[5] Initial Raising System

Hydraulic hose reel unspools freely.
Watch for any anchor movement during the

spar-raising process and immediately replace or
adequately tie back problem anchors.
Raising ram is clear, in proper position on spar.

Position leveling jacks slightly clear of blocking.
52
Moving the Yarder
Towering down and moving
Before moving the yarder, the engineer must recheck to

make sure the machine is in safe operating condition.
Give special attention to brakes and steering.
Procedures for towering down depend on the

design of the tower. Usually, just reverse the
steps to raise the spar.
Tow or snub the yarder when necessary to prevent a

runaway. Drive in the center of any roads, away from soft
ground, particularly when traveling across fills, culverts,
and bridges. There are times, however, when it may be
best to put wheels in a ditch line to prevent a runaway
or from sliding off the road. The operator should know
features of the road beforehand, including the location of
culverts and other objects in the ditch line.
IMPORTANT: Assure spar stability by keeping

all guylines attached to the stumps until the
spar is resting in the saddle or has been
lowered to the first stage on the telescoping
spar.
Except for the front quarters, the dogs
Changing Roads
must be set once the guylines have been
There are several procedures for road changes that

involve stringing haywire through blocks at the new
road line, then tightlining the yarding lines to the new
location. Sometimes this is a clearly quicker choice, but
these kinds of jumps in the line can be hazardous due
to potential hang-ups and siwashes. Even moving lines
no farther than toward the corner block in the existing
layout produces a very large bight area. Workers must
stay well clear during line shifts that jump lines directly
to the new location.
slacked off. If the slack must be picked

up on a guyline, the dogs must be kept in
position.
Reposition leveling blocks and jacks (if

removed earlier). The blocking makes it
easier to judge the side angle of the spar
as it lowers.
Provide adequate slack to prevent the
When jumping heavy lines on slopes or uneven ground,

use a chain to keep the line from running away when the
haywire is released. Attach the chain to the line and to a
sapling or secure object.
mainline or haulback from pulling tight

and fouling. Rather than continually
unspooling, alternately slack the front
guys as the spar is lowered onto the
Examples on the following pages illustrate ways to

rigup and change roads in different setups.
raising cylinder (some machines make this

procedure unnecessary). Keep the back
A. Highlead: rig-up, road change, corner block change
quarter guys snubbed up until there is no
B. Skyline, shotgun or gravity: rig-up, road change
danger of the spar being pulled forward.
C. Skyline, slackline: rig-up, road change
Once the tower is down, unhook the

guylines from the stumps and remove
shackles and hooks to prevent hang-ups
as the lines are spooled in. Use caution, in
The checklist for raising the spar on the previous
case guyline stub connectors hang up.
page reinforces important procedures. Every spar is a

little different. Make sure to follow the manufacturers
instructions.
53
A. Highlead System
Rig-up
TAILBLOCK
CORNER BLOCK
HAULBACK
NOTE: The Grabinski system is the

same, only the corner block is next to the
tailblock, with a rider block between the
buttrigging and haulback.
HAYWIRE
YARDER
BUTTRIGGING
1. Make haywire layout (dotted line).

2. Hook one end of haywire to
haulback.
3. Ahead on haywire to pull

haulback around layout.
4. Hook up buttrigging
between mainline and
haulback at landing.
Road Change
HAYWIRE
A
B
1. String haywire section(s) between points A and B.

2. Disconnect haulback from buttrigging on landing.
3. Hook haulback to haywire on landing.
7. Ahead on haywire to pull back to point B.
8. Hook haywire to short section(s) of haywire at point B.
9. Ahead on haywire to pull haulback to landing.
4. Ahead on haulback to pull haywire to point A.

5. Disconnect haywire from haulback.
6. Hook short section(s) of haywire to haulback at point A.
10. Hook up buttrigging at landing.
54
Corner Block Change

TAILBLOCK
CORNER BLOCK
HAULBACK
YARDER
1. Layout haywire section(s) (dotted line).
2. Hook haulback to haywire on landing.
B
A
6. Ahead on haulback to pull back to point B.
7. Hook haulback to short section of haywire at point B.
3. Ahead on haulback to Pull haywire to point A.

4. Disconnect haywire from haulback.
5. Hook short section of haywire to haywire at point A.
8. Pull haywire to pull haulback to landing.

9. Hook up buttrigging at landing.
55
B. Skyline, Shotgun or Gravity System

Rig-Up
1. Run haywire (dotted line).
3. Ahead on haywire to pull skyline

past tailhold.
2. Hook one end of haywire

to skyline.
NOTE: It may be necessary to tie off

lines with a strap and rigging chain so
the skyline does not run back downhill.
Leave the haywire out to assist in
pulling on the rigged line to loosen
rigging chain and strap.
4. Disconnect haywire and hook
skyline to tailhold.
5. Tighten skyline.
6. Pull haywire to landing.
Road Change
1. Layout section(s) of
haywire as shown.
2. Hook haywire to
carriage on landing.
8. Hook haywire section(s) to
skyline at point A.
9. Go ahead on haywire to pull
skyline past new tailhold.
10. Disconnect haywire and
hook skyline to tailhold.
3. Use carriage to pull

haywire from landing to
point B.
4. Hook haywire to short
section(s) of haywire at
A
B
point B.
11. Tighten skyline.
5. Take carriage back to
12. Pull haywire to landing.
landing.
6. Drop skyline.
7. Kick skyline loose of stump
and pull skyline to point A.
56
skyline
C. Skyline, Slackline System

Rig-Up
Road Change
Split into two road changes. Move haulback to new tail
block before moving skyline.
A
B
1. Make haywire layout (dotted line).

2. Hook one end of haywire to haulback at landing.
3. Ahead on haywire to pull haulback around layout
back to landing.
1. Layout section(s) of haywire between points A and B.
MAINLINE
2. Hook haulback and haywire together at landing.
HAULBACK
SKYLINE
4. Hook a highlead barrel or swivel between haulback

and mainline.
5. Hook skyline to middle of buttrigging barrel as

B
shown.
3. Ahead on haulback to pull haywire to point B.

4. Disconnect landing haywire from haulback at point B.
6. Pull on haulback to pull mainline and skyline back
5. Hook haywire into haywire section(s) at point B.
behind the tail stump.
6. Ahead on haulback to point A.
7. Disconnect skyline and hook to tail stump.
7. Hook haulback into haywire section(s) at point A.
8. Pull on mainline and pull haulback to landing.

9. Put on carriage.
57
Road Change (continued)
8. Ahead on haywire to pull landing haywire to bring

haulback to point C.
9. String section(s) of haywire from point C to point D.
10. Disconnect haywire from haulback at point C.
16. Disconnect haywire from skyline.
17. Hook skyline to new tailhold stump.

18. Tighten skyline.
19. Hook haulback to haywire at point C.
20. Ahead on haywire to pull haulback to landing.
11. Hook haywire into haywire section(s) at point C.

12. Slack skyline and unhook skyline from tailhold.
13. Pull skyline until end is at point D.
14. Hook haywire section(s) to skyline at point D.
15. Ahead on haywire to pull skyline to new tailhold.
NOTE: If extra strength is needed, hook the haulback to
a short haywire section, which hooks to the skyline, then
pull on the haulback to move the skyline.
21. Hook up carriage.
58
NOTES
59
CHAPTER 6
Rigging the Yarding Lines

Common cable logging systems
Locate yarding roads to minimize hazards from runaway

logs dislodged by yarding or loading activities. On
sloped ground, the first yarding road should be strung to
the highest point of the setting so the crew can remain in
the clear on the upper side and in the logged-off area after
the first road is yarded. This procedure is also convenient
for recovering runaway logs on the lower slope.
- Highlead (mainline, haulback, buttrigging)

- Standing skyline
- Standing skyline with haulback
- Live skyline
- Running skyline
YARDING SYSTEMS
- Shotgun (uses gravity for outhaul, no haulback)
More than one rigging system might be used for different

parts of the unit, according to available equipment,
terrain, and the distance to be logged. In any yarding
system, calculate the payload capacity to achieve optimal
efficiency without overloading the system. The most
common yarding systems used in Oregon are described
on the following pages.
- Slack line (requires haulback)

Carriage and rigging systems
- Basic carriage
- Manual or motorized slack-pulling carriage
- Buttrigging with or without rider block
IMPORTANT: Maximize deflection for best results.
- Grapple carriage
Factors in Calculating Payload Capacity

Calculating the payload capacity for a given yarding system involves many factors. Optimal
capacity can be estimated with a fairly exact number from yarder specifications, and lines
and angles in the setup, but other factors may only suggest degrees of caution rather than
definite answers. Consider the following variables when determining payload capacity, and use
a generous safety factor for caution wherever numbers are missing (see payload analysis in
Chapter 2).
__Anchor strength __Guylines in guy zones __Guyline tensions __Lifting capacity of carriage
__Number and position of guylines opposing the load __Deflection __Span length
__Full vs. partial suspension __Timber size __Terrain __Age of tower __Age of lines
60
Chapter 6. Rigging the Yarding Lines
1. Standing Skyline
A standing skyline system uses a skyline, mainline, and
sometimes a haulback, with a motorized carriage or
skycar with a slackpulling dropline. Lowering or raising
the skyline during the cycle is not necessary.
common yarding system used in the region. Carriage

outhaul works by gravity. The slackline configuration
requires a haulback, using a three-drum yarder, with the
additional line attached to the rear of the carriage. The
system works with an adjustable dropline, motorized
or mechanical, which allows a wider yarding road and
selective logging.
A standing skyline in a gravity-fed (shotgun)

configuration with a motorized carriage is the most
Standing skyline, gravity fed (shotgun)

system, motorized carriage
Standing skyline, slackline system
Advantages
Causes minimal damage to trees where skyline

is run through standing timber.
Increases efficiency: reduces road changes.
Disadvantages
Improves road choices to achieve the best

deflection and minimize environmental impact.
Heavier carriage decreases payload per turn

and requires specialized skill to use optimally.
Increases operator control: dropline can be

raised or lowered during inhaul and outhaul. A
must where lateral yarding is required.
Increased cost and maintenance.

The carriage must be protected from dropping.
Permits full or partial suspension, reduces
Must have adequate lift and deflection.
damage to logs and terrain, and limits risk of

upended logs.
Fire season restrictions may limit use.

61
2. Live Skyline
length limits the width of the yarding road. In a shotgun
configuration, the outhaul works by gravity. A slackline
configuration, used when the slope or clearance is
limited, requires a haulback.
A live skyline is the second most common system used

in the region. A live skyline uses a skyline, mainline,
and a carriage with fixed chokers, requiring the skyline
to be lowered and raised for each cycle. The choker
Live skyline gravity-fed

(shotgun) system
Live skyline slackline system
Advantages
Disadvantages
Lower equipment and operation cost than
Requires more road changes: road width is
motorized carriages.
limited to twice the choker length.
Carriages are designed for rough application.
Requires specialized skill to calculate payload
Good where tailholds are questionable to

prevent damage to a motorized carriage.
on longer yarding distances.
Can cause more damage where the skyline is
Permits full or partial suspension (with
run through standing timber.
adequate deflection); reduces damage to logs

and terrain, and limits the risk of upended logs.
62
3. Highlead
of achieving lift requires considerable power and can
overheat the haulback brake. Ideally, there should be a
clear line of sight between the turn and the top of the
tower; an intermediate ridge can foul the turn. Additional
lift is possible by adding a rider block on the bight of
the haulback, connecting it to the buttrigging on the
mainline with a strap. This modification of the highlead
system uses the haulback as a running skyline.
Highlead is the simplest (and once the most common)

cable system, without a skyline or carriage. Two drums
on the yarder operate a mainline on the lead end and
a haulback on the tail end. Chokers are connected to
buttrigging on the mainline. Turn suspension is the
most limited of any yarding system. Lift is achieved by
braking the haulback to clear obstacles. This method
Highlead system
Grabinski - Rider block system
Disadvantages
Limited lift: restricts yarding
Advantages
distances; causes more damage to the logs and

terrain; increased risk of upending logs; requires
larger chokers; slower turn cycle times.
Quick and easy to rig up; good for short yarding

roads and multiple road changes.
Ideal when lift is limited.
Road width is limited to twice the choker length.
Carriage (buttrigging) is designed for extreme
Use may be limited during fire season; must
use; will take more abuse and stand up better

than a motorized carriage.
clean debris around tailblocks.
Rider block system: often requires two tailblocks

close together and a tailtree; can create more
work to keep lines untangled.
63
4. Running Skyline with Manual Slack-Pulling Carriage or Grapple

grapple is supported by a rider block on the haulback
line. The second mainline opens the grapple. Running
skyline systems work best with a larger swing yarder
with interlocked drums. A swing yarder also extends the
width of the yarding road, and is easier to move. Grapple
systems generally use a mobile tailhold.
A running skyline system with a manual slack-pulling

carriage uses a moving mainline and haulback, with an
additional mainline to work the dropline. This system
allows partial or full suspension of the turn. The running
skyline can also be used with a mechanical grapple,
ideal for larger timber and shorter distances. The
Running skyline, carriage
Running skyline, mechanical grapple
Disadvantages
Advantages
Needs a good operator to accurately place the
Twice the inhaul pull: both mainlines support the
grapple.
turn.
Slower system: dropline cannot be lowered as
Partial or full suspension is possible.
the carriage travels to the crew.
Grapple system uses fewer workers and is
Use may be limited during fire season due to
safer; can be conducted at night.
friction at tailholds.
64
5. Fall Block Systems

Side blocking uses a standing or a live skyline, a
mainline, and a haulback to pull the skidding line
(mainline) and buttrigging out to the turn. The system
is used to expand the logging road without changing
roads and is good for picking up small corners or areas
between roads. The mainline passes through a fall block
where the buttrigging is attached, and connects to the

carriage riding higher on the skyline. Connection to
the skyline carriage allows full or partial suspension.
A simple nonmotorized carriage is typically used. Two
simple side blocking systems, northbend and southbend,
are easy to set up from a highlead system. The southbend
differs only by adding a sheave below the carriage where
the mainline passes to provide additional lift.
Northbend side block system
Skyline
Carriage
Pigtail block
Fall block
Fall block
Mainline
Mainline
Buttrigging
Buttrigging
Northbend rigging
Southbend rigging
Advantages
Disadvantages
Expands the logging road into small or
Slowest cycle time.
difficultto-reach areas without changing roads.
Easy to overload skyline.
Achieves partial or full suspension, greater
Creates a large bight area that increases
control over turn movement, and less damage

to logs and terrain.
hazards, and sideways pull on the mainline

makes it difficult to judge rigging movement.
Can be difficult to land the turn.

65
6. Dutchman and Eaglebinski

These two variations provide lateral pull on the skyline:
useful when there are limited tailhold options or to pick
up a small corner of the unit when a road change would
be impractical. In the dutchman system, the haulback
runs through a block or multiple blocks on the side that
needs to be logged and attaches to the skyline through a
block on the skyline. Tension on the haulback pulls the

skyline to the side and allows the rigging to travel down
a new logging road. In the eaglebinski system, the
haulback attaches to the drop line of the carriage, either
directly or by placing a buttrigging carriage between the
two lines.
Dutchman system
Eaglebinski
Advantages
Disadvantages
Expands the logging road into small or difficult-
The eaglebinski system creates a huge bight
to-reach areas without changing roads.
area with the carriage moving in a broad

sweeping arc, which increases hazards for the
rigging crew.
The eaglebinski allows longer lateral yarding

away from the carriage and uses the haulback
to pull the drop line, which helps the crew in
difficult terrain or uphill pulls.
66
skyline anchor
Working in the Bight

In side block and fall block systems, and the
dutchman and eaglebinski, the skyline being
fall block path

when bridling
pulled to the side is not as much of a concern
corner
block
tailhold
as the huge bight area created by the side

blocking. The angles and extra line in the
system can make it confusing for the ground
crew to figure out where to get in the clear.
Also, the sideways arc in the rigging during
outhaul can make spotting the rigging more
BIGHT
AREA
difficult for the rigging slinger. The carriage

may need to be stopped some distance before
the hook-on point and slowly advanced to
judge the final position.
carriage
fall block
The arc in the path of the carriage
corner
block
depends on the type of lateral yarding

system. Usually, there is no side pull
until the rigging reaches the logging
area, which makes it difficult to judge
the path away from the normal road
line. During inhaul, the tension on
yarder
the haulback may be used differently

according to the load, and the arc of
the rigging will move on a different path.
With the dutchman system, the haulback
is typically always kept taut to pull the
Potential bight areas when side blocking (shaded)
skyline to the side, which actually makes

it easier to judge the bight area.
With any of the lateral yarding systems, use extra caution to limit exposure to the bight. Get in
the clear farther from the turn to account for the extra line lengths that produce a much larger
hazard area. When working near the haulback tailblocks, move well clear in case a block fails.
67
Deflection increases the payload capacity
Deflection is typically expressed as a percentage of
of a yarding system, as illustrated in the
the span length.
following table.
Deflection
percent
Deflection (%) = Deflection x 100
Gross Load
Capacity
(pounds)
3,000
5,500
8,500
10
11,000
12
13,500
14
16,000
16
19,000
18
22,000
20
24,500
CHOR
1%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
Changes in deflection
Example: Unclamped carriage,

2,000 ft. span, 40% downslope,
1-inch EIPS skyline 103,400 lbs.
breaking strength, 34,500 lbs. safe
working load; weight 1.85 lbs./ft.
CHORD SLOPE
MIDSPAN
DEFLECTION
Terms of Measurement to
Calculate Deflection
Chord = A straight line from the top
Span length
RD
CHO
YARDER
TAILHOLD
of the tower to the tailhold.

CLEARANCE
Span length = The horizontal

distance between the tower and the
tailhold.
SPAN LENGTH
Deflection = The vertical distance

between the chord and the carriage
at midspan.
Terms used to measure deflection
Line Safety
a certified fuse link that will break before the tower is

overloaded, a tamperproof tensionlimiting device,
or other similar equipment. If the system is suddenly
stressed, with a properly rigged tower, the main lines or
an installed breaker device in the lines should release the
tension or break first before the tower or guylines fail. If
no such system is in place, operating procedures must be
established that will limit line loads (pull) on the tower
to below the listed maximum.
In any rigging system, use lines appropriate for the load

and protect the lines from excessive wear during use.
Observe the following points:
Do not use oversized lines without taking additional
safety measures. If the skyline, mainline, skidding
line, or haulback line in use are a larger dimension or
greater breaking strength than allowed by the yarder
manufacturer (recorded on the identification plate on the
side of the yarder), some type of load-limiting device
must be used to control the load on the tower, such as
Maintain proper payload and deflection. Every road

has a payload maximum that depends on deflection and
location on the yarding road as well as the basic capacity
68
Develop procedures to avoid overloading the system.

Consider operational procedures that will limit the
potential for overloading the tower. Always remove or
deactivate dogs on the yarding drums before logging
begins. Make sure dogs on the guyline drums are securely
seated. One loadlimiting procedure involves setting the
air pressure on the skyline brake so the line strips off the
drum before the line is overloaded.
of the yarder and rigging. Maintain proper deflection

while logging according to what was calculated in the
setup as necessary for the expected payload. As deflection
decreases, tension in the line increases dramatically (see
table above).
Excessive line wear and stretching occurs when using
less than 8 percent deflection. Minimum recommended
deflection is 10 percent. If this cannot be attained, use a
tailtree or intermediate supports, or lighten the payload.
Regularly check line spooling on the individual

yarding drums. Incorrectly spooled lines will allow
lines to chafe or become crushed, reducing their life
expectancy and risking failure.
Account for rigging load zones. Distribution of tension

to the mainline, skyline, and haulback (if used) depends
on the position of the load on the skyline. Tension on the
skyline is greatest at midspan. Beware of rigging failure
midspan. In the back quarter, tension on the skyline is
reduced. In the front quarter, close to the landing, tension
on the skyline is least as the mainline and haulback take
more of the load.
Vary the skyline position on the tower. Keeping the

skyline in the same spot in the sheave at the top of
the tower can result in excessive wear. Reposition the
skyline occasionally so the line does not prematurely fail
at that spot.
TAILHOLDS
Account for suspension. Consider the extra load when

using full suspension on turns. In partial suspension, the
ground partly supports the load and increases rigging
system capacity. Full suspension requires the rigging to
support the entire load and decreases payload capacity.
When full suspension is necessary, due to terrain or to
reduce forest damage, reduce the payload.
Suitable anchors are chosen by the same principles as

the guyline anchors discussed in the previous chapter. If
the capacity of a stump is questionable, tie it back. Notch
the tailhold and haulback stumps in the same way as the
guyline anchors. Double-wrapping a stump to avoid
notching is prohibited.
Tail
block
corner
block
Waistline
Tail
block
backline
corner
block
Mainline
Yarder
AVOID: Haulback anchor is too far forward to
BEST: Line clear of obstacles, stumps share the load.
share the load with the tailblock.
69
Except for rig-up blocks, blocks must be fitted with
All lines must run clear of obstructions to avoid burning

the line and any potential siwash. Remove any major
obstacles in the bight of the line and clear an area around
the anchor stumps. In haulback systems, a second stump
anchor for a corner block works best to keep the lines
from burning and the chokers free. A corner block on
about the same line as the tailblock will help share the
load and increase the payload capacity.
a line guard between the gooseneck and the sheave

to prevent fouling.
The block sheave and shell must be tightly fit to

prevent lines from jumping the sheave.
Lubricate the blocks at regular intervals.

Load-bearing blocks must only be used with lines
Tail and Corner Blocks
for which they are constructed. (See table below for

strap sizes.)
Blocks are commonly used on yarding lines to turn the

direction of the line and distribute stress on anchors
and attachments. Considerations must be made to not
overload corner or tailblock attachments or anchors.
Tailblocks are less strained when the load is shared by
a corner block. Use blocks appropriate for the job with
sheaves large enough for the wire rope used.
Straps must be long enough to allow the block

to align with the angle of the haulback; this will
Line and shackle sizes
Consider the type of line and not just line size
to select the appropriate shackle. Consult
The line attachment for a block is stronger when hung in

both eyes of a strap. Always hang straps in lead with the
load. Never choke a stump with a strap by threading one
eye through the other (except for haywires or other light
loads); the line could cut through itself and fail.
Refer to Division 7 for required shackle sizes
to hang blocks (Table 7-4), join lines (Table
7-5), or attach skyline extensions (Table 7-6). In
addition, observe the following precautions:
Oregon Division 7 standards, manufacturers

recommendations, or other reference
sources for appropriate shackle use.
Strap Sizes for Rigging at Ground Level (inches)

Skyline or
Running Line
Block Hung in
Both Eyes
Block Hung in
Single Eye
5/16
1/4
1/2
3/8
1/4
9/16
7/16
5/16
5/8
1/2
3/8
3/4
9/16
7/16
7/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
1-1/8
7/8
7/8
1-1/4
1-3/8
1-1/8
not permitted
1-1/4
not permitted
1-3/8
not permitted
1-1/2
1-1/8
not permitted
1-5/8
1-1/4
not permitted
example:
16-inch block
with 1-inch line
Sheave groove must be the correct diameter

to minimize line wear. Measure the line and
sheave diameters to be sure.
Source: Division 7, Table 7-7.
70
increase the load capacity and prevent the line

from burning on the shell of the block.
Maintain Proper Line Angles on Shackles
Use proper pins, equipped with mollies, cotter
When wrapping a strap with two eyes around
keys, or other effective means to secure the pins.
an anchor for a corner or tailblock, the
Insert the yoke pin of the haulback block so the

head faces toward the rigging. This ensures that
the rigging, if it reaches the block, cannot force
out the pin and cause the system to fail.
attached shackle to secure the line must be

far enough from the anchor to make an angle
of the two lines from the bell of the shackle
less then 90 degrees. Wider angles increase
Check the blocks during use to be sure they stay
loading on the stump.
in alignment with the load.
Line angle must be no

greater than 90 degrees.
Ensure a safe angle where
the strap eyes meet at the
90
shackle.
Use both eyes of the strap to hang blocks.
LOAD
Never choke a stump with the eye of a strap.
Carrying Blocks
Blocks are heavy and awkward, and carrying blocks in
the brush can be hazardous. To avoid back injury, lift
the block from a stable stance with knees bent. Pick up
the block by the gooseneck, not the sheave, and swing it
onto your back, high between the shoulder blades. This
position allows the block to be held in place with one
hand, leaving the other hand free to keep balance while
walking. Keep mollies away from your neck or face to
avoid cuts.
If you trip while carrying the block, throw it clear. Do
not, however, intentionally throw blocks down bluffs.
Damage may occur to the block that is hard to see.
Correct way to carry a block while walking.
71
Stringing the Haywire
stability of the anchors. When tightlining, watch

for widowmakers that could be riding on the lines.
Tightlining will not correct crossed lines.
Haywire is usually strung by hand to pull the skyline

out or pull the haulback around. A common procedure
involves the use of several haywires pulled from the
yarder: one to the tailblock and one to the corner block,
with a connection in between. This procedure spares the
effort of pulling one line all the way around. Make sure
the connection is secure and will not come loose when
the haywire is slack.
Never grab a line near the tailblock. Sudden line

movement can pull your hand into the block and
sever fingers.
ELEVATED SUPPORTS
Using a lift tree to elevate a tailhold or intermediate
support may be useful in situations where the terrain
limits skyline deflection and reduces the payload. Lift
trees also increase rigging clearance, allow turns over a
blind ridge, and increase haul distances.
IMPORTANT: Pull out the haywire as straight as possible

in lead to minimize bights and siwashes.
When the haulback is run around, the hooktender should
watch the tail and corner blocks to ensure the lines are
running clear in the blocks, the straps and blocks are
properly aligned, and the straps are correctly positioned
in the stump notches. In addition, observe the following
precautions:
The most common elevated support is a tailtree used

to elevate the skyline and provide better deflection.
Intermediate tailtrees are used to raise the skyline in a
central part of the span.
Avoid crossing lines.
Several critical factors apply to any lift tree:
Avoid obstacles or debris that could foul the line and
Use only sound, sturdy, well-rooted trees, straight up
create a siwash when pulled taut.
to the point of attachment. Species of high strength

are preferable, such as fir, spruce, or hemlock. It may
be necessary to compromise on the location of the
tailtree in order to obtain a sturdy tree and anchors.
Stay clear of any moving line; never assume a line is

completely free of siwashes.
Slack the line before clearing a siwash.
Straps or chokers used to hang or support blocks,
Before yarding, tightline the mainline, skyline,
jacks, tree shoes, or rigging in tail and intermediate

trees must be an adequate size (see table next page).
and haulback to clear any siwashes and ensure the
Before rigging a tree, determine the forces exerted

on the tree. Set the rigging no higher than needed.
More leverage is imposed on the tree at higher
levels and will require added support. It is seldom
necessary to rig higher than 45 feet.
Setting a higher skyline anchor will make a flatter

angle to the support tree and reduce stress on the tree.
Use caution if a steel sheave block is used to

support a skyline. Over time, the sheave can create
a weak point in the skyline. If the road being logged
is long or will be hanging with the skyline in the
same position in the block for an extended period,
use skyline extensions to lengthen or shorten the
skyline, and move the bearing point.
It may be necessary to rig an elevated support to raise

a guyline above a road. Top the tree to reduce the
hazard of the top snapping off. Use at least two guylines
back to prevent the lift tree from tipping toward the road.
72
The rigging crew must be in the clear before lines

are tensioned. A safe distance is at least 1 tree
lengths from the base of the tree.
Direction of load
Rigging Tailtrees
There are many ways to rig a tailtree. Usually a strap can
be wrapped directly on the tree with short limbs holding
it from sliding down the tree. A tree plate or barking
may be necessary where the rigging is hung if there
is potential for the strap to slide down the tree or cut
skyline
single-tree support
Strap Size for Rigging Hung in Trees (inches)
support tree
3-10 ft
max
support tree
double-tree support
support tree
10 ft
max
20-25 ft
max
tailtree
tailtree
Skyline or
Running
Line Size
Block Hung in
Both Eyes
Block Hung in
Single Eye
5/16
1/4
5/16
3/8
1/4
3/8
7/16
5/16
3/8
1/2
5/16
1/2
5/8
3/8
9/16
3/4
1/2
3/4
7/8
9/16
3/4
5/8
7/8
1-1/8
3/4
1-1/4
3/4
1-1/8
1-3/8
7/8
not permitted
1-1/2
not permitted
1-5/8
not permitted
1-1/8
not permitted
Strap sizes based on a fairly flat angle of the line going through
the block hung in the tree. If the line creates a purchase on the
block, then the strap needs to be upsized accordingly.
3-5 ft
max
IMPORTANT: When using a tailtree to support

the skyline, align the tailhold with the yarding
offset no greater
than 8 degrees
road, no more than 8 degrees off a straight

line back. Ideally, locate a tailhold a bit to the
side to prevent the rigging from chafing the
tailhold
tailtree. If the tailhold needs to be outside of

Guidelines for placement of single-tree support,
8 degrees straight back, use extra guylines.
doubletree support, and tailtree with anchors.
73
through the tree and weaken the support (for example,

when steep forces are exerted on the tree or in the spring
when sap can make the bark slippery). There are three
typical methods to hang a strap:
of attachment, but this is typically used only to allow

workers on the ground to pull rigging up to the tree
climber.
The tree climber will need to remove branches from

the tree as he climbs, either with a saw or axe. At the
point of attachment, leave coat hanger branches
sticking out approximately 6 inches to help hang the
rigging and prevent the rigging from stripping down
the tree.
(1) Use a strap with two eyes, wrap the tree fully, and
hang the block in both eyes.
(2) Use a choker as a strap usually this will need to be
a rather large choker choke the tree, and hang the block
in the eye of the choker.
Check the tree rigging every day before use along

with all other anchors and blocks.
(3) Use two chokers of equal length, wrap in a swedetype

configuration, and hang the block in both eyes; this is
the most common, because the line size can be smaller,
creating less weight for the tree climber.
Additional factors in rigging a tailtree include the
following main points:
Keep straps as short as possible.

The skyline must run freely in the sheave. Align the
sheave with the position of the skyline anchor so the
skyline does not bind. With a wooden-filled shoe,
binding is not such a critical factor as long as the
tree is sturdy and well guyed.
Hang the block below the point where the guylines
FRONT VIEW: Use a tree shoe with an aluminum or
are attached to reduce stress on the tree. In some

rigups, a small pass block is hung above the point
hardwood lining to support a standing skyline.
four guylines
(A)
Skyline
(B)
REAR VIEWS: (A) the shackle or tree shoe is held by a strap, supported by a second strap choked around the tree
above the guylines; (B) a tree plate supports the straps, held in place by spikes and a notch in the tree. Many different
methods are possible for rigging tailtrees.
74
Guylines for Tailtrees

Support trees need to be assessed for strength and stability.
The tree may not need any guylines, if it does not move
more than its diameter at the point of attachment and the
tree will not have the potential of striking workers. If the
tree moves more than its diameter, or could reach a work
area or haul road if pulled over, then it needs to be guyed
to prevent failure. Use guylines of appropriate size and
strength relative to the line in use (see table).
With uphill yarding, a tailtree may only require two
guylines, positioned away from the yarder in the lower
guyline zones. It is usually necessary to place all four
guylines on a tailtree, especially when the tree is small,
the rigging is high, significant side pull is exerted on the
tree, or logging occurs behind the tree. Side pull occurs
when the tailhold is more than eight degrees out of line
with the yarding road, or when logging wider roads,
larger than normal turns, or in a dutchman system that
pulls the skyline to one side.
No guylines are necessary on a vertical

intermediate support tree if the tree does not
move more than its diameter in the direction
of the load at the point of attachment.
Required Guyline Size for Tailtrees (inches)

Line Size
Guyline Size
5/8 and less
3/8
Between 5/8 and 1
1/2
1+
5/8
Straps for separate lines can be hung together as long
Make sure the head of the choker or shackle pin faces
as they do not rub against each other. They should be
against the tree to avoid the connection coming loose.
choked in opposite directions. Minimize the bight in the

strap.
75
If logs are to be pulled from behind the tree, use four

guylines. In a running skyline operation with both
lines hung in a tailtree, use four guylines. If it becomes
necessary to derig some of these guylines to facilitate
the yarding process, make sure to account for the loss of
stability. Never consider the skyline as a guyline.
When placing guylines, pay special attention to the

direction of force, which differs according to the relative
angles of the skyline and tailhold on each side of the
tailtree. The block strap will hang in the direction of
force. In most situations, the force is toward the yarder,
requiring guylines on the back side. However, when the
angle of the skyline is narrower in front of the tailtree, as
in downhill logging, the force will be backward and will
require guylines in front (see diagram below).
Guylines should be positioned in appropriate guyline

zones. If no stump anchor is available in a recommended
guy zone, two guylines on either side of the guy zone can
be rigged to oppose the load. Follow standard procedures
to secure guyline anchors and use tiebacks and multiple
anchors as necessary (see Chapter 4). Make sure the
angles of the guylines as well as the skyline at the tailhold
are no greater than 50 degrees from the horizontal.
IMPORTANT: Consult Division 7 or technical manuals

for the appropriate guyline zones for different numbers
of guylines. After rigging a tailtree, place a light turn on
the load line to check that each guyline shares the load.
Failure Zone of Rigged Trees
Consider using buckle guys in a rigged tree when rigging

produces a buckling force in the tree. Buckling forces are
typically caused by extreme rigging height, undersized
trees, or extreme side loading. Buckle guys are typically
rigged at two-thirds the height of top guylines.
Rigged support trees create an additional hazard for the

rigging crew. Workers must get clear of rigged trees
before lines are tensioned: during outhaul and inhaul, and
any time logs are moved or suspended, or any tightening
of the running lines occurs. Minor movement of the
rigging to set chokers does not require getting clear.
A competent person must instruct the crew on the
boundaries of the failure zone for rigged trees and the
direction of failure under different conditions. The force
on a rigged tree is generally toward the yarder during
inhaul, but the force can also be back, depending on
line angles (see diagram), and possibly to the side, due
to lateral forces. The direction of force will reverse
during outhaul according to the position of the carriage
and the pull on the jackline. Failure in a rigged tree can
also involve the top snapping or the tree buckling below
the point of attachment, which can send chunks flying
anywhere.
(A)
Have a qualified person determine the failure zone of

rigged trees, and notify the crew of this area and where
it is safe to stand. Workers must stay clear of a potential
failure zone of a rigged tree or other danger tree. Stay
clear of the tree, and also clear of other trees, logs, lines,
or other materials that could be struck and set in motion.
Use extra caution when working in standing timber,
where hang-ups are more common and forces exerted on
rigged trees are more unpredictable.
(B)
The relative angles of the skyline and tailhold on each

side of the tailtree affects the direction of force. With
(A) Uphill yarding (flatter angle on skyline): direction
of force toward the yarder; (B) Downhill yarding (flatter
angle on tailhold): direction of force away from yarder.
76
Angle
150 degrees
Angle
100 degrees
0.52 x tension
Angle
80 degrees
1.25 x tension
1.54 x tension
A skyline supported by a block in an elevated support tree exerts different loads on the rigging and the tree in
proportion to the interior angle of the skyline in the block. A sharper angle on the line running through the block will
create more force on the strap holding the block. Use extra caution whenever lateral pull creates a sharp angle on a
skyline in elevated rigging. Consider additional guylines and buckle guys, a larger strap, or reduced payload.
AZ325
yarder
AZ35
guy zone
guy zone
AZ300
AZ305
AZ55
AZ60
AZ125
AZ120
Guy zones for four tailtree

anchors is 35 degrees to
55 degrees offset
from the yarding line
Skyline anchor zone

is offset no more than
8 degrees from the
tailtree
AZ240
AZ235
guy zone
guy zone
AZ215
AZ145
yarding line
skyline anchor
AZ188
AZ172
Tailtrees will probably require at least two guylines, and usually all four, to support the combination of forces on the
tailtree during logging. The zone for the skyline anchor is within 8 degrees on either side of the yarding line. The guy
zones for the tailtree are 35 degrees to 55 degrees offset from the yarding line. The two rear guylines usually take
most of the load. Adjust guy zones according to the anchor offset, the position and strength of other guyline anchors,
and lateral forces exerted on the skyline.
77
Intermediate Supports
Intermediate supports are typically rigged midspan to
provide lift over a ridge or hold the belly out of a long
span. Jacks are typically rigged and the skyline rests in
the jack, but is not secured to it, allowing the line to slide
freely. A special carriage must be used that will pass over
the jack.
Intermediate support double tree
L
Block
Direction of turn
Support tree
Jack
Anchor
Support line
Overhead view of double-tree intermediate supports
The two intermediate support trees must be rigged so
shows guyline anchors positioned to counteract
vertical loading is distributed equally on both trees.
the yarding force applied to the jack in the direction
Deflection in the jackline must be within a specific range
of the turn.
corresponding to the distance between the two trees.

Minimum: D = 1/4 L
Maximum: D = 1/2 L
Make the angle of the jackline from the block down to
the jack (A) the same as the angle on the guyline down
to the anchor (B). This will direct force downward. A
greater angle on one side will force the tree to lean to
one side and increase the risk of failure.
78
An intermediate support must allow horizontal

clearance for the carriage and also allow a turn
of logs to pass by the base of the tree. Three systems
are available: a single tree, a leaning tree, or a
double tree.
Double Tree. Rigging an intermediate support with
two trees is the most favorable option, because it
provides more capacity and also allows more space
for a turn to pass by unobstructed. The jack must
be rigged between the trees so the vertical load is
imposed equally on each tree. Deflection in the
jackline must be at least one-fourth, but less than
one-half the distance between the two trees (see
diagram preceding page). If additional guylines
are needed, they are typically located straight back,
away from the yarder, on each tree.
Intermediate support tree vertical
Single Tree. The single-tree support is the simplest

to set up. A jackline is rigged in the support tree, with
the jack either hanging free on the line, or anchored
at an angle to hold the jack away from the tree.
For skylines larger than one inch in diameter,
two guylines must be rigged; under one inch, one
guyline can be used directly opposite the jackline.
If the tree moves more than one time its diameter
at the point of attachment, then a second guyline
should be rigged 45 degrees downhill. If the tree
shows no movement, no guylines may be required.
On very small trees, where two guylines opposite
the jackline are not adequate, use a third guyline in
the direction of the jackline. If the tree still moves,
use buckle guys, typically rigged at two-thirds the
height of normal guylines.
Intermediate support tree leaning
Leaning Tree. If a single tree does not allow enough

clearance for the carriage to pass by the jack, or
for a turn of logs to pass by the base of the tree, a
leaning tree can be created by putting an undercut
in the side of the tree where the lean is intended.
Rig appropriate support guylines before making the
first cut. Then make a backcut just enough to allow
the proper lean, leaving at least 20 percent of the
tree wood to keep the tree attached to the stump.
The leaningtree support is much more complicated
to set up and is not frequently used, though it does
offer a solution in some instances for inadequate
clearance on a single-tree support.
IMPORTANT: Guyline anchors for

support trees must be located within
specific guy zones to offset the load,
just as guyline anchors for the yarder
tower. Pay close attention to anchor
position and line angles.
79
Tree Climbing
Loggers are often required to climb considerable heights
to top trees or hang rigging on lift trees. All workers
exposed to fall hazards must be specifically trained
and equipped for fall protection. The tree climbing
rules summarized below also apply to other climbing
conditions (see Div. 7, Sec. P).
Rescue Plan
Before rigging any tree, the employer must develop
rescue procedures, along with appropriate equipment,
personnel, and training to make a rescue in case a climber
is injured or incapacitated in the tree. A second set of
climbing gear and a person with climbing experience
must be readily available. Use equipment and procedures
that will support an injured climbers chest and pelvis
in an upright position during rescue. When an injured
climber is wearing only a climbing belt, provisions must
be made to prevent the climber from slipping through it;
this can be as simple as using a rope to create an upperbody support system (consider replacing climbing belts
with a climbing harness).
Before Leaving the Ground
Climbing Operations
Check climbing equipment and immediately remove

defective equipment from service. Make sure hardware
closes securely before placing weight on the lanyard or
life-support rope. Tie, dress, and set all climbing knots.
Follow the cordage manufacturers recommendations on
use of splices.
Many specific rules apply to climbing. Make sure

climbers are well-trained in climbing and in the use of
their equipment to carry out assigned tasks.
While climbing operations are active, co-workers on the
ground must stay clear of potential falling objects. If
co-workers must work directly below a climber, the
climber must stop any activity where objects could be
dropped or dislodged. The climber must give warning
whenever any material is in danger of dropping or is
dropped deliberately. Unsecured equipment, rigging, or
material must not be left in the tree.
A climbing harness provides both pelvic and upperbody support, and may be a one-piece, full-body
harness, or any two-piece design that meets industry
standards. Climbing and life-support lines must be easily
identifiable. All lines and webbing used for life support
must have a minimum breaking strength of 5,400 pounds
and be used only for climbing. When a cutting tool is
used in a tree, the climbing rope (lanyard) must be a
high-quality steel safety chain of 3/16-inch size or larger,
or a wire-core rope.
Yarding activity must cease within reach of a tree or

guylines of a tree where a climber is working. Machinery
may operate in reach of the climber to hoist rigging into
the tree, in which case, a spotter is mandatory. Use extra
caution.
Remove a life-support rope from climbing service when

excessive wear or damage is detected and whenever it
has been subjected to a shock load.
The machine operator and the spotter must give the

task their undivided attention.
80
Topping Trees
Nearby noisy equipment, such as power saws,

tractors, or logging machines must be shut down
if the noise interferes with signal communications
with the climber.
Only an experienced climber with experience felling

trees should top a tree. Do not cut when wind or other
conditions could be hazardous. Apply usual felling
procedures, with a few additional steps as follows:
Lines attached to a tree in which a climber is

working must not be moved except on a signal from
the climber.
Use a chainsaw with a bar short enough to make

both the face-cut and backcut easily from one side.
Tree climbers generally use a three-point climbing system

three points of contact must be firmly in place on a
secure surface before moving to another point. Along
with hands and feet, other points on the body, such as
a hooked knee, can be considered a point of contact if it
can support the full body weight. In turn, the places of
support must be secure; avoid unsound branches or stubs
as a contact point. A lanyard around the tree secured to
the safety harness or climbing belt on both ends counts
as two points of contact.
Determine the felling direction and ensure there

are no obstructions; an impact could cause violent
movement in the tree being topped where the
climber is perched.
Wrap a safety chain around the tree just below the
cut to prevent the tree from splitting or slabbing
down inside the climbing rope.
Get in a comfortable position.
Make exact cuts. There is no escape route for the
climber to get away from the stem to avoid kickback
or a splintered hinge. If using horizontal side cuts, use
extra care to stay on the line of the backcut to avoid
wood breaking away with the saw as the top falls.
Climbing without being secured to the tree is prohibited,

except in conifers, when in the judgment of the qualified
climber, the density of branches growing from the stem
make attaching the lanyard more hazardous than simply
climbing the tree. Attachment may be required farther up.
81
Section 2
operations
82
Chapter 7. Yarding the Logs
Chapter 7
Yarding the Logs

Landing Operations
Hooktender Safety
Before yarding begins, the hooktender
should be satisfied that hazards are
controlled and the crew is ready to
operate. The necessary equipment safety
inspection (outlined in Chapter 3) can be
performed by the hooktender or another
competent person, or others working under
their supervision as the setup proceeds.
The hooktender must also pay particular
attention to the following conditions:
Job Descriptions
Hooktender. The hooktender is the person in charge of a
yarding and loading crew. The designated foreman might
also be the rigging slinger, yarder engineer, or another
logger with many years of experience, but in all cases, it
is important to assign specific responsibilities for safety to
one supervisor in charge of the setting. The hooktender
takes a lead role in laying out the setting and ensuring
all equipment is in good condition, and is particularly
responsible to remove or control hazards, communicate
with the crew, supervise safe work practices, and know
and enforce company and Oregon OSHA safety rules.
Clear hazardous terrain and conditions.

Yarding usually begins on the upper side of
the unit closest to the yarder, so the crew
remains above any hazardous logs, rocks,
and other debris on sloping ground. Reassess
the terrain for hazards as the crew moves
downhill. The hooktender or rigging slinger
must be sure the areas above the rigging
crew on a slope are clear of any materials
that could roll or become dislodged during
logging activities. Whenever possible, the
hooktender should stay with the rigging
crew in difficult terrain to help identify and
control hazards.
Chokersetter. The chokersetter sets chokers on the logs

for each turn and also assists in many other related duties.
Stay aware of danger trees. Arrange work

to minimize danger to workers. Snags
and other danger trees within reach of the
landing must be removed if they could
endanger the landing crew (see Chapter
2). The rigging crew must be aware of any
danger trees throughout the work area,
and must follow up to prevent the crews
exposure to hazards.
Loader operator. The loader operator grapples and

decks logs, and loads log trucks. The loader is the most
mobile machinery on the landing and the operator must be
constantly alert to ensure safe clearance from the yarder
and workers on the ground.
Communicate with the crew. The

hooktender needs to discuss and involve
Rigging slinger. The rigging slinger assists the

hooktender in laying out the setting and takes a lead role
once logging begins: planning the logs for each turn,
supervising the rigging crew, and determining a safe
location for the crew to stand when turns are yarded.
Chaser. The chaser works on the landing to unhook the

logs, get rigging ready, limb and buck as necessary, and
assist in keeping the landing clear of accumulated debris.
Yarder engineer. The yarder engineer operates the
yarder and is directly responsible for its condition and
operation. High proficiency should be expected from the
person operating the powerful yarding machinery.
Processor Operator. The processor operator grapples

logs from the landing chute and cuts them to length. The
processor can use a lot of space on the landing.
83
Yarder Engineer Safety
the crew in planning and setting up safe work procedures

to keep them informed. The hooktender must know the
capability of each worker under his supervision and must
not give a worker a task if he doubts the worker can do it
safely. Any person giving instructions must be satisfied
that the worker fully understands and can carry out the
duties safely. Work activity and coordination should
be regularly communicated by the hooktender to and
among the rigging crew. The crew should be continually
reminded to stay alert.
Safe yarder operating procedures can prevent serious

injuries to work crews on the ground as well as to
the operator. It is extremely important to incorporate
the following general safety guidelines for yarder
operation:
Check brakes and guylines first
At the start of each shift, machine operators
must test all drum brakes and check guyline
IMPORTANT: All workers, and lead workers in

particular, should make an effort to share their knowledge
with co-workers to help everyone work more efficiently
and safely.
tension before taking a load.

Establish a signal system. All line movement must be
directed by a signal. Audible signals must be given by the
rigging crew before any action is taken by the operator.
Hand signals or other procedures can be agreed upon
in advance in situations where the operator can clearly
see all the activities of the rigging crew and has a clear
view of the chaser on the landing. If the yarder engineer
gets commands, he must sound the whistle before any
line is moved or stopped. If a voice or whistle signal is
Use caution when working above the landing. Downhill

yarding may cause timber and other objects to run down
a slope and endanger ground personnel. Arrange work
activity so the loader, processor, and yarder operators are
not in danger, and establish a safe work area for ground
personnel.
Use caution when yarding upper sides above the landing. Keep the loader and other machines and ground personnel
clear when a turn is moving.
84
not clearly understood, the operator must not take action

until the signal is confirmed.
Yarder Operator
Basic Safety Rules
The yarder operator is best positioned with an overall

view and may notice dangers that the crew cannot see.
Establish a signal system to allow the operator to warn the
rigging crew of running logs, rocks, or other materials on
a slope. All operators must have a plan to communicate
if a log goes over the edge.
The operator must maintain and operate the

machine as specified by the manufacturer.
Promptly report any equipment deficiencies.
Shut down power completely before service
or maintenance.
Clear the lines. Before yarding commences, tightline

the skyline, mainline, and/or haulback to clear out any
siwashes or limbs interfering with the lines on the back
end of unit. Recheck all anchors.
Give special care to the travel and yarding

brake systems. Carefully service all
air lines, valves, brake flanges, bands,
adjusting bolts, dogs, pawls, and ratchets,
parking or emergency systems.
Monitor guyline anchors. While yarding, the yarder

operator must always be aware of the guyline arrangement
and make sure that guylines oppose the yarding forces
and share the load. The operator should also be alert for
any unusual movement of the tower due to stump lift or
lead change. Immediately report any observed movement
in the guyline anchors to the hooktender for correction.
Make sure the throttle control system can be

isolated as required to prevent simultaneous
operation.
The operator must know the proper
procedures for raising and lowering the
spar in a given layout and ensure that no
unauthorized person operates the machine.
The operator should maintain three points

of contact while climbing to the cab or on
machine surfaces. Use a pack to carry
items.
Spool lines properly. Lines should be spooled and

tightened properly onto the drums when they are first
installed and be kept properly spooled for line life. Upend
the lines regularly to reduce excessive wear and increase
the life of the line. Poorly spooled lines can damage the
lines, increase the chance of a break, and cause uneven
slack during heavy loading. All lines should be run in at
a very slow speed when workers spool the lines. Workers
wearing caulked boots are not allowed to stand on metal
covers or hoods while they spool lines, unless the metal
is covered with a nonslip material.
Personal items or distracting materials

should not be allowed in the operators cab.
Distraction is a principal hazard.
IMPORTANT: Workers should use proper spooling

irons or tools when spooling the haulback and mainline
so they are not caught by any jaggers on the lines.
Maintain good housekeeping in the cab;

properly store materials to avoid tripping
hazards and increase efficiency.
Stay alert at controls. The yarder operator must remain

at the controls when the crew is working around the
rigging and stay alert for accidental line movement or
other hazards that could affect the crew.
The operator must use the necessary

personal protective equipment and wear a
hard hat when he leaves the cab.
Make sure that materials stored on the

yarder, such as first-aid equipment, fire
extinguishers, and radio signaling and
communication equipment, does not
interfere with the operator controls.
Set the brakes on rigging. When turns are being set, the
yarder engineer must stop the drum and set the brakes. If
using a slack-pulling carriage (MSP), it may be necessary
to leave the mainline brake off.
85
If the brake system fails or the brake controls are

released by accident, the rigging can drop and injure the
rigging crew. Following are the most common sources
of failure:
and may lead to drum-shaft failure and, in some cases,

tower failure.
Assure cab guards and exits. Make sure all guards are
adequate and properly maintained on the operator cab
windows and covering gears, belts, and chain drives.
Keep all doors to the cab closed during operation. Check
that an alternate exit is available and functional in case
of emergency.
Brake bands, anchors, and adjusting rods

Ratchets slip off the pawls, particularly on older
yarders
Sudden loss of air pressure before the spring brake

or dogs engage
Rigging Crew
Sticky or wet brakes
Using whistles, the rigging slinger directs the movement

of the rigging and choking of the logs. The rigging slinger
needs to keep a sharp eye out for unstable logs or objects
and alert the crew to specific hazards that develop during
the yarding process.
Wet or oily brake pedals or operators boots

Avoid reefing. Reefing at full power adds stress to the
rigging and equipment, and can cause worn or weakened
parts to fail or cause the turn and rigging to react violently.
Develop line pull in moderation, relative to the ground
conditions and timber being yarded. Operators should
know how much line pull is applied when operating
the yarder at maximum capacity and ensure the force
developed during operation does not exceed the capacity
of the stump anchors and yarder tower.
Always work from the top of a hill to the bottom so work

never occurs below unlogged areas. Usually, yarding
operations begin near the landing and work toward the
back end. Extra caution is required until yarding activity
is clear of the landing and guylines, where the close
working conditions increase hazards.
Only one worker can give signals or voice communication
to move the rigging. Any person in the crew is authorized
to give a stop signal in an emergency situation. If the
rigging slinger is also the hooktender and must leave
to perform other tasks, a qualified chokersetter must
be designated with supervision and communication
responsibilities for the crew in the interim.
Seat the dogs. Dogs must be positioned and the guyline

drums gently set back onto the dogs before yarding
operations begin. Not seating the dogs properly can
cause excessive strain on the guyline drum mechanisms
Knowledge of the following basic work procedures

related to the rigging crew is essential to avoid injury
and maintain effective production.
Stay alert for hazards

The rigging slinger needs to keep a sharp
Seat the dogs securely in the guyline drums before

yarding. Neglecting to set the drums gently back onto
eye out for unstable logs or objects and alert
the dogs, or reversing the drum onto the dogs at high
the crew of specific hazards in each setting.
speed, can damage the guyline drum or locking pawls.
86
Choke logs near the end to reduce the hazard of
Spotting the Rigging
swinging logs and make landing the turn easier.

Avoid gut-hooking logs.
The rigging slinger will spot the rigging where the

chokers are being set.
Choke logs at the end nearest the yarder, so they are
Once the rigging has been spotted, the crew must
less likely to upend or swing.
remain in the clear until the rigging stops swinging.

Never stand directly under elevated rigging;
equipment could fail or a hung line could break free
unexpectedly. Get in and get out.
Select logs and attach the chokers so the logs will

pull clear of the stumps, felled timber, and other
obstacles, and require little digging. Choose logs
from the top of the pile first.
The rigging is usually kept elevated until the chokers
If logs are brushed up, yard out a light turn from
are untangled.
behind to clear out the brush.
The rigging slinger will signal to slack the lines
The following additional procedures apply when using a

drift carriage or buttrigging:
slowly to enable the chokersetter to pull the chokers

to the turn.
Selecting and Choking the Turn
IMPORTANT: Beware of too much slack
The rigging slinger will select the turn and spot the
rigging, and tell the chokersetters which logs to choke.
Effective communication and teamwork among crew
members is critical. The following main points about
setting chokers affect the rigging slingers selection:
in the line. With multi-speed carriages, it is

possible to feed out the lines too quickly.
Excess slack can push the crew too fast
through the brush, or worse, can coil into a
Always approach and set chokers from the upper
tangle and snap back when moved.
side, unless it is certain the log will not move.
Do not approach the rigging until swinging chokers come to rest.
87
Proper setting of chokers: always go over the top of
Untangle chokers on the ground.
the log, except in rare circumstances.
Place the heaviest and longest logs in the front
Chokers must be set on crossed logs to avoid figure
chokers to facilitate yarding and landing, minimize

the strain on the rigging, and prevent small logs
from breaking.
eights, which can cut and damage the chokers.

Choke small logs to avoid breakage.
Keep turns within a size that can be safely handled
Hot and Cold Chokers
by the yarding equipment. The heaviest log may be

a one-log turn, hooked on the front choker.
Pre-setting chokers decreases the yarding cycle time

by allowing workers to set chokers while the turn is
being yarded. Some logging crews use a method called
swedging splitting up the crew into two teams with
one set working the front end of the logging road and the
second set working the back end. They use three sets of
Select logs within easy reach. Pulling logs from

top of a pile first will put less strain on the logging
system.
Setting Chokers
When placing the choker on the log,
always go over the top of the log
with the nubbin, unless instructed
otherwise for a specific reason.
If it becomes necessary to move to

the other side of the log to push the
knob through, first make sure the
log will not roll.
Tight logs can be freed by squaw

hitching or other methods.
Large, swell-butted logs should be

choked at the small end, except for
large full-length trees.
Choke logs with a short end. Hook heavier logs on the front choker.
88
In addition to staying clear of rigging and logs in
chokers. One team can pre-set chokers while the other is

moving a turn as long as they remain in the clear of the
rigging.
motion and logs capable of motion, also beware of

saplings or ground debris that could be pulled and
thrown by the moving rigging.
Observe the following precautions in any procedure presetting chokers:
A split crew needs to know how to coordinate

activities to avoid confusion. The crew pre-setting
chokers must be able to hear audible signals. With
a split crew, both sets need to be within shouting
distance so one can act as a backup for the other if a
radio fails.
Workers should not pre-set chokers in areas made

unsafe by runaway logs for example, in the logging
corridor.
Do not use swedging with two crews when the

ground is so steep that it could send material back
down on the lower crew.
IMPORTANT: Never touch a moving line

with any part of the body; do not ride moving
Ensure all workers are in the clear before signalling

go-ahead on the line. With two crews, the top crew
needs to be well in the clear when the turn from the
lower crew passes.
hooks, lines, or logs, or use a moving cable

as an assist when walking uphill.
If the rigging crew pre-sets chokers, make sure the work is clear of the logging corridor. With two crews setting
chokers, make sure the crew downhill on a slope is not endangered by activity of the crew working above. Both crews
need to have radios and be in shouting distance of each other. Coordinate work so both crews stay in the clear of all
moving turns.
89
Chokers for larger logs

Certain logs may require special treatment. In some
instances it may be necessary to use more than one
choker to move a log. Three alternative hitches are
commonly used:
Swede hitch uses two chokers on a heavy log

when one choker may not be strong enough to carry
the log.
Swede hitch
Bridle hitch uses two choker lengths to encircle a

large log, when one choker is too short.
Squaw hitch useful when the end of a log cannot be

raised from the ground to get a choker underneath;
set the upper end of the choker around the log as
usual, and the bottom end around the lower part of
the log as close to the bottom as possible.
Get in the Clear
Bridle hitch
Once the chokers are set, the rigging crew must get in the
clear before the go-ahead whistle is blown by the rigging
slinger. Always get in clear before lines begin to move.
Never touch a moving line.
Move away from the turn, above or behind, and

clear of the bight of the line.
Ensure the area where the crew stands is free from

any log movement or potential for debris to enter
from above.
Squaw hitch
Remain standing and face the turn.

Signal the Turn to the Landing
When the rigging crew is in the clear, the
rigging slinger blows a go-ahead signal,
and the crew must watch the turn until it is
yarded free. Blow a goaheadslow signal
if there is any question about the turn, such
as length or action of the logs in the turn.
Watch for debris picked up by the logs or
rigging that could roll back at the crew.
Stay clear of
corner blocks in
With signals to the yarder engineer, the

rigging slinger controls the speed on the
mainline and how fast the carriage pulls in
case of failure.
90
at the same time. The drop line needs to pick up

fast enough to avoid hang-ups that could break a
choker and send a log back down the hill; never
allow suspended logs to overhang the crew.
Consider how long to leave the dropline out of
the bottom of the carriage. A longer drop line can
cause hang-ups and difficulty landing the turn.
Hang-ups
The best way to clear a hang-up is to reposition
the carriage or choker to avoid the obstacle. Other
techniques are possible, including the jump,
kick, or roll (see diagrams). If these options do
not work, the hooktender or rigging slinger is
generally the person who fights a hang-up. Signal to

stop the turn, and slack the rigging before approaching
the hang-up. Always approach a hang-up from the upper
side and stay alert for hazards.
Dealing with Hang-ups

Repositioning the rigging can direct yarding
forces to overcome obstacles. The jump, kick,
and roll are common solutions.
1. Jump Position choker

bell under log and run the
line lead over the obstacle.
2. Kick Position choker opposite the

direction of pull and run the line lead around
the end of the log and around the obstacle.
Work rules for hang-ups

Only approach a hang-up after the
rigging has been slacked. Approach
from above the hang-up and be alert
for the danger of logs rolling or sliding,
widowmakers, and danger trees.
3. Roll Slide the strap around the log opposite the
direction of pull so the line lead wraps around the log.
91
Major Hazards for the Rigging Crew

1. Inaccurate signal operations..................................................................page 93
2. Swinging and springing chokers . ..........................................................page 94
3. Suspended and hung-up rigging............................................................page 95
4. Rolling logs, rocks, and other objects.....................................................page 96
5. Working below a landing on steep ground.............................................page 97
6. Windfall trees..........................................................................................page 98
7. Hooking up the turn................................................................................page 99
8. Choked logs moving when haulback is slacked...................................page 100
9. Tagged lines.........................................................................................page 100
10. Swinging and upending logs................................................................page 101
11. Positions in the bight of the line............................................................page 102
12. Unhooking lines off anchors.................................................................page 102
13. Choker breaking on turn through felled timber ....................................page 103
14. Fighting hang-ups.................................................................................page 104
15. Danger trees, loose limbs, and siwashes.............................................page 105
16. Walking in felled timber........................................................................page 106
17. Working in standing timber...................................................................page 107
18. Ground and weather conditions...........................................................page 108
Always Know Your Escape Route

Major hazards for the rigging crew discussed on the following pages represent specific
conditions where specific safety recommendations apply. In addition, workers in the
brush need one good tip that applies everywhere:
Stay alert and always know your escape route.
Train new workers to keep an eye out for hazards while they work and think through
in advance which way to move if danger erupts. A work position with no good escape
route is probably the wrong place to be.
92
Hazard 1. Inaccurate signal operations

Unexpected line movement can result if a radio signal
malfunctions or is used wrongly. Check equipment and
operator knowledge of signals in advance.
Always have two radio transmitters where chokers are
being set. A second radio is for backup, but there could
be occasions when the second radio is used to stop the
rigging when the rigging slinger is occupied or when
the crew splits up to set chokers on either side of the
mainline. Alert the yarder engineer when both radios
are in use.
Precautions
Set up the radio whistle on an assigned frequency
for the operating location to prevent interference.
Handle radio units carefully to ensure reliable

operation. Replace malfunctioning units at once.
Keep battery charged as required.

Guard against accidental activation of spare
transmitters. Avoid sounding a stop from both
radios at the same time, which could be understood
as a hup-ho to go ahead fast on the rigging. A
worker carrying a second set of transmitters needs
to sound the whistle for a stop with a long stop or
emergency stop.
Keep transmitter ready to signal stop in
The rigging crew must be able to distinctly hear the
(b) After a goahead signal has been
case of an emergency
Especially
(a) When spotting the rigging.
whistle signals. If necessary, set the yarder whistle

away from the yarder and closer to the edge of the
landing where the rigging crew can hear it over the
motor noise of the carriage.
given, until the turn is cleared.
(c) When lines are being run around.
The yarder engineer must receive clear distinct

whistles before any line movement. If the yarder
engineer is not sure, he must repeat the whistle
and wait for a reply or call on the voice channel to
verify.
All motorized carriages must be equipped with a

working horn.
93
Hazard 2. Swinging and SPRINGING CHOKERS

Avoid chokers when the line is moving. Foremost, stay
clear of swinging chokers when the rigging is suspended.
Chokers dragging on the ground with line movement can
also be dangerous if they catch on an obstacle and spring
free.
When grabbing the chokers directly under the carriage,
either run the carriage ahead or get in and get out,
particularly when the carriage is low to the ground.
Precautions
As chokers come back to toward the rigging crew,
watch for the chokers pulling debris, which can
be thrown toward the crew. The rigger on some
carriages lets out the drop line as the carriage comes
back; make sure the chokers are not low enough to
run into obstructions or pick up debris.
Stay in the clear,

at least two choker
lengths away, until
the rigging is spotted.
For carriages with a
dropline, this distance
may need to be
increased. Stay clear
of the potential swing
of the choker.
When chokers are

swinging, bells and
nubbins
must
be
slacked onto the ground
to stop the choker
movement before the
crew approaches.
Be careful of hangups when pulling on

a choker. If a choker
is badly fouled over a
log or in brush, dont
jerk it free; walk over
and unfoul it.
Only approach the rigging once the chokers come to rest.
94
Hazard 3. SUSPENDED and hung-up RIGGING

Use caution when working directly under the rigging.
There is always a chance a line will be unintentionally
released and rigging will drop faster than expected when
being slacked down.
Suspended rigging hazards

Drum brakes can fail.
Brake bands, anchors, adjusting rods
can fail; ratchets may slip off pawls,
particularly on earlymodel yarders.
Suspended rigging can be dangerous. When the rigging

is slacked down, any part of the lines can hang up on
saplings or windfall roots and dangle dangerously.
Always clear hang-ups before choking logs.
Sudden loss of air pressure can cause

the rigging to drop some distance before
the spring brake or dogs engage.
Precautions
Never stand directly under the rigging! Stay to the
Controls may be accidentally released.
side. If it is necessary to cross beneath lines, do

it swiftly, and only when there is no load on the
lines.
Brake may be wet or sticky.

Rigging may hang up on limbs or roots
and crash down unexpectedly.
The yarder engineer must keep the braking system
The skyline can incur bounce when the

rigging is stopped fast.
well-maintained, including safety brake or dogs.
The yarder operator must stay at the controls when

the crew is setting a turn, with brakes applied.
repositioning the carriage to drop the chokers in a

clear area.
obstruction, (c) slack the mainline to add weight to

break the hang-up, (d) slack the mainline and skin
the rigging to clear the lines, or (e) skin the rigging
back and pick up a light turn to clear the lines.
To clear a hangup with a drift carriage or buttrigging:
Hand-clear a hang-up only when the rigging is
With a dropline carriage, clear a hang-up by
slacked down.
(a) tightline the turn, (b) remove the sapling or other
Clear hung-up rigging before working with chokers.
95
Hazard 4. Rolling logs, rocks, and other objects

Gravity is the primary source of hazardous energy when
working on a slope. Logs, rocks, or other objects can be
disturbed by rigging activities and roll or slide downhill
toward the crew. The risk is greater working around
newly felled timber, where logs can shift and dislodge
other logs or material that appeared stable.
Precautions
Yard a slope from the highest point down.
Never work below unstable logs, rocks, or other
material. If it is unclear what is holding a log, then
assume it can move at any time.
When getting in the clear above and behind the turn

before the go-ahead signal, identify the logs that
will move and check that no unbucked logs or tree
lengths could intrude on the safe area chosen. When
there is no loggedoff area available, retreat farther
and use extra caution. Never remain below anything
that could be dislodged when the turn is yarded
free.
Beware of unstable logs or other objects beyond

the work area that could roll or slide and impact
nearby logs.
In an area with bucked timber, never stand on the

second cut of a tree that is hooked up, unless you are
certain the cut is complete between the two logs.
If there is any doubt about the action of logs in a
turn, give the go ahead slow signal.
Stay alert to the moving turn and be ready to signal
stop if a hazard develops. Chokers can break on the
way to the landing or logs break in two, sending
material back down on the rigging crew.
Be prepared
Always know your escape route!
Stay above the log on sloped ground.
96
Hazard 5. Working below a landing on steep ground

The landing must be planned to minimize
the risk of logs or other debris kicked loose
at the landing from running downhill toward
the rigging crew. On a small landing, the
cramped operating area for the loader becomes
hazardous: a log in the grapple can strike the
mainline and cause the rigging to jump as the
rigging crew sets a turn below, or logs may be
decked too close to an edge and get disrupted as
logs are added.
Precautions
Discuss the organization of the landing
and work zones with the entire crew
beforehand. Communication and planning
with multiple perspectives improves
effectiveness and attention to safety.
The landing must be adequate for the turn

to be landed and unbelled without using
the loader to prevent the turn from running
back down the hill.
A short landing is sometimes inevitable, and it may be

necessary for the loader or processor to grab and hold the turn
while the chaser unbells the logs. Make sure the rigging crew
below is in the clear, in case a log slips out of the grapples.
Plan the areas of operation of the yarder,

processor, and loader, and maintain safe
distances. Identify areas where equipment
operations overlap.
skyline, running lines, or guylines when the rigging crew

is setting chokers. Avoid throwing debris over the bank.
Set up an emergency whistle at the landing with a

signal worked out in advance to warn the rigging crew
if materials slide off the landing or other hazards appear
they may be unable to see.
Make sure the loader boom or log in the

grapple does not strike the mainline,
If a machine on the landing hits the mainline, the rigging crew can be endangered by swinging chokers.
97
Beware of log decks close

to the edge of the landing.
A log can slip off the pile
and fall downhill.
Hazard 6. Windfall Trees

Windfall roots will often sit back when a tree is bucked
off or yarded free, particularly if it is bucked short. Heavy
rains can disturb the ground and this may cause the root
to tip more easily.
Unstable rootwads, when kicked loose, can move
unpredictably and cover a wide swath. Any unstable
rootwad identified as a hazard in a work area needs to be
moved or made secure.
WRONG: Always set chokers from the upper side.
Precautions
Always consider root wads
dangerous; avoid getting
below or behind root wads.
Always approach from the
upper side.
Pull a root wad clear with

rigging when it appears
unstable.
Pull unstable roots clear with the rigging. Get in the clear before lines move.
98
Hazard 7. hooking up the turn

Hooking up the turn and starting it to the landing can
be hazardous work. Adequate training and safe work
procedures are vital. In addition to the safe practices
outlined earlier in this chapter, remember the following
general precautions:
When logs are layered, hook up those on top first to
Precautions
When tension is applied to the mainline or dropline,
reduce applied tensions and damage.
Avoid crawling under logs that could slip or drop,

and watch for logs that could be dislodged by
movement from other logs.
beware if it does not rise into position. The line may
be fouled and could break free and throw heavy
debris.
Stay in the clear until the rigging is slacked and

chokers stop swinging.
Avoid crawling underneath logs that could slip or drop.
99
Hazard 8. Choked logs Moving when haulback is slacked

On a steep hillside, if the haulback is slacked too
much or runs unexpectedly when setting the turn,
logs already hooked up can be pulled downhill
by the weight of the mainline.
Precautions
Do not slack the haulback if some of the
chokers are already hooked up to light or
unstable logs.
The yarder engineer must keep control of the haulback

while chokers are being set to avoid log movement.
Hazard 9. Stringing out chokers

Adding a string out to a choker or leaving a long dropline
can be useful to reach a distant log or direct a log around
an obstacle. Tags should be removed and droplines
shortened before the turn is yarded to the landing.
Strung-out logs foul more readily and are more difficult
to control and tightline clear. Strung-out logs are also
more difficult to land and may run outside the turn and
jillpoke other logs ahead on a pile.
Precautions
On a shotgun carriage or buttrigging, use a front
choker for tagging logs whenever possible.
Strung-out logs are difficult to manage:
Shorten up the strung-out choker or shorten the
more susceptible to hang-ups in the
dropline before sending the turn to the landing.
brush and impacts at the landing.
IMPORTANT: Untag logs in a safe

area where logs are stable and not
likely to move.
100
Hazard 10. Swinging and upending logs

Precautions
Once a turn starts to move, a hang-up can cause a log

in the turn to swing or upend, even when the logs are
properly choked and there is good deflection in the
line. The risk of a swinging log increases when logs are
choked with long ends or guthooked, and with a ground
lead.
The rigging slinger must ensure the rigging crew is

well in the clear and out of the danger area of the
longest log yarded before giving the goahead signal
for the turn. Never get below the turn when yarding
uphill.
Long ends give a log greater potential to upend or swing

violently if it comes in contact with a stump or hangup. This is most dangerous with long logs or treelength
logs, which have a greater swing radius.
The safest position in the clear is uphill and to the side

of the turn and out of the bight of the haulback.
Choke logs with short ends whenever possible.

Get well clear when purposely upending or swinging
a log. Do not depend on the log to swing in the
expected direction.
Never guthook a log, unless a log end cannot be

safely reached. Once pulled free, it is better to
reposition the choker on the log before sending the
turn to the landing.
Logs in a turn can swing wildly. Stay well clear.
101
Hazard 11. POsitionS in the bight of the line

The rigging crew must always get clear
before a turn moves. Loggers standing in
the bight of the line risk contact with a
whipping cable, choked log, or thrown
debris. Avoid a layout with a large bight
area. A poor layout can make it difficult
for the crew to get in the clear or judge
where it is clear, especially near the front
end.
Precautions
Locate the backline ahead of the
road line whenever possible. This
allows the rigging crew to move to
a safe area that is out of the felled
timber and not in the bight of the
line.
Corner blocks can create a large bight area. During setup, consider the
ability of the rigging crew to get in the clear.
Beware of flying debris picked up by

the haulback and tossed downhill.
Hazard 12. Unhooking lines off ANCHORS

Releasing a line off a stump anchor is very hazardous,
due to pressure in the line. Use caution and always
stand on the inside of the point of attachment during
release, particularly when there is pressure in the line.
Stumps are either wrapped once and attached with
a shackle through an eye, or they are wrapped three
times and cable clipped or spiked. With single-wrapped
stumps, it may be safe enough to unhook the end of the
line and let it run. If the line needs to be held on the
hillside, use a rigging chain and a short strap, or use a
catch shackle and strap.
With multi-wrapped stumps, it may be necessary to use
a rigging chain and use the haywire or come-a-long
to pull the pressure out of the line in order to release
the stump. If the pressure is great, use a back wrap to
ensure the line is all out in the direction of pull, and use
the haywire or come-a-long to lower the line.
Always stand on the inside of the point of attachment

when releasing a line from an anchor.
102
Hazard 13. Choker breakING on turn through felled timber

Beware of the increased risk of a choker breaking when
yarding across a hill where the turn cannot be held from
running through felled and bucked timber. Tightlining
the rigging to clear the obstruction increases the danger
of rigging flying uphill toward a crew in the clear if a
choker or other rigging fails.
Avoid heavy turns

Turns that are too heavy or hooked
up improperly increase the chance for
hangups. Reefing and heavy pulling strain
the rigging and tower, and may result in
Precautions
catastrophic failure.
Make sure the crew position in the clear is located

above and to the side of the moving turn, and also
beyond the bight of the line, in case rigging fails.
Select turns light enough to yard without

reefing.
Try to hook up turns light enough to clear felled and

bucked timber.
Immediately signal for slack if a choker breaks.

Hook up a bridle to support chokers on large logs.
Always stay clear of the bight of the line, even when behind and above the turn. If
a choker breaks as a turn moves, the rigging can snap sideways with great force.
103
Hazard 14. Fighting hang-ups

Hang-ups are always hazardous. Good planning for the
landing, yarding system, road lines, and payload should
minimize problems with obstructions. Every hang-up is
going to be different. On some it may work to dislodge
the hang-up by repositioning the carriage and pulling in
the opposite direction. Others may require unhooking the
logs and repositioning the chokers; and others to pull out
one log at a time. Avoid letting hangups become routine,
which may encourage the crew to gradually stand closer
to the turn and forget the risk.
Hang-up Hazards
Rigging under tension may spring
or pull loose.
Material disturbed by the hang-up
could spring or move unexpectedly,
even after the turn is cleared.
Rigging may drop unexpectedly.
Precautions
A log can possibly swing or upend
On steep hillsides, always approach hang-ups from
even after the stop signal is given.
the upper side.
ALWAYS INSPECT A Hang-up
Never approach from below the turn when yarding

uphill if there is a risk of logs shifting or rolling.
CLOSELY FOR HAZARDS!
Slack the rigging down before entering the area.
Watch for saplings snagged by the turn and bent

under pressure.
Watch for loose rocks and other objects moving

with the turn, especially on a hillside. Always
assume the turn could roll or shift, and avoid
getting caught in a pinch point.
Use caution when standing or working

under elevated rigging, which could fall
unexpectedly.
Ensure communication with the yarder

engineer is working properly a whistle is
heard or a whistleman can hear and see the
rigging slingers signals.
Get clear before signaling to go ahead on the

rigging. Make sure others are clear, too.
Designate a safe location for workers who

must fight repeated hang-ups.
If repeated hang-ups occur, consider options

to remove or minimize the problem.
Use extra caution when approaching a hang-up.
104
Hazard 15. Danger trees, loose limbs, and siwashes

Remove snags and danger trees in the area before work
begins (see Chapter 2), or arrange work to limit exposure.
Stay vigilant as work progresses and report hazards to
the hooktender.
Haywire Siwashes
Haywire hazards are commonly
underestimated. The small line is actually
Danger trees from farther away can also be hazardous if

caught in the path of a tightening line. A siwashed line
caught on a tree, rock, stump, or debris pile can throw
materials a considerable distance, and the bight in the
line can spring one direction and rebound opposite if it
breaks free. Siwashes also rapidly damage a line and can
be a fire hazard in dry weather.
more dangerous than other lines, because

it more easily runs through and catches on
obstructions, and more easily breaks free
under tension. Haywire can fail and throw
pieces. Always stay clear of the haywire just
like other moving lines, and watch carefully
Pay close attention to line movement to indicate

obstructions. A haulback that saws into a stump, for
example, will not move freely and may develop slack in
the backline that allows rigging movement even after the
yarder stops. If the rigging does not move at once when
the haulback is slacked, stay clear and slowly pick up the
slack, then look for a siwash.
for siwashes.
Precautions
Stay alert for danger trees, snags, and loose limbs in
the work area, especially on the back-end boundaries.
Report and remove hazards, or attach safety ribbon
and stay clear. Loose branches are common and
often hard to see.
Always get in the clear of moving lines and keep

well out of the bight of the line.
A line caught on a stump can suddenly break free.
Stay alert for siwashes and clear any

hang-ups immediately.
String lines as straight as possible and

stay above intervening obstacles.
Use extra caution when working with

haywires.
A hung-up line can throw a branch or a whole log when tensioned.
105
Hazard 16. walking in felled timber

Walking in felled timber presents several hazards,
even on level ground. Logs may be unstable or slick,
with bucked sections, or loose bark, and falling
even a short distance off a small log can result in
serious injury, due to sharp branches, broken hinge
wood on stumps, uneven surfaces, stubs, or other
hazards.
In an area of newly felled timber, snags or
wildlife trees may have been left, and loose limbs
(widowmakers) may remain along the cutting
line. Root wads bucked short have been known
to suddenly sit back upright. Avoid walking under
roots and stay alert for other hazards.
Tree bucked up but still hanging.
Precautions
Stay alert and cautious while walking. It is
not always possible to take action to avoid or
eliminate hazards in felled timber, so caution is
the best advice.
Look to ensure a log is supported by a stump or

other solid object that will prevent rolling.
Wear appropriate caulk boots for walking on

felled timber, logs, or boom sticks.
Look for hazard ribbon left by others, and report
Loose bark can cause a serious fall, particularly when
newly observed hazards to others in the crew.

If a log is loose or unstable, consider kicking
it free down the hill, particularly if leaving it
would pose a hazard to the rigging crew as they
work down the hill.
the sap is up.
Windfall roots can sit back and crush a worker.
106
Hazard 17. working in Standing timber

Working in a thinning
operation in standing timber
poses additional risks
for the rigging crew not
normally encountered in a
clearcut unit. Workers need
to contend with leaning
and hung trees, limbs, and
other overhead hazards,
spring-loaded limbs and
vines, logs that are out
of lead, logs that will not
easily turn up the corridor,
and similar obstructions
due to surrounding trees
left standing.
Hang-ups and failure of rigged trees are more likely logging in standing timber.
Two of the biggest risks

involve intermediate lift
trees. Rigged trees can fail and fall in an unexpected
direction, or the carriage can jump off of the jack as the
carriage is returned to the rigging crew. Make sure the
crew stays out of the potential failure zone of rigged
support trees during outhaul as well as inhaul.
again to overcome a potential hang-up. The rigging

slinger needs stay alert to stop the inhaul of the drop line
before a turn becomes hung up.
The way logs are choked can help avoid hang-ups.
Consider choking logs farther from the end than normal
if it appears the pull will help a log clear a hang-up and
enter the corridor before it swings into the direction of
pull. Once the log is free, it may be necessary to stop and
adjust the choker to the end before sending the turn on
to the landing.
Trees or logs felled in a thinning operation may lay out

of lead, making it necessary to position the carriage
with some care to provide the straightest pull out to the
corridor without a hang-up. As the turn is pulled to the
corridor, it may be necessary to reposition the carriage
107
Hazard 18. Ground and weather conditions

Poor weather creates hazards in the
environment and also affects worker attitudes
and energy. Cold and wet workers will be less
vigilant and less likely to move far enough
into the clear. Make sure workers dress
appropriately for the weather to stay warm
and dry.
The following
conditions:
points
cover
common
Rain
Loose and slick ground produces the
most frequent source of injury in slips,
trips, and falls. Take extra care walking
on slopes, logs, and machinery.
Chokersetters should be alert for new hazards with
Thunderstorms
sliding logs and other materials that appeared stable

when dry.
Lightning does indeed regularly strike poor souls working

outside in the rain. Electrical storms are particularly
dangerous for loggers. Nearby trees attract lightning;
so do long lengths of steel cable, and especially moving
cables. The risk is much more real than commonly
imagined.
Watch for slide hazards on slopes. Look for signs

of loose trees or stumps, and smooth rock surfaces
showing. Report suspicious signs at once.
Fog
Stop working until the storm passes.
Work can be carried out safely in fog by organizing

additional communication and other precautions.
However, on steep ground, work must stop if crews
cannot see runaway objects. Wait for vision to improve.
Stay clear of standing timber, spars, and blocks.

Hot and Dry
Snow
Take extreme care to avoid starting a fire. Apply all

recognized fire-prevention procedures.
Yarding in heavy snow is not always safe, practical,

or productive. Workers must be extremely cautious.
Activity is slow and workers are prone to slips and falls.
Logs can slide more easily, farther, faster, and quieter on
snowy slopes.
If a fire does start, follow the employers firefighting

plan. Consult Division 7 for requirements. Use
Department of Forestry recommendations.
Wear adequate clothing to avoid sunburn or

sunstroke; drink plenty of fluids.
Light snow produces hazards for the rigging crew as

well. In moderate conditions, though, it may remain
possible to load trucks on the landing. Use extra caution
when getting on and off machines and trucks. Use tire
chains when necessary.
Know heat-stress and heat-stroke symptoms. If

stress occurs, stop working and find shade. If stress
continues, seek first-aid treatment immediately.
108
Chapter 8. Landing the Turn
Chapter 8
Landing the Turn

Good planning of the yarding and loading setup and
preparation of the crew removes numerous hazards.
Once set to begin, confirm safe zones of operation for
the machinery, confirm radio and signal transmissions,
and confirm that everyone knows and understands the
signals and operating procedures. Teamwork among
the entire crew is essential for both productivity and
safety.
Landing Crew
The landing crew usually consists of four basic
positions: yarder engineer, chaser, processor operator,
and loader operator. Other workers that could be
on-site include log truck drivers, and, in some cases,
a hooktender, log graders, landing buckers, traffic
control, maintenance, and other workers.
Take care to maintain at least 3 feet of clearance for all

swinging machine counterweights.
All workers on the landing must have a designated safe

position outside machinery working areas and be visible
to machine operators. During operation, observe the
following primary rules:
On-the-job training with a specific machine is necessary

to develop proficiency. State licensing is not required.
Employers must decide for themselves when an operator
is qualified to safely operate the machinery.
All workers must be confirmed in the clear before
Training newer workers in appropriate situations should

be a continuous process. Employers must keep a current
written record of job safety training for each worker.
This record can be used as a training tool.
starting or moving any machine.
Ground personnel should avoid the direct working

area of incoming turns, and also any logs, root wads,
or other objects that could be moved by a turn.
Arrange work so no ground personnel are in front of
the tower or yarder during the inhaul cycle.
Chaser
The chaser unhooks turns coming to the landing, keeps
the landing area clear of accumulated debris, uses
a chainsaw to limb and buck logs, and monitors the
safe operating zones of machinery to ensure a 3-foot
clearance. Due to the hazardous working environment,
the chaser wears high-visibility clothing or hardhat, and
must stay constantly vigilant and careful of the position
and movement of machines.
Workers must not ride on or handle moving logs,

machines, or rigging.
Machine Operators
Machines may only be started and operated by authorized
personnel. Operators must know the manufacturers
operating instructions, as well as safe work practices and
site procedures. An inexperienced operator can cause
danger to other workers and damage to the equipment.
When the chaser leaves the landing for any reason,

operators should be told when he goes and when he
109
The chaser must find a place on the landing clear of machine operating zones, careful
of the extended rear counterweight on rotating machines; and clear from overhead lines,
guylines, and the incoming turn; and in view of machine operators.
Unsafe Locations on the Landing

Underneath or near the mainline during the yarding. The mainline and haulback could break and drop,
or the mainline could be slackened accidentally without warning.
Underneath the guylines opposing the pull of the turn. Avoid working under the active guylines in case
of anchor or line failure. Stay aware of the yarding process while moving about the landing as a turn in a
new position can shift the load to different anchors. Be aware of any known weak anchors.
Within reach of the turn being landed. The area within reach of the incoming turn is directly hazardous,
and a farther area is indirectly hazardous. Beware of other logs already on the landing within reach of the
turn. Logs entering the landing can jill-poke other logs and upend, swing, or push them. Choked logs with a
long end increase the hazard.
Working in the blind spot of machinery operators. The chaser needs to ensure that the machinery operators
know when he needs to enter a blind spot to perform any task.
Within the swing of the loader, processor, or swing yarder. Never approach the loader or a swing
yarder without the operators acknowledgement. To approach within 3 feet, the machine must stop. These
machines are particularly hazardous because of the swinging counterweight on the rear that often takes
workers by surprise, and also, the broad sweep required to swing logs onto decks and trucks. A rotating
machine must maintain a minimum clearance of 3 feet for the counterweight in all directions.
110
avoid knocking material over the edge. Stack log decks

carefully to ensure stability. Rolling logs or sliding poles
can travel a considerable distance downhill.
arrives back. Operators must not move or handle logs

without seeing or knowing the chaser and other ground
personnel are safe. The loader operator must ensure that
log truck drivers and others who may enter the landing
are aware of hazard areas and safe procedures.
The yarder engineer must be careful to control the turn

being landed and use the assistance of other machinery
on difficult turns. The yarder engineer must also ensure
the chaser is not in the landing chute or in front of the
yarder when landing turns. Use the following procedures
to make unhooking the turn easy and safe.
Recheck Line Spooling

Regularly check how lines are spooling onto
the yarder drums. New lines in particular tend
to unwind in use and can cause spooling
Slow the turn before it approaches the landing.

Tightline or slack the lines as required to safely land the
turn. Avoid striking the ends of decked logs.
problems. Incorrect spooling can crush the

bottom layers of line as more line is added.
If spooling is a problem, first check the level
When available, use the haulback to help control

turns. If the haulback is not sufficiently snubbed when
landing the turn, the turn could be yarded into the tower
or could kick other logs ahead into the yarder. On steep
approaches, it may be necessary to slack the haulback
when near the landing and let the logs slide a short
distance into the landing. If the haulback is braked too
much, the turn could tightline or balloon, causing the
ends of the logs to swing in all directions, creating a
serious hazard.
of the yarder base and tower. Adjusting to

plumb can solve the problem. In some cases
it may be necessary to completely respool a
line. Snub the line and use a soft hammer to
tighten each wrap as the line spools.
Landing the Turn

Turns are generally landed in the area immediately in front
of the yarder (the chute). A swing yarder is an exception,
swinging the turn to the side. In all cases, the yarder
engineer must stay alert that ground personnel remain in
the clear and regard the safety of any workers positioned
downhill from the landing area. Some operators allow
the chaser to operate the carriage bug, working closely
with the yarder engineer to land the turns. Loaders and
skidders used to clear the chute must remain in the clear
while a turn is landed.
Lower the logs. Chunks of debris can be thrown great

distances when a load is dropped. If it is necessary to
purposely drop a turn to stabilize a pile, make sure
ground personnel are well in the clear.
The slope of the landing chute must be less than 20

percent if a chaser is required to unhook the rigging from
the logs or when a rigging crew is working immediately
below the landing. A chute slope more than 20 percent
may require a grapple to assist in securing the turn.
Additional control measures are also possible. Haywire
can be used to control logs from rolling off the landing.
Machine operators must always use extreme caution
when the rigging crew is working below the landing and
Logs should be lowered, not dropped, to prevent flying

debris.
111
Do not land or deck logs in a crisscross manner or

in unstable piles. Unstable piles are hazardous to the
chaser and workers below the landing.
Use extra caution on guthooked logs. Guthooked logs
are more difficult to land safely. Lift as high as possible
on approach to clear the ground and any previously
landed logs.
Use caution with heavy turns. On some older yarders,
it may be necessary to stop heavy turns just before
reaching the landing. Release friction and apply again
with only sufficient pressure to land the turn.
Correct approach to unhook a turn.
UNHOOKING THE TURN

Fouled Chokers
Once a turn is landed in the chute, slack the rigging only

enough to unhook the chokers. The rigging must be
completely stopped and the logs stable before the chaser
approaches. Both the operator and chaser should reevaluate the stability of the turn as the chaser approaches.
If any logs appear insecure, the chaser must retreat to
a safe spot, then signal for the turn to be picked up and
repositioned by the machine operator. The operator
must receive a signal from the chaser before any lines
are moved.
At times the loader or processor operator may be signaled

to lift a log to free a fouled choker or to reposition an
unstable log. Always use machinery to clear a fouled
choker. Many workers have been injured when logs
rolled on them as they tried to free a fouled choker.
Machine operators must coordinate with the chaser
before swinging the boom or grapple into the area. The
chaser should signal to the yarder and other operators
how many logs are left to be unhooked.
The chaser must follow safe procedures.
Approach the turn from the upper side.

Do not climb on elevated logs.
Always unhook the bottom log first.
Be careful of unstable logs when unhooking
the turn.
Never work beneath or reach between unstable

logs.
If the yarder engineer needs to raise and drop

a turn to clear a choker, beware of swinging
chokers.
On tagged logs, shorten the choker before

pulling it free to prevent the tagged choker
from swinging dangerously.
Be aware of rolling logs while unhooking the turn.
112
Clear the Chute

Logs must not be permitted to accumulate in the
landing chute to the point where they become a
hazard. The landing chute should be cleared of
logs before the next turn of logs is landed, unless
the logs are fully contained in the chute or there
is no possibility that workers below the landing
are endangered. The chaser coordinates with the
loader operator to clear the chute of accumulated
slash and debris before the next turn.
The shovel and processor operators also keep the
landing area clear of accumulated debris. A safe
debris pile should be established where workers
below the landing will not be endangered.
Beware of swinging chokers when the turn is being

pulled with the back choker unfouled.
Major Hazards for the LANDING Crew

1. Danger trees . ...................................................................................... page 114
2. Downhill yarding .................................................................................. page 115
3. Raising, lowering, moving the tower . .................................................. page 116
4. Breaking lines ...................................................................................... page 116
5. Missing guards .................................................................................... page 117
6. Spooling lines ...................................................................................... page 117
7. Working with haywire .......................................................................... page 118
8. Carriage movement ............................................................................. page 118
9. Hand signals . ...................................................................................... page 118
10. Unhooking the turn .............................................................................. page 119
11. Bucking logs ........................................................................................ page 119
12. Run over by vehicle or machine...........................................................page 120
13. Trips and falls ......................................................................................page 120
14. Lifting heavy objects ............................................................................page 120
15. Cutting line ..........................................................................................page 121
16. Gasoline near fire ................................................................................page 122
113
Hazard 1. Danger trees

Danger trees within reach of the landing must be felled
before yarding begins if they pose a hazard (see Chapter
2). Stay alert during operations to be sure no other trees
or saplings have become a danger.
The chaser is in the most danger of being struck by
saplings pulled over into the landing by the moving turn
or swinging logs in the grapple of the log loader. The
tops of trees can break off and fly in any direction.
Precautions
Report potential hazards to a qualified person who
can evaluate danger trees and snags.
The chaser and hooktender must stay alert for danger

trees and remove them before work continues, or
work must be arranged to minimize danger.
Remove danger trees near the landing before work begins.
114
Hazard 2. Downhill Yarding

Precautions
In downhill yarding setups, yarding is not allowed if

the yarder engineer is endangered by sliding objects.
Straight downhill yarding on steep slopes is particularly
dangerous. Typically, a larger landing area is needed to
increase the amount of space in the clear. Logs can come
to the landing out of control at times.
Keep the chaser, loader, and processor clear when

rigging is moving.
Take care that logs or other materials are not pushed

or thrown down the slope when the landing crew is
below.
Plan in advance how to work on steep slopes and take

measures to minimize the risk of logs or other debris
rolling into machinery or ground personnel. The machine
operator and a competent person must agree how to
safely operate, considering experience of the operator,
machine limits, soil conditions, corridor directions,
hazards of moving machinery, weather, load size, and
any other adverse conditions.
In downhill yarding, beware of roots or chunks

caught on the yarding lines, which can be thrown
toward the landing when the turn is tightlined.
Immediately signal to slack the yarding lines and
remove the hazard before landing the turn.
Slow the turn before it approaches the landing and be

sure the haulback is adequately snubbed to control
it.
In downhill yarding setups, minimize the risk of logs or other debris from rolling into machinery or landing personnel.
115
Hazard 3. Raising, lowering, moving the TOWER

When the yarder needs to be moved to a new position
on the landing, the tower must generally be lowered
first. The tower may be raised for mobility if adequately
supported and the stability of the machine is not impaired.
Be careful on rough ground to avoid damage to the tower
from flexing in the carrier saddle.
Tow or snub yarders on adverse grades to control
Moving the tower and raising it again on new guylines

can be a hazardous moment. Ensure workers are aware
of the danger and alert to potential failure.
Always use a spotter during yarder movement.
movement. Many older yarders may not have

adequate brakes. Stay clear of lines and machinery
in towing or snubbing operations.
Do not walk directly behind the yarder when it is

being moved up a grade.
When raising or lowering the tower, stay clear

where blocks or jacks could move. Use caution
when working with haywire under tension.
Precautions
Follow manufacturers instructions when raising
Only a qualified person may undertake moving the
the tower in the new position. Follow safe practices

when spooling the lines.
yarder, and only an authorized yarder engineer may

operate the controls.
Know your escape route when working with
Stay clear of siwashes and bights. Pay close attention

to haywire to avoid siwashes or bights.
machinery.
Hazard 4. Breaking Lines

Wire rope most often fails because it is worn out
or overloaded. Planning, equipment inspection,
and safe operating procedures are the best way
to prevent line failure. Follow out-of-service
requirements in Division 7.
Lines generally break in the leads where they
twist through sheaves. Whenever a line breaks,
movement is likely to occur around the landing.
Chasers must remain far enough in the clear to
avoid being struck if lines do break and fall.
Beware of thrown objects that may come with a
broken line, such as parts of blocks or shackles;
and beware of the possibility the tower could
collapse.
Chasers and ground personnel need to plan escape
routes in advance to know immediately where to
go if lines fail and come crashing down.
Know your escape route!
116
Hazard 5. Missing Guards

The cab of the yarder must protect the operator from
broken lines, chunks, and logs. Shear or deflector
guarding must be installed in front and the sides of each
cab to deflect whipping saplings and branches without
compromising visibility. Every fully enclosed cab must
have a second, alternate means of escape without tools.
puts the operator

at risk outside the
guarded space of
the cab. Sudden
movement of a parked
machine or vehicle
can be fatal. Start
and operate machines
only from the operators seat.
Most cabs must provide structural protection and restraint

for the operator, including ROPS, FOPS, reinforced cabs,
or overhead guards. Operators of stationary yarders are
not required to use the operator restraint system or wear
a hardhat while working in the cab. See Division 7 for
specific requirements.
Machines must not be operated until all guards are

reinstalled, safety devices reactivated, and maintenance
equipment removed after adjustments or repairs are
made. Without guards in place, the operator or others
may be caught in gears, or belt and chain drives. These
are almost always severe or fatal injuries.
Maintenance
Guarding is particularly important during and following
maintenance. Do not run the machine during maintenance
with guards removed, unless necessary for a particular
procedure. Completely shut down and lock out energy
during maintenance.
Precautions
Make sure all guards are adequate and meet
manufacturers specifications. Report guard defects
for repair.
Unless provided for by the manufacturer, never start a

machine from outside the operators cab something
commonly but wrongly done during maintenance, which
Make sure the alternate escape route from the cab is

functional.
Keep all doors closed during yarding.
Hazard 6. Spooling lines

All lines need to be spooled at one time or another.
Guylines and the skyline are the most common lines to
need attention.
is shut down and locked out to prevent unintentional

activation of the drum.
Always use an appropriate tool. It is OK to touch a
moving line provided it is moving slowly. Use a handover-hand motion. Do not allow a line to slide through
gloved hands a jagger can catch on the glove or hand.
Use caution walking and working on metal yarder

surfaces. Caulk boots are not safe, unless a nonslip
material covers the walking surface. Stand securely with
both feet on the platform, and do not rest a foot on or
near the drum or any moving parts.
Assure all guards are in place to avoid contact with
hazardous pinch or shear points. If it is necessary for a
worker to stand near the drum to spool a line or perform
machine maintenance, make sure hazardous energy
Two examples of spooling tools
117
Hazard 7. Working with Haywire

Haywire is most commonly used when stringing guylines
and changing roads. Siwashes are not as common or
severe on the landing as in the brush, but the landing
crew is also at risk. Pay close attention to line movement
to indicate obstructions. Notify the hooktender
immediately if a hazard emerges, and clear any hang-ups
before continuing.
Precautions
Use caution when unhooking a haywire from a
larger line pulled back up to the landing. A twist can
be pulled into the line and it may spin back violently
when unhooked.
Keep fingers clear of the haywire eyes when

releasing sections of wire.
(See more on haywire safety in Chapter 5, stringing the

guylines, and in Chapter 7, Hazard 14 on siwashes.)
Never grab the wire close to the sheaves; fingers can

get pulled into the sheaves.
Always wear gloves, and watch out for jaggers.

Hazard 8. Carriage Movement
When working the landing, the yarder engineer must
ensure the chaser is out of the bight of the line before any
line is moved. A particular hazard exists when sending
signals to a radio-controlled carriage. It is possible for the
carriage to get the wrong signal or the operator to hit the
wrong switch, and have the carriage react unexpectedly.
The chaser needs to stay alert to whistle signals that

indicate a line is about to move. When removing or
placing the carriage on the skyline, be sure the carriage
is properly supported so it does not fall on workers.
Hazard 9. hand signals

chaser and machine operators must understand when and
where hand signals will be used, with a set of mutually
understood signals.
Chasers must understand and correctly use hand signals

to avoid injury from unexpected machine movement. The
Ground personnel and machine operators must coordinate

their activities to avoid dangerous situations. The chaser
or other person on the ground must stay visible while
machinery operates. Make distinct hand signals within
a visible distance, but beyond reach of the machine.
Be certain the operator understands the signal before
moving.
Precautions
Make sure the landing crew is adequately trained in
hand signals before working together as a team.
Do not use signal methods that involve throwing

sticks or other objects.
See glossary of hand signals in Chapter 11.
118
Hazard 10. Unhooking the turn

Unhooking the turn requires good physical condition,
quick reflexes, and rapid judgment of hazards in the
situation. Chasers need to be fit and sharp.
Follow safe practices described earlier in this chapter.
Stay alert for the kinds of hazards experienced by the
rigging crew: avoid working from the lower side, avoid
unstable logs, watch for counterbalance swing, avoid
working directly under the rigging, and stay alert for
unexpected hazards.
Communicate!
The chaser needs to communicate to
the machine operators any intentions
to move out of the normal, clearly
If any logs in the turn arrive on strung-out chokers or a

long dropline, stay clear of logs already on the landing
that could be disrupted.
visible safe position on the landing.
IMPORTANT: Watch for long ends of logs, mis-choked

logs, and logs or trees coming into the landing at odd
angles.
logs, or any other activity.
Always notify operators when

approaching the turn, moving to buck
Hazard 11. Bucking logs

At some operations, chasers must use a chainsaw
continuously. Chasers must be trained in safe handling
and use of a chainsaw and wear proper personal protective
equipment, including leg, eye, and ear protection.
A particular area should be reserved on the landing
where bucking can be performed safely. Stay in view of
the machine operators on the landing and make sure they
are aware of the work being performed.
Use caution when working on log piles. If a log is
unstable, the log loader or processor can move it to a
safe position. Stay in the clear when logs are moved.
Do not brand, buck, or trim logs in a location exposed
to contact with moving lines, logs, rigging, machines,
equipment, or vehicles. Use extra caution to avoid the
mainline when working in the chute.
119
Hazard 12. Run over by vehicle or MACHINE

Precautions
Many workers are seriously or fatally injured in work

areas that combine vehicle and machine traffic and
ground personnel. Instances include riding on a machine
outside the cab, approaching or trying to mount a moving
machine, and getting caught by a vehicle or machine
backing up.
Avoid standing directly behind a machine or vehicle,

or in any blind spot of particular machines. Never
stand at the ends of tracks.
Avoid getting cornered against an object by a

machine or vehicle; keep an escape route.
Parked vehicles can be a hazard as well. Many workers

are injured while working around or under a stationary
vehicle that suddenly moves.
Never ride a machine or vehicle outside the cab.

Never try to mount or dismount a moving machine.
Block wheels and make sure supports are secure
Working machines can suddenly and unexpectedly

move. Always consider the path of travel, swing radius,
or blind spots of all machinery, even when stationary.
before working underneath a machine or vehicle.
Never start a machine from outside the cab.
Hazard 13. Trips and Falls

Trips and falls are common, but often preventable. Wear
caulked boots if work involves walking on logs. Note
that caulked boots easily slip on metal surfaces. Step
carefully mounting or dismounting machinery, especially
in wet weather. Always pay attention to footing while
walking or working. Avoid awkward positions in case
quick movement is necessary.
The chaser and machine operators should coordinate

to keep debris and waste materials clear of work areas.
Store all equipment and tools not in use out of the way.
Keep frequently used tools, such as power saws, in a
specific place away from work paths.
Hazard 14. Lifting heavy objects

Train all workers how to safely lift heavy objects to
avoid back injury. The chaser is most exposed to risk on
the landing. Rely on machinery as much as possible to
pick up heavy objects.
120
Hazard 15. Cutting line

Use caution when cutting lines. Metal chips can be
ejected from the line cutter. Make sure guards are in
place on the line cutter. Everyone working around a
line cutter must wear eye protection. Thrown chips are
generally hot, which makes eye injuries more severe.
Precautions
Always wear eye protection.
When holding a line for another worker to cut, keep
face turned away during the cut.
Make sure all tools are in good condition and the
hammer head is secure on the handle.
Use only a soft-headed hammer when cutting line.
Always wear eye protection when cutting line. Helpers
Ensure a firm grip.
must turn face away during the cut.
Use only acceptable wire cutters.

When starting a cut, place the cutting blade over the
same point on the wire for every hammer blow to
prevent flying chips.
Stand on the closed side of a piston or guillotinetype

cutter. Use caution for all cutters. Even a hydraulic
cutter can throw chips.
Avoid placing the cutter on a hard surface, like a

rock, which makes it bounce around; use a stump
when possible.
Striking/soft hammer
Eye protection goggles
Piston-type line cutter
121
Hazard 16. Gasoline near Fire

Warming fires are common in
logging operations, especially
during winter months. In wet
conditions, loggers have been
tempted to use saw gas to get
a fire to burn, with disastrous
results.
Never use gasoline
or saw gas near any
open flame!
Gasoline quickly vaporizes
and becomes explosive. Diesel
fuel can be safely used to start
a warming fire, but diesel fuel
may burn off and fail to ignite
wet wood, which has led to
considerable controversy in the logging industry over
the use of gasoline.
Employers must train employees on safe procedures for

starting and stoking fires, and emphasize the extreme
hazard of using gasoline on a fire. Most people know
the danger of using gasoline around a fire, but cases of
fatalities and severe injuries from gasoline near fires
continue to occur.
The only authorized use of gasoline to start a fire in the

woods involves a mixture of diesel fuel and gasoline
in a ratio of 3:1 or 4:1 diesel to gasoline. This mixture
is used by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and
U.S. Forest Service for woodland firefighters, using a
specially designed drip torch. If this mixture is used at a
logging site, the fuel must be stored and dispensed in a
labeled can. The only safe way to use the fuel mixture on
a fire that is already going is through an authorized drip
torch, which dispenses the fuel in a regulated flow and
prevents a flame from traveling up the fuel stream into
the container. Even with a drip torch, caution is necessary
to avoid splashing fuel and setting yourself on fire.
Precautions
Clear an adequate firebreak around warming fires or
contain in a burn barrel.
Never use gasoline or any liquid fuel to stoke an
existing fire.
Keep fires small.
Keep a fire extinguisher and fire-suppression tools
readily accessible at any warming fire.
Loggers in a remote location may not have access to diesel

fuel and may be tempted to use saw gas alone to start
a fire. Dont do it. Instead, alternative noncombustible
products are available to start fires, such as fire starters
comprised of sawdust and wax. These products are small
and lightweight. Or use pitchy wood from oldgrowth
stumps. Prepare for a warming fire in advance by
obtaining a safe fire starter.
Keep chainsaws and saw fuel at least 10 feet from

any open flame or other source of ignition.
Do not engage in horseplay around a fire.
If your clothing catches on fire, remember to stop,
drop, and roll. Do not run. Cover your face with
your hands and roll on the ground until all flames
are extinguished.
122
Chapter 9. Loading the Logs
Chapter 9
Loading the Logs

Log loaders use grapple arms or
other positive means to handle
logs. Clearing and decking
logs from the landing chute
and loading log trucks makes
the loader the most mobile
machinery on the landing.
Good communication with
ground personnel is essential.
Machines must be equipped
with an audible signal device
to alert ground personnel of
equipment travel. Ground
personnel must make sure the
loader operator knows their
location and employ signals
and receive acknowledgement
whenever entering the loaders
work area.
Ground personnel must also
pay close attention to hazard
areas:
Ensure safe zones of operation for machinery, away from the tower, guylines,
and yarding lines. Observe caution in areas where zones of operation intersect.
Underneath a load or the
Operating Position
path of a load.
Machines must be in a safe position ready to process and

deck the logs at once to keep the landing clear. Always
operate on stable and level ground. Use caution when
lifting heavy loads, which can tip a machine.
Near logs in the chute or decks where logs are being

moved.
On either side of a trailer being loaded.

Near the rotating base of moving machinery.
Whenever possible, position the loader and processor so

the operators have a full, unobstructed view of landing
operations. Avoid placing the loader too close to yarding
lines and guylines where the swinging boom could strike
a line and cause damage to the equipment and endanger
workers on the ground. Also, avoid locating the loader
between the yarder and the incoming turn where the
operator is exposed to moving logs and swinging
chokers. If machines must be located in a hazard area
near the turn, the operator must move away while turns
Machine Operations
General procedures for safe loader operation also apply
to the processor working on the landing. Both machines
operate close together in the same conditions. Usually,
the processor works the logs directly from the landing
chute and hands them off to the loader, which decks them
nearby. The loader may then move the logs to another
deck, ready to load.
123
are landed and the chokers are

pulled free (unless the operator
needs to be present to assist with
landing the turn).
Machine operators must watch
the approaching turn for any
unexpected log movement.
Try to swing equipment so the
entrance side of the cab is not
exposed to the turn. Close the
entrance doors.
Operating Safety
Machine operators must observe
the following precautions during
operation.
Avoid positioning the loader in front of the yarder in the path of incoming turns.
Ensure ground personnel are

clear. Machine operators must
ensure ground personnel are clear before moving. Logs
must not pass over workers on the ground or in occupied
vehicles. Beware of blind spots. Coordinate activities
with the chaser or other workers before swinging into
a blind spot.
Ensure a safe operating zone. Make sure the operation

of the boom and swinging logs does not interfere with
yarding lines, guylines, or other machines. Any time a
log or grapple could swing into the yarder cab, stop and
reposition the machine. If possible, remove any standing
trees left in the operating circle of the processor or
loader.
Maintain Machine Clearance

The rotating superstructure of any machine
must maintain at least 3 feet of clearance in
all directions. Landings are very active work
areas and adequate clearance can be lost
without realizing it. The loader operator and
ground personnel who can alert the loader
operator must regularly check that 3 feet of
clearance is maintained. Lives can depend on
it. If clearance cannot be maintained, control
access to the pinch point with barriers, cones,
Maintain 3 feet of clearance for rotating machines.
rope, or other warning devices.
Control access to unavoidable pinch points.
124
Trucks must not approach a landing if there is danger
Secure loose logs. When there is danger of a larger

log slipping out of the grapples, a strap of sufficient
size and length must be used to hold the log. Securely
attach the holding strap according to the manufacturers
recommendations. Use caution when small logs may slip
out of the grapples.
from incoming logs, logging machines, lines, or

rigging.
Trucks must not move unless all workers are in the

clear.
When an operators vision is impaired, trucks must
Deck logs safely. Place and remove logs in decks in an

orderly manner to minimize rolling or shifting. Set logs
down gently to avoid flying debris. Stay alert to decking
areas as logs are added or removed. A support, such as a
rock, stump, or tree, could give way. Rearrange decked
logs or move the decks if weather conditions produce
stability hazards. Always make sure logs will not slide
or roll in the direction of work areas on or below the
landing.
not move without a signal from a spotter who has a

clear view of the direction of travel.
When a spotter is on the ground, drivers must use

a signal and make sure the spotter is visible, in the
clear, and aware of the movement.
Unloading the Trailer

Make sure the loader is in a good position to lift the
trailer from the truck without overbalancing. Inspect
the lifting strap to be sure it is in good condition and
strong enough. Also, check that the tiedown used during
transport is removed from the trailer. Failure to remove
the tiedown can cause the trailer to react violently when
lifted. Ensure the lifting strap is held securely by the
grapples before lifting the trailer. If necessary, use a
spotter (or spotters) to monitor the lift.
Log Trucks
Vehicles must stop and signal before approaching a
landing or other work areas, and wait for permission to
go ahead. Log trucks entering the landing produce new
hazards. Make sure log truck drivers are made aware of
safe landing procedures, including the following:
Timber falling near a road, or where lines cross a road, requires a person on the ground to control traffic. Make
sure traffic-control workers and all operators and drivers understand safe procedures on the landing. Flaggers
should avoid standing directly behind a vehicle or in a drivers blind spot.
125
Chaser Safety in Loading Operations

A chaser or other landing worker helping in loading operations faces a variety of hazards. The
worker can be struck by a log or chunk that falls off a deck or off the truck, or by moving machines
or a swinging log. Work on top of the load can result in a dangerous fall. When working near a
loading operation, observe the following general precautions:
Never pass alongside a log truck being loaded, unless the loader operator gives clear
permission to do so.
Always check log decks, moving logs, and the loaded truck for unstable logs and materials that
could be thrown.
Stay clear of log decks where a loader is working. Do not work behind a log deck out of sight of
machine operators. Make an effort to stay visible.
Unloading the Trailer
Make sure trailer tires are on the ground and the trailer reach is close to the ground before
approaching. Never stand under a raised trailer or reach.
Beware of unexpected movement; the trailer air brakes can bleed off, allowing the trailer to roll.
Keep hands away from the end of the reach and legs and feet away from under the reach.
Only grab the trailer from approved hand holds. Do not place a hand on the compensator,
which could move and crush the hand.
Loading the Truck
Never enter the area between the loader and truck until loading is completed and the boom is
swung clear or resting on the ground, and the loader operator confirms it is OK to approach.
Notify the loader operator and truck driver before approaching the trailer to pull the
compensating pin, remove bunk locks, or install wrappers. Only remove the compensator lock
when the trailer is properly secured by the loader.
If a wrapper fouls on top of the load, use extreme caution when jerking it free. Pulling a log
down off a load is a common source of injury.
When climbing on the truck or trailer to set stake extensions or secure the load, use caution to
avoid slipping on metal surfaces with caulk boots.
Trim, buck, brand, and paint logs before loading.

If it is necessary to go on top of the loaded truck to limb or brand logs, make sure all logs are
secured by bunks and properly cradled logs, or by wrappers tying all the logs down. Ensure
secure footing when reaching overhead and when walking on top of the load. Never stand
behind the cab guard during loading.
126
Handling trailers must be done

smoothly and steadily to protect
workers on the ground standing
by to help attach the reach of
the trailer to the hitch. If the
trailer is not properly balanced,
lower it to the ground and reset
the grapple. Before lowering,
make sure all workers are well
in the clear.
Loading the Truck

Loading a log truck requires
knowledge of numerous details
about the stability of the truck
and loaded logs. Loads must
be built up so they are stable
without the use of wrappers and
will not exert excessive strain
on wrappers, binders, bunk
stakes, or straps.
Avoid working in areas out of sight of machine operators.
First, make sure the loader and log truck are positioned
so logs will not be swung toward the yarder. If logs are
decked nearby, move the truck to a clear area to avoid
hazards for workers on the ground.
Beware of Falling Logs

If a wrapper fouls on top of the load, use
extreme caution when jerking it free. Pulling
The loader operator and truck driver must use a positive

means of communication to control the movement of the
truck during the loading process. Citizens band (CB)
radios may be used. The truck driver is safest outside the
cab in front of the truck during loading, but if necessary,
may be in the cab, ahead of the cab guard.
a log down off a load is a common source

of injury.
Installing wrappers
Each log truck must carry at least five binders and five
wrappers, chains, cables, and fasteners in good condition.
Before installing wrappers, all logs must be saddled
within the stakes or secured by the log loader. Make sure
the load is stable before wrappers are installed. All top
logs need to be secured by at least two wrappers, evenly
spaced near the ends of the logs.
Sometimes drivers will need to raise their stake

extensions on the truck and trailer. Try to plan ahead and
do this before the driver has to climb on top of load.
The compensating pin or latch should be pulled before
the load is completed best done when the load is about
halfway up the stakes. This ensures there is adequate
weight to stop the logs from sliding on the bunks if the
vehicle has to be moved during loading. The compensating
pin or latch can be removed before loading starts if the
truck does not have to be moved.
Misthrown wrappers may need to be pulled back off

of the top of a load and be rethrown. When pulling off
wrappers, beware of unstable logs that could be pulled
down. If a wrapper fouls on top of the load, use extreme
127
Wrappers must be installed within sight of the landing.
caution when jerking it free. Pulling a log down off a

load is a common source of injury.
Quick response can save a life

All wrappers must be thrown within sight of
When logs are loaded at different locations or decks, log

trucks must not be moved unless ground personnel are in
the clear or the centers of all logs are below the top of the
stakes. A fully loaded truck must not be moved more than
1 truck-trailer lengths from the loading area unless the
load is secured with at least two wrappers or the centers
of all logs are below the top of the stakes. All wrappers
required to transport the load must be placed on all log
loads within sight of the loading area, in case immediate
the landing to allow immediate assistance in

case a driver pulls a log down on himself.
emergency assistance is necessary. It is possible to wrap
up away from the landing if there is another person there
to watch over the driver and the spot is near enough
so the loader operator can offer immediate assistance
with his machine.
128
Chapter 10. Worker Safety
Section 3
Safety Guide
129
CHAPTER 10
WORKER SAFETY
An effective safety and health program in any
organization must demonstrate commitment from the top.
A logging company owner or manager sets an example
for everyone by taking safety seriously. The first step
involves establishing a written safety and health program
that covers management commitment, supervisory
responsibilities, accident investigations, injury reports,
employee involvement, hazard identification, training,
and annual evaluation of the program. In addition, safety
planning and hazard assessment must be completed
before beginning work on a unit.
Managing Safety
The company owner or manager, and
the siderod supervising the planning and
yarding activities at the landing site, are
responsible for the safety of the crew.
Observe the following points.
Plan operations carefully. Good planning
can help control hazards.
Know logging safety rules. Know and
enforce Oregon OSHA safety rules and
company safety policy.
This chapter summarizes the primary issues in a safety

and health program, and in general safety planning and
hazard assessment. The safety information provided
here follows Oregons Division 7 Forest Activities
administrative rules, sections B, C, D. Refer to the
original document for complete coverage of the topics
(www.cbs.state.or.us/osha/standards/div_7.html).
Pass on knowledge. Top management

should pass on knowledge to others and
encourage a work environment where
co-workers share knowledge.
Provide a safety and health program.
Implement the company safety program
in the forest operation, including annual
fire training. Remember to follow through
to investigate, record, and discuss with
workers all injuries and near misses.
SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

Every logging employer must implement a written safety
and health program with the following features.
Written statement of management commitment
to safety. Commitment must include provisions for
necessary personnel and resources to carry out the safety
and health program; monthly inspection of worksites,
equipment, work methods, and practices (as the type of
operation or character of the equipment requires); and
methods to correct hazards.
Plan for emergencies. Along with first-aid

training and supplies and communication
resources, make sure directions to the
worksite and the location in township,
range, and section are written down for
workers to use in an emergency,
Supervision. Identify safety and health personnel and

resources. Authorize a competent person or persons to
supervise all workers and enforce safe work practices.
Establish a disciplinary policy that includes additional
instruction or retraining. Closely supervise new workers
to assure they have received adequate training and
they are working safely. Periodically review the safety
performance of each worker.
Make sure new workers are adequately

trained. New workers eager to do a job
well must also demonstrate they can to
do it safely. Supervise closely and provide
followup training. Remind new workers to
stay alert to their environment and signals
from co-workers.
130
A pre-work tailgate meeting provides an opportunity to discuss work

procedures and hazards as a team.
times by workers. Conduct a monthly safety inspection

of all worksites, vehicles, machines, equipment, and
work practices.
Accident investigation. Investigate every recordable

injury, illness, or fatality to determine the causes
involving work conditions and practices as well as
individual behavior. Keep a written record of the
investigation and results. Identify and implement
measures to prevent a similar incident, and inform all
workers of the new measures. Also, track and discuss
near misses with workers and take steps to prevent
similar occurrences.
Employee involvement. Encourage all workers to
participate in site planning and pre-work safety meetings
to discuss site conditions and known hazards. Require
workers to report safety and health hazards. Conduct
monthly safety meetings with all workers, and keep
written minutes and attendance records that are available
to all workers.
Training. Before starting any work or assigning new

work tasks, tools, or equipment, provide job safety and
health training to workers, including supervisors, that
is adequate for the work task. Training should include
a step-by-step discussion of the job, and instruction on
how to identify and control hazards; plus, the safe use
and maintenance of tools, equipment, machines, and
vehicles, including the manufacturers instructions. A
worker does not need to be retrained if prior training
is adequate. Assure that a qualified person presents the
training and that the training is conducted in a language
and manner that the worker will understand. Keep a
written record of training for each worker.
Hazard identification and control. Identify qualified

workers to correct or eliminate hazards identified in prework inspections or safety meetings, or reported at other
Program evaluation. Review the safety and health

program annually. Identify and revise program
deficiencies. Keep a written record of the evaluation.
131
available to workers and carried by all cutters. Do not

use hazard identification ribbon for any other purpose
than identifying hazards and remove the ribbon when a
hazard is removed.
Checking system. Implement a checking system to
account for all employees at the end of each work shift.
Inform all workers of the checking system. Also, identify
a specific person to check on the well-being of lone
workers at specified time intervals. Take into account the
nature of the work and possible hazards. A check twice
a day could be enough, but more frequently could be
necessary to assure the workers safety. Definitely check
everyone in at the end of the day.
Establish a checking system for all

workers. Maintain regular contact
Working alone. Require a worker to demonstrate the

ability to safely perform a work task before permitting
independent work activity. Although certain jobs by
their nature may be single-worker assignments, regular
contact must be maintained. In certain hazardous tasks,
such as fire suppression, operating a chainsaw, loading,
moving heavy parts, or any work at a height, two workers
must work together as a team in sight or sound of one
another.
with solitary workers.
SAFETY PLANNING
AND HAZARD CONTROL
The following safety planning and procedures must be
completed prior to any forest work activities.
Pre-work hazard assessment and control. Each day,
a competent person must make a general inspection of
work areas to evaluate any hazards, including danger
trees, snags, logs, rootwads, rocks, and other objects.
Any objects likely to move during work activities
must be removed, stabilized, or the work arranged to
minimize exposure. Consideration must be given to rain,
snow, or other weather conditions that could increase the
likelihood for objects to move. The competent person
must also assess adverse weather conditions, such as
heavy rain, high winds, or darkness to determine if work
activities can be safely conducted.
Medical services. Plan for emergency medical services

for the worksite, including specific provisions for lone
workers. All workers must understand what to do in an
emergency, and when to call air rescue to avoid delay in
getting help. All forest-activity workers must be trained
in first aid and CPR. Each worksite must have at least
one working two-way radio or phone to reach ambulance
service (a communication dead area must have a means
Pre-work safety meeting. Hold a pre-work safety

meeting with workers to discuss site conditions and
known hazards. Ensure that all workers understand
emergency evacuation procedures (discussed below).
Document the pre-work safety meetings.
Hazard identification. Mark identified hazards
that cannot be eliminated with bright-orange hazard
identification ribbon. Notify workers of marked hazards
in their work areas. Hazard identification ribbon must be
The inside lid of the first-aid kit is a convenient place to

put emergency phone numbers and information.
132
to relay emergency calls through another site). Near the

communication device, information must be kept for the
name and number of land and/or air evacuation services,
written land directions to the worksite, and location by
township- range-section or latitude-longitude as required
by the emergency responder. Transportation must be
available to reach a medical facility or a point where an
ambulance or airlift can be met.
Fire Safety Equipment

(See fire safety information in this chapter)
First aid. Each worksite must have a first-aid kit with a

supply of required items. In addition, all work vehicles
must carry a readily available first-aid kit suitable for the
number of workers that use the vehicle and the type of
injuries that could occur. Regularly inspect and replenish
the first-aid kits, and review the number and content of
the kits annually with a healthcare provider. The kits
must be clearly marked First Aid. All employees must
be informed of the location of first-aid supplies.
Fire extinguisher an approved fire extinguisher with

a minimum rating of 1A:10BC or equivalent must be
located on or near each vehicle and machine.
Power line safeguards. Maintain a clearance of at least

15 feet from overhead power lines for all machines,
trees, logs, and cables. Any overhead power line must be
considered to be energized until the line owner or utility
authority indicates otherwise. In difficult operating
conditions, designate a spotter to observe clearance and
provide timely warning. The power company must be
notified for any situation where work needs to occur
within the minimum clearance area. If contact is made
with a power line or the supports are damaged, the
power company must be notified immediately and all
workers must remain clear of the area until advised that
conditions are safe.
Back pack water pump cans
Field sanitation. Employers should consider providing

toilet and hand-washing facilities or sanitary kits,
when feasible. Providing potable drinking water is
also important for worker health. Field sanitation is not
required for logging,
but sanitation needs
to be assessed if
watchmen are living
on site.
Gasoline operated fire pump
133
PERSONAL
PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
present a hazard. Workers who cut wire rope must wear

eye protection. Chainsaw operators may use logger-type
mesh screen.
The type and condition of clothing and personal

protective equipment is important to prevent injury.
Personal protective equipment must be maintained in
serviceable and effective condition or removed from use.
Inspect personal equipment prior to each work shift, and
repair defects or replace the equipment.
Hearing Protection
Workers must wear hearing protection when operating
a chainsaw or other noise-producing equipment, or
working on the landing (unless the 8-hour average noise
level is less then 85 dB). Both muff-type ear protection
and earplugs will not prevent hearing warning signals or
speech, and may actually improve hearing by cutting out
excessive noise. Workers exposed to noise must have an
annual hearing checkup.
The employer must provide workers with the necessary

personal protective equipment as demanded by the job
they are performing (except clothing and boots), and
require that the equipment is used appropriately when
necessary and remains in serviceable condition.
Hand Protection
Workers must use hand protection, such as cotton
gloves or other suitable protection, whenever the work
requires handling lines or other rough materials, or when
the nature of the work requires hand protection. Also
wear hand protection to prevent exposure to harmful
substances from skin absorption, or chemical or thermal
burns.
Clothing
Clothing must be strong and durable, and adequate to
stay warm and dry. Be prepared for weather changes.
Discomfort from cold and wet can reduce alertness and
the ability to move quickly if an immediate hazard arises.
Wear clothing that fits close, but loose enough to move
freely. Trousers should be without cuffs to avoid
hangups. Suspenders are useful to allow a reasonably
loose waistband, and hold trousers in a comfortable
position even when wet.
Head Protection
All yarding and loading workers, unless covered
by a cab or canopy, must wear a hardhat
that complies with the American National
Standards (ANSI) Z89.1 1986, Z89.1 1997,
and Z89.1 2003. A stamp inside the hardhat
should show it has met one of the above
standards. Hardhats must be highly visible,
in contrast to the background typically
orange to enable machine operators to
readily see them.
Eye and Face Protection

Wear eye and face protection whenever
wood chips, sawdust, or flying particles
When using a chainsaw, wear cut-resistant chaps or

other leg protection, and eye, ear, and face protection.
134
Foot Protection
All workers must wear heavy-duty boots that cover
and support the ankle and are water repellent in wet
conditions. Workers who walk on trees, logs, or
boomsticks must wear sharp caulked boots (or the
equivalent). In ice, snow, mud, rocky terrain, or other
conditions that render caulks ineffective, workers must
wear heavy-duty nonslip boots. Workers who operate
chainsaws must wear cut-resistant foot protection.
Workers must wear eye protection when
cutting wire rope. Also, guard face and ears
from flying chips.
Leg Protection
Chainsaw operators must wear flexible ballistic nylon
pads, chaps, or other equivalent protection to protect
the legs from the top of the thigh to the top of the boot.
Kickback from a chainsaw is a serious hazard. Protect
yourself. Designs for currently available leg protectors
make them easy to use.
The only exception to this rule is when using a chainsaw
while aloft in a tree, supported by climbing spurs and
climbing belt, when leg protection is not required.
IMPORTANT: Slips, trips, and falls in logging

operations are a principal cause of injury.
Make sure boots are appropriate for work
conditions and in good repair.
Workers who walk on logs must wear caulked boots.
135
BASIC Tool Safety

Smaller tools and equipment also require safe handling.
Observe the following rules and tips to avoid injury.
Hammers and Other Hand Tools

Heads must be tight, axe heads pinned.
Handles must be free of breaks or splits.
Use only short handles on splicing and branding
Single-bit ax
hammers.
Do not use extra-long handled hammers for spiking

or line cutting.
Use only soft-headed hammers in line cutting.

Use of double-bit axes should be discouraged around
the landing.
Fire pulaski
Do not leave axes or other tools driven into logs

and such where accidental contact could cause
entanglement or injury.
Always set mattock and grub hoe heads by striking

the end of the handle before use.
Fire does not necessarily soften hard hammer heads,
Fire grub hoe
particularly if not cooled slowly.
Spiking Tools
Observe the following precautions when spiking guylines
or driving spikes into any hard wood.
spike bar
Be certain the spike is driven in securely before

striking hard with the hammer.
Do not use a mushroomed or round-headed

hammer.
Sledge hammer
Do not use crooked, twisted track spikes that cannot

be easily straightened.
Use caution when trying to straighten bent spikes.

Remember to remove all spikes when the job is
finished. Remove guyline spikes in reverse order of
the wrap to avoid hazardous tension in the line.
Striking/Soft hammer
136
CONTROLLING FIRES in forest operations

Watchman. After machinery is shut down, a watchman
must conduct a continual visual observation of the operation
area for up to three hours with adequate equipment to try
to control and extinguish a fire, and summon assistance in
an emergency.
The following overview of fire prevention and

suppression requirements summarizes Division 7
standards and a description of laws and rules provided
by the Oregon Department of Forestry. Consult original
sources for complete coverage. For more information,
contact any office of the Oregon Department of
Forestry, Coos Forest Protective Association, Douglas
Forest Protective Association, or the Walker Range
Fire Patrol Association.
Power saws. Each power saw must be equipped with

an exhaust system that has not been modified and meets
exhaust temperature and other requirements. Follow
safe procedures when fueling (See guide on the
next page). A fire extinguisher and shovel must
be immediately available.
Permits. Using fire or power-driven machinery normally

requires an annual permit from the district before starting
an operation. District closedowns may regulate activity
during fire season.
Flammable and combustible liquids. Vehicle engines,

except diesel engines, must be shut off while being
fueled. Fill gasoline containers on the ground and not in
the back of a pickup, which can produce a spark from
static electricity. Follow the requirements for safe storage
and transport.
Action to control fires. The landowner and operator

must immediately proceed to control and extinguish any
fire started during operation activity, any fire that results
from operation activity, and any fire that results from
burning. The physical capacity of each employee assigned
to control a wildland fire must be taken into account
before and during the assigned tasks. Workers must be in
teams of two or more and close enough to give assistance to
one another.
Explosives. Only qualified, designated personnel are

allowed to handle explosives and blasting agents.
Vehicles used to transport explosive materials must be
equipped with at least two fire extinguishers and follow
the requirements for safe storage and transport.
Training. All workers who may be called upon to do

wildland fire suppression or prescribed fire activities must
receive annual Basic Wildland Fire Safety Training.
Fire extinguishers. Most equipment powered by an

internal combustion engine must have an approved fire
extinguisher available that is fully charged and ready
for immediate use. Portable extinguishers must have an
annual maintenance check and dated inspection tag.
Cable logging. Clear flammable debris from the area

below blocks for at least 10 feet in all directions. Also,
equip each block with a pump-equipped can or bladder
with at least five gallons of water and a shovel. Do not
permit moving lines to rub on rock or woody material in
such a way that sparks or heat could ignite a fire.
Water supply and equipment. Most operations require

a water supply, including pump, hose, and nozzle ready
for immediate use. Equipment must meet specific
requirements.
Snags. The district may require certain designated snags

to be felled before or during an operation if they constitute
a hazard.
Fire tool box. Firefighting hand tools are required on most

operations. Store all required firefighting hand tools in a
clearly identified tool box kept ready for immediate use.
The number of tools needed depends on how many people
work in an operation area. A crew of 10, for example,
requires 2 axes or pulaskis, 3 shovels, and 5 hazel hoes/
pulaskis.
Machines. Most engines must be equipped with a spark

arrester. Prevent debris from accumulating nearby. An
approved fire extinguisher must be readily available.
137
FIRE PREVENTION RULES FOR CHAINSAWs

Fueling
2. Store fuel in approved containers.
1. Use the proper grade of gas and oil mixture

recommended by the manufacturer.
3. Permit a hot saw to cool 2-3 minutes before
4. Refuel only on a stump or bare ground.
refueling.
5. Clean spilled gas from the motor before starting.
6. Move at least 10 feet from the spot of refueling

before starting the saw (20 feet in fire season).
138
Maintenance
8. Make mechanical adjustments only on a stump or
7. Periodically clean carbon from the muffler; check
bare ground.
the muffler and spark screen at least once a week.
9. Do not operate a saw that backfires.
10. Keep the outside surface of the saw clean of

sawdust and oil.
11. Check fuel lines, fuel cap, and connections for
12. Check saw for loose or broken components.
gas leaks.
139
ChainSaw Safety
Only use a chainsaw if adequately instructed, trained,
or experienced in its use. Injuries from saw kickbacks
are usually severe, meaning permanent disability. Train
before you cut, wear personal protective equipment,
know the saw, and be sure it is in serviceable condition.
Furthermore, observe the following tips for safe use:
Safety Precautions
Always check that the chain brake is operational
before using the saw.
Adjust the carburetor so the chain stops when the

saw idles.
Make sure the chain is properly adjusted for tension.

Carry the saw with the bar to the rear to avoid
tripping forward onto the chain.
Shut off the engine when carrying the saw any

distance.
Learn to use the saw equally well, right or left

handed to avoid awkward positions.
Common Causes of
Chainsaw Injuries
Always work to one side of the saw to avoid injury

from kickback. Never stand directly behind or
straddle the saw.
Working in an awkward position, off
In a boring cut, hold the saw firmly against the body
balance, or with poor footing.
to stabilize the impact of a kickback.
The chain tip touches branches, an
When sawing limbs, the end of the bar causes most
obstruction, or other materials.
kickbacks. Touching the upper 90 degrees of the

nose tip against anything without the rest of the top
of the bar engaged will cause a kickback toward the
operator.
The saw has mechanical problems,

such as an improperly filed chain, loose
handle bars, clutch drag or improperly
adjusted idle speed.
Be careful of the chain and hot exhaust when
The saw chain binds in the cut.
servicing or filling.
The end of the bar strikes uncut wood in

the cut.
After refueling, make sure the gas cap is tight, so

fuel will not leak (onto clothing, etc.). Fix fuel caps
with leaky vents.
Running a hand across teeth during saw

sharpening.
140
FIRST AID FOR SURVIVAL

In a remote work location, a loggers first-aid skills can
save a life. Review the following main points to stay
fresh on what to do.
Emergency Plan
Loggers are required to have first-aid supplies and an
emergency medical plan for all logging sites. All loggers
must have first-aid training.
The main threats to life are:
Getting help to the site quickly requires forethought.

An operable phone or twoway radio must be available
for external communications to an ambulance service,
even in remote locations. Any member of the crew must
be able to tell responders how to reach the site. Keep the
location in township, range, and section numbers, plus
directions, posted near the communication link. Write out
the directions so they can be easily read aloud. A person
in a panic may have difficulty organizing complete
information otherwise. Temporary road signs may be
necessary to help responders navigate through forest
roads. Someone may also need to meet the emergency
crew along the route to reach the site quickly.
Obstructed breathing Bleeding

Unconsciousness
If it is not necessary to move the worker, keep them

in place, warm and comfortable, and protected from
adverse weather. Initiate the emergency medical plan
immediately.
Check breathing. Check to make sure the mouth and
throat are clear of any obstruction. Use a finger to clear
any vomit, blood, lower dentures, or other objects as
necessary. Use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation techniques
if breathing has stopped.
Get the right help. If an injured individual needs to

be moved, consider the number of people that may
be needed to assist and if the number of emergency
responders is adequate. Plan procedures for helicopter
rescue where rapid evacuation is essential.
Stop bleeding. Immediately put pressure on any bleeding

wound, and apply a dressing and bandage as soon as
possible. Raise the bleeding part to slow bleeding. Have
the person sit or lie down.
First Steps
Check out the situation first. The first priority could be
to remove an injured worker from an impending danger,
and avoid danger to yourself. Rescuers are sometimes
overcome by the same harm as the one they try to
rescue. Stay calm and alert when rushing to help an
injured co-worker.
Care for an unconscious person. An injured person that

loses consciousness risks choking. Put an unconscious
person on their side, injured side down, with their cheek
on the ground. Check to be sure breathing is clear.
Support the person so they do not roll onto their back.
Basket-type stretcher
141
Chapter 11
Signs and Signals

Various signs and signals are useful during logging
activity to safely coordinate activity. Many are required.
This chapter summarizes regulations for signs and
signals and lists standard signals.
All audible signal systems, equipment and machine
All workers need to understand the signals used in a

logging operation. A list of standard yarding whistles
and control systems for equipment, plus any additional
signals used onsite, must be available to workers at the
worksite. All required signals listed in Oregon OSHA
Division 7 Forest Activities are included here. Refer to
the regulations for full coverage of work requirements.
when yarding logs with grapples if workers are not

exposed to line, log, or rigging movement.
activation signals must be tested and fully functional

before beginning the operation.
An audible signal does not need to be sounded
When hand signals are used, an audible signal does

not need to be sounded when workers are aware of
and not exposed to line, log, or rigging movement.
VOICE Signals
SIGNAL USE
Voice transmission by radio is an acceptable method to

signal operations as long as whistle signals are sounded
before any lines are moved. Permits are required for tone
frequencies in each area. Citizen band (CB) radios cannot
be used to activate any signal, machine, or process.
Two or more whistle signal receivers on the same tone
frequency is prohibited.
Audible signals such as whistles, horns, or radios must

be used whenever noise, distance, restricted visibility,
or other factors prevent clear understanding of natural
unassisted voice communications. Hand signals may
be used within 300 feet and plain view of machine
operators. General requirements for using signals include
the following points:
Test radio systems each day before work begins. Find

and correct the source of failure or problems such as
interference or fadeout before use.
Ground personnel must signal machine operators

and receive acknowledgement before approaching
the machine.
In the operational setting, make sure electrical signal

system wires and attachments are weatherproof. Guard
any spare transmitters against accidental activation to
avoid confusion.
Machine operators must signal before beginning

movement.
All yarders, loaders or tree pullers must have a

whistle or horn.
Communication protocol between the rigging crew and

yarding engineer includes the following points:
Machine operators must not move any lines, logs,

loads or rigging unless the signal received is clear
and distinct. If in doubt, the operator must repeat the
signal as understood and wait for confirmation.
Voice transmission must be kept as brief and to the
Radio-controlled carriages and motorized skycars
The rigging crew must call the yarder engineer by
point as possible.
name to ensure proper contact is established.
must have a warning horn that is sounded when any

carriage function is activated.
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Chapter 11. Signs and Signals
The yarder engineer must acknowledge the call
2 short - 1 short
When rigging is in: slack

haulback, hold all lines until 2 short blown
3 medium
Hooker
3 medium - 4 short
Hooker and the crew
5 long
Climber
4 long
Foremen
1 long - 1 short
Start or stop work
7 long - 2 short
Person injured, call

transportation and stretcher
1 long - 1 short
Fire
3 short - 1 short
Acknowledge by engineer to

signify a hazardous turn
with a whistle STOP signal before the caller starts

transmitting the voice message.
After receiving the voice message, the yarder

engineer must again acknowledge with a whistle
STOP signal that the message has been received
and is clearly understood.
No lines shall be moved unless an audible signal is

sounded in advance
Whistle Signals
Grabinski system
The following standard yarding system whistle signals

are required in operations. Note that different sets of
signals apply to different yarding systems.
2 short - 1 long

2 long
Dash (-) indicates longer spacing between signals.
Slack mainline and

haulback together
Take off or put on rider block
Slackline Whistle Signals
High Lead Whistle Signals
2 short - 2 short - 2 short - 1 short First cable up

when road has been changed

and tailhold made fast
2 short - 2 short - 2 short
Drop skyline
1 short
Stop any moving line
1 long
When logging, slack skyline
2 short
Ahead on skyline
1 long - 2 short
Ahead easy on skyline
3 short
Ahead on skidding line
3 short - 3 short
Ahead easy on skidding line

with slack haulback
4 short
Slack skidding line
2 short - 2 short - 2 short -2 short
Ahead easy

on haulback with slack skidding line
2 short - 2 short
Ahead on haulback
2 short - 1 short
Slack haulback
2 short - 3 short
Pick up skyline and skid
2 short - 2 short - 2 short Pick up skyline and skin
3 short
When carriage in: haywire

back on haulback
When carriage in:

haywire back on carriage
3 short - 1 short
When haywire out:

ahead on haywire
3 short - 2 short
Tightline
Slack haywire
3 short - 1 short - 3 short Ahead easy on haywire
1 short
Stop all lines
3 short - 3 short
Ahead easy on mainline
3 short
Ahead on mainline
2 short
Ahead on haulback
2 short - 2 short
Ahead easy on haulback
3 short - 1 short
Ahead on haywire
3 short - 1 short - 3 short Ahead easy on haywire
4 short or more
Slack mainline
2 short - 1 short
Slack haulback
Slack haywire
3 short - 2 short
Standing tight line
2 short
Tightline while lines are running, or

break tightline if lines are running tight
3 short
When rigging is in: haywire

back on haulback
3 short - plus
When rigging is in: indicates
X number of shorts
number of sections of

haywire back on rigging
3 short - 2 short
When rigging is in: haywire

back on rigging
1 short
When rigging is in: chaser

inspect and repair rigging
2 short
When rigging is in:

no chokers back
2 short -1 short - plus
When rigging is in:
X number of shorts number of chokers back
143
2 long
Ahead on transfer
2 long - 4 short
Slack transfer
2 long - 2 short - 2 short
When carriage is in:
`
transfer back on carriage
3 short - plus
When carriage is in: number
X number of short section back on carriage
2 short - plus
When carriage is in: number
X number of short
of chokers
1 short
When carriage is in: inspect

rigging, repair and send back
2 short - 1 short
When carriage is in: slack

haulback and hold all lines until

2 short are blown-then send back
3 short - 3 short
When carriage is in: send

back powder
5 medium
Tail rigger
5 medium - 4 short
Tail rigger and that crew
3 medium
Head hooker
3 medium - 4 short Second hooker and that crew
5 long
Climber
4 long
Foreman
1 long - 1 short
Start or stop work
7 long - 2 short

1 long - 1 short repeated
Fire
Running Skyline Whistle Signals

1 short
Stop all moving lines
2 short
Skin carriage back
2 short - 1 short
Slack haulback
2 short - 2 short
Skin carriage easy
2 short - 3 short
Standing tightline
1 short - 2 short
Ahead on dropline
4 short
Slack dropline
1 short - 4 short
Slack both mainlines
1 short - 1 short
Stop dropline going up and

move carriage forward
3 short
Move carriage forward
Move carriage

forward easy
3 short - 1 short
When haywire is out: ahead

on haywire
Slack haywire
3 short
When carriage is in: haywire
3 short - plus
X number of short
number of sections
144


haywire back on carriage
2 short - plus
X number of short
number of chokers
4 short
When carriage is in: inspect

rigging, repair, and send back
1 short
When carriage is in: hold all

lines until 2 shorts, then send back
3 medium
Hooker
3 medium - 4 short
Hooker and crew
5 long
Climber
4 long
Foreman
1 long - 1 short
Start or stop work
7 long - 2 short

Fire
3 short - 1 long
Acknowledged by engineer

to signify hazardous turn
Tension System Whistle Signals

4 short
Release tension
1 short
Stop carriage and start

unspooling tong line
1 short
Stop tong line
1 short
Resume unspooling tong line
1 short
Will stop any moving line or

slack tong line when carriage is stopped
2 short - 2 short Go into interlock and go back
2 short - 4 short
Slack haulback and

let carriage down
After turn is set - 2 short Go ahead on tong line
2 short - 3 short
Go ahead easy on tong line
3 short
Go into interlock and take

carriage to landing
3 short - 3 short
Ahead easy on carriage
1 short - 2 short
Increase tension on tong line

when carriage is going in
1 short - 1 short Decrease tension on tong line

when carriage is going in
3 medium
Hooker
3 medium - 4 short
Hooker and crew
5 long
Climber
4 long
Foreman
1 long - 1 short
Start or stop work
7 long - 2 short

Fire
Skidder Whistle Signals

1 short
Stops moving carriage - stops or

goes ahead on slack-puller (as case may be)

if carriage is stopped
2 short
Go ahead on skidding

line holding carriage
1 short - 2 short
Pick up skidding line, easy
2 short - 1 short
Shake up carriage

to clear choker
2 short - 2 short
Ahead on receding line
3 short
Ahead on carriage, holding

at present level, using interlock
3 short - 3 short
Ahead easy on skidding line
Slack skyline,

cable down
2 short - 2 short - 2 short - 1 short Pick up skyline,

cable up
Slack receding line
2 short - 4 short
Slack skidding line
Tighten all lines
1 short - 4 short
Slack off slack puller
1 short - 2 short Pick up slack puller when slack
2 short -2 short-plus When carriage is in: number
X number of short
of chokers wanted
2 short - 2 short - 1 long
Bull choker
1 short

Inspect buttrigging
For each additional

10 feet of tong line
1 long - plus
Number of coils of
X number of short
haywire wanted
5 medium
Tail or second rigger
5 medium - 4 short
Tail or second rigger

and that crew
2 medium
Skidder head rigger
3 medium
Hooker
3 medium - 4 short
Hooker and that crew
2 long
Ahead on transfer
2 long - 4 short
Slack transfer
1 short - 3 short
Ahead on carriage

with slack puller line
1 long
Ahead on haywire
145
1 long - 4 short
Slack haywire
1 long - 3 short
Ahead easy on haywire
5 long
Climber
4 long
Foreman
1 long - 1 short
Start or stop work
7 long - 2 short

Fire
Traffic Signs
Warning signs must be prominently displayed a
minimum of 300 feet in advance of forest activities that
create hazardous conditions for road traffic. A flagger
must also be used. Warning signs and flagging activities
along state and county roads must comply with uniform
traffic control requirements.
If the road is closed to through traffic, warning signs and
barricades are sufficient. Remove or cover signs when
operations are done or interrupted. In remote locations,
regular road signs can be useful to direct traffic and
emergency vehicles to the site.
Flaggers may be necessary at a busy landing to control
movement of log trucks and machines. Flaggers must
wear high-visibility vests and use a STOP/SLOW
paddle to control traffic. The STOP/SLOW paddle
must be eight sided, with a minimum height and width
of 18 inches, a red background with 6-inch white letters
on the STOP side, and an orange background with 6inch black letters on the SLOW side.
Warning signs must be diamond-shaped, a minimum
24 inches per side, with an orange background and
4inch black letters. Stop signs must be eight-sided, with
a minimum height and width of 24 inches, with a red
background and 6-inch white letters.
Warning signs must be worded to describe the hazard,
type of operation, or action to be taken, as in the following
examples:
Lines Across Road
Timber Falling Ahead
Heavy Truck Traffic
Stop Do Not Proceed Without Contacting _______
CB Channel _______
Hand Signals
Hand signals may be used within 300
feet of the machine operator as long as
the machine operator has a clear view
of the person using the hand signals.
Signaling by throwing any type of
material is prohibited.
The 13 figures on the following pages
illustrate standard hand signals.
Stop Any Moving Line and Hold
(Raise both arms)
Mainline Ahead Normal

(Raise one arm)
Mainline Ahead
(One arm raised, hand fluttering)
Mainline Ahead Slow

(Both arms raised)
Slack the Mainline Easy

(Both hands extended at side, hands fluttering)
Slack Mainline All Off

(Arm extended at side, flipping wrist)
146
Ahead On The Dropline

(Cross arms in front)
Cable Up
(Touch top of head and raise
hand up and down)
Tightline
(Hands over head fingertips
touching)
Ahead On The Haywire

(Touch hand to bent elbow)
Hold, Dog Drum or Brake Lever

(Clasp one hand with the other)
Slack the Haulback

(Hand in front of body using chopping motion)
Slack The Haywire

(Pat back of hand with other hand)
147
Glossary of Yarding and Loading Terms

This glossary lists terms related to yarding, loading, and
landing operations, with definitions from Federal OSHA,
Oregon OSHA Division 7 Forest Activities, and
WorkSafe BC, plus additional definitions for terms
used in this handbook. Most terms related to falling
and firefighting are not included.
BACK GUY: The guyline opposite lead of the mainline;

takes most of the pull.
BACK LINE: That part of the haulback between the
yarder and the corner block.
Ballistic nylon: A high-tensile nylon fabric
designed to provide protection from lacerations.
A-frame: A structure of two independent columns

fastened together at the top and separated at the bottom
to stabilize the unit from tipping sideways.
BALLOON: When a turn of logs is raised in the air

unintentionally. A method for changing logging roads.
Base of tree: That portion of a tree that is not more
than 12 inches above highest ground level.
Alternative communication system:

A system other than horn or whistle by voice, hand,
or media that provides a safe and reliable method of
communication between crew members.
BELAY (snubbing): A method of protecting a climber in

case of fall, using a safety rope held by a person on the
ground, secondary to the main climbing rope.
ANCHOR: Any stump, tree, deadman, earth-anchor, or

alternative object used to secure a skyline, guyline, or
rigging blocks.
BELL: The component that slides on a choker; when a

worker chokes a log, the bell secures the knob.
Anchor point (tree climbing): A secure point

capable of providing life support.
BELLY: A sag in any line.

BENDABILITY (wire rope): The ability of wire rope to
bend through a sheave or block and come back to original
shape without causing damage to the line.
Approved container: A metal or polyethylene

(plastic) container for flammable liquids up to 5 gallons,
approved by a nationally recognized testing lab.
Bight of the line: A hazard zone created by one

or more lines under tension, or a point on a line where
a rigging chain is attached. An unintentional bend
or deviation in a line caused by tree stumps or other
obstacles preventing the line from running straight.
Arch: Any device attached to the back of a mobile

vehicle, used to raise one end of logs for easier
movement.
Ascenders (jumars, gibbs): Any climbing device
used to ascend a fixed vertical rope. The term ascenders
usually refers to mechanical devices.
Binder: A hinged lever assembly for connecting the

ends of a wrapper to tighten the load restraining devices
(log trucks, flatbeds, lowboys, etc.).
BABBITT: Method to secure a device to a wire rope end

to form a terminal, using an alloy composed of several
soft metals.
BIRD-CAGING: Twisting of wire rope so strands

become separated and form a cage-like effect.
BACK CORNER: Location where the tailhold on the

haulback side turns the haulback around the corner.
BLOCK: Used to change direction of a line, composed

of a metal case enclosing one or more sheaves and
equipped with a hook, swivel, or gooseneck for rigging
attachment.
BACK END: The farthest point away from a landing or

yarder in a setting; usually referred to as the tailblocks.
BLOW-DOWN: Trees that have been blown down as a

result of wind.
148
BOLE (tree stem, tree trunk): The main stem of a tree of

substantial diameter.
Caulks (calks, chalks): Heavy leather boots containing

numerous steel caulks or spikes. A part of the fallers
safety equipment used to promote secure footing.
BOOM: The articulated lifting arm on backhoes,

excavators, log loaders, and similar machinery. Also the
arm or jib that extends from the spar on cranes.
CANKER: Fungal decay in a tree that can reduce the

holding strength of branches or trunk.
BOOMSTICKS: Long log with chain holes drilled in

both ends to contain encircle and contain loose logs in a
log pond or river.
CARABINER: An oblong metal ring with a springloaded

gate on one side, used for various purposes in climbing,
such as attaching equipment to the climber or securing
the climber to a rappel system.
BRANDING: Striking the end of a log with a hammer

embossed with a brand to identify ownership of logs.
CARRIAGE: A wheeled device that rides on a skyline,

used for hauling logs.
BREAKING STRENGTH: The point of failure for a

wire rope or chain under load.
CATS PAW: A simple nonslipping knot used on fiber

or wire rope with the line running through an eye and
looped back on itself to make a quick connection.
BRIDLE: A method to secure a guyline to two stumps

with a block and strap.
CHASER: A worker who unhooks chokers at the landing;

also called the landing worker.
BRIDLE HITCH: A method of choking a log from

opposite sides by using two chokers.
CHEST HARNESS: Straps placed around the chest and

shoulders to secure a chest attachment point.
Brow log: A log placed parallel to any roadway at

a landing or dump to protect carriers while loading or
unloading.
Chock: A block, often wedge-shaped, used to

prevent movement, such as a log from rolling or a wheel
from turning.
Buck: To cut a fallen tree into logs.

BUCKLE: To bend under strain.
CHOKE: To pass a line or choker around a log or other

object and pull it tight.
BUNK: Framework designed to contain logs.
Choker: Length of wire rope, chain, or synthetic

material with attachments for encircling a log to be
yarded.
BURL: A half-spherical growth on a tree with deformed

grain.
BUTT: Bottom of a felled part of a tree.
CHOKERSETTER: A member of the rigging crew who

sets chokers under the direction of a rigging slinger.
BUTT LOG: Portion of a felled tree from the butt to the

first bucking cut.
CHORD: A straight line that links two points on a circle

or curve, used in calculating deflection and payload
capacity.
BUTT WELDING: The practice of welding something

end to end.
BUTTRIGGING: Swivel system to connect the mainline
to the haulback and attach chokers.
CHUNK OUT: To remove log chunks, branches, and

debris from a landing or work area.
Cable yarding: The movement of trees or logs

from the area where they have been fallen to a landing
by attaching them to a cable system that is supported by
a metal tower (wood spar) and/or intermediate support
or tailtrees.
CLIMBER: A person qualified to climb a tree; the person

climbing.
CLIMBING BELT (lineman-type belt, body belt, safety
belt): A wide-padded belt with two large metal D-ring
attachment points on the sides. A climbing belt does not
have an attached chest harness or attached leg straps.
149
CLIMBING HARNESS: A type of harness that provides

both pelvic and upper body support and can be adjusted
to fit individual climbers. Climbing harnesses may be a
one-piece full-body harness or a two-piece design that
meets industry recognized standards.
CULL: A tree or log which is considered unmerchantable

because of defects.
Cut-up-tree: A tree left standing, with falling cuts
started or completed.
Cutter: See Faller.
CLIMBING HELMET: A specialized helmet with a

three-point chinstrap to stay in place during a fall and
rating to protect against side and top impacts.
Danger tree: A standing tree, alive or dead, that

presents a hazard to workers, due to deterioration or
physical damage, and the direction of lean.
CLIMBING LINE: A rated rope used in tree climbing

for ascending into a tree, descending from a tree, and/or
working aloft in a tree, with a 5,400-pound minimum
breaking strength.
DBH: Diameter at breast height.

Deadman: Buried log or other object used as an
anchor.
CLIMBING SPURS: Lshaped metal shanks that attach

to the foot and lower leg, used to ascend or descend a
tree bole by means of a sharp spike (gaff) that penetrates
the tree bark and sticks into the wood of the tree.
DEBARK: To remove bark from trees or logs.

Deck: A stack of trees or logs.
DEFLECTION: The amount of sag in a line measured
at midspan, expressed as a percentage of the horizontal
length of the span.
CLINOMETER: A handheld optical instrument used to

measure angles of a slope.
Competent person: A qualified person authorized
by the employer to identify existing and predictable
hazards in the surroundings and work conditions and to
eliminate the hazards or take corrective actions.
DESCENDERS: Any rappelling device used to descend

a vertically fixed rope.
Designated person: An individual assigned by the
employer to perform a specific duty or duties.
CORD: A measure of wood quantity; typically a stack

measuring 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft.
Direct supervision: Supervision by a competent

person who watches over and directs the work of others
who are within sight and unassisted natural voice
contact.
CORNER BLOCK: The first block the haulback passes

through on its way to the tailblock.
CORRIDOR: A cleared strip for a skyline or guyline.
DOG (pawl): Action of blocking any movement. A pawl

used as a stop on a ratchet wheel. On a chainsaw, pointed
teeth on the saw body that dig into the tree with applied
pressure and assist cutting.
COUNTERWEIGHT: Extra weight added to the back of

mobile machines to increase lifting capacity.
CRIBBING: A log lattice used to support and usually level
the end of a bridge, road, or the base for equipment.
DOG LINE: Type of line used to fasten logs or timber

products together by the use of dogs.
CROSSING THE LEAD: Intentional or unintentional

falling of a tree across the established lead of falling
direction. Although crossing the lead may be caused
by wind, it generally is a result of improper falling
technique.
DOUBLE ENDED LOGS: Two logs end to end on the

same lay.
Dress a knot: To orient the rope parts of a knot so
they are properly aligned, straightened, or bundled. This
is often necessary for proper operation of the knot or to
reduce rope stress.
CROTCH LINE: Two short lines attached to the same

ring or shackle, used for loading or unloading.
CRUMMY: Vehicle used to transport fallers to and from
the falling and bucking area.
150
DRIFT CARRIAGE: A carriage that rides on the skyline

and is controlled by the mainline, or mainline and
haulback.
Escape route: A planned and understood route to

move to a safe area.
Experienced person: A person with sufficient
training, experience, and skill in a given process to be
knowledgeable of all aspects of that process to work
without direct supervision.
DRIP TORCH: Special equipment used by firefighters

and forest workers to make controlled fires, with an
applicator that drips liquid fuel in a mixture of 1 part
gasoline to 4 parts diesel (1:4).
EXTENSION: A line added to another line to increase

its length.
DROPLINE: The length of line from the carriage to the

hook or end connector that holds the choker.
Extreme weather conditions: Includes, but

not limited to: (a) strong winds (timbered areas only):
wind velocity that reaches sufficient force to blow limbs
from standing trees, cause windfalls, or prevent cutters
from falling trees in the desired direction; (b) impaired
vision: conditions such as falling snow, sleet, mist, fog,
rain, dust, or darkness that substantially impair visibility,
so workers cannot clearly see signals, moving vehicles,
equipment and lines, falling trees or other hazards; (c)
hazardous snow or ice: slippery conditions prevent
escape from hazards; or (d) lightning.
DRUM: A mechanical device on which line is spooled

or unspooled.
DUTCHMAN (yarding): A block arrangement used to
change the lateral placement of a line, or pull the bight
of a line to assist in landing logs.
DYNAMIC LOAD: A load due to acceleration of force,
as in a log going from partial to full suspension.
Dynamic rope: A rope that has an elongation of 40
to 60 percent at the breaking strength and typically a 2 to
8 percent elongation at a working load of 200 pounds.
EYE: A loop at the end of a wire or fiber rope, spliced or

press-fitted.
Elastic limit: The point beyond which a stretched

line will not return to its original length once tension is
released.
FACE: Edge of area formed along standing timber as

timber is felled. Also directional felling cut placed in
front of tree toward direction of fall.
ELASTICITY (wire rope): The facility of a wire rope to

resume its original shape once tension is released after
stretching under load.
Fairlead: Sheaves, rolls, or a combination, designed

to receive a line from any direction and guide it to
properly spool onto a drum with minimum burning.
Emergency care: Care provided by a person who

is first aid and CPR trained.
Fall: To cut down trees.

Fall block: A long, narrow block with a thick
shell, a small sheave at one end, and a gooseneck at the
other, used in northbend and southbend systems to add
mechanical advantage to lift the turn to the skyline.
Emergency medical service: Care provided by

a medically trained person such as in a hospital, clinic,
ambulance, or rescue vehicle.
ENDURANCE LIMIT (wire rope): Fifty percent of
breaking strength for all lines. Using a line over the
endurance limit increases line fatigue.
Faller: A person who falls (cuts down) trees.

FATIGUE (wire rope): Condition when individual wires
in a cable begin to break.
EQUIPMENT ANCHOR: Machinery used as an

anchor.
FELLER-BUNCHER: Mobile machinery designed to

hold, cut, and pile trees for yarding or skidding.
Equipment protection designations: The

listing of specific guarding requirements for specific
logging machines.
FERRULE: A metal sleeve or collar, babbitted or pressed

to the end of a wire rope to form a knob.
151
FIRE WATCH: A worker who remains at a logging

site up to three hours at the end of each day, or stays
overnight at some seasons, to watch for possible fires
caused by logging activities.
HAULBACK: A line used to pull the buttrigging and

mainline to the logs to be yarded.
HAULBACK BLOCK: Any block the haulback line
passes through including the corner block and tailblock.
FOPS (falling object protective structure): Structural

members arranged in such a way to reasonably protect
operators from falling objects such as trees, rocks, etc.
HAYRACK: A type of loading boom where two tongs

are used and logs are suspended. A transporting vehicle
with multiple sets of bunks attached to a rigid frame
usually used for hauling logs.
FOUR-INCH TIE-IN: A self-belay (snubbing) system

usually consisting of a rope, webbing, and carabiners. It
is used as a safety line to secure the climber to the tree
below the 4-inch bole diameter and at 3-foot intervals
along the bole when climbing above the 4-inch bole
diameter.
HAYWIRE (strawline): Light wire rope used to haul

heavy lines or blocks into position.
HEEL BOOM: A type of loading boom where one tong
is used and one end of the log is pulled up against the
boom.
FRONT-END LOADER: A mobile machine mounted on

a wheeled or tracked chassis, equipped with a grapple,
tuck, bucket, or fork-lift device, and employed in the
loading, unloading, stacking, or sorting of logs or
materials.
High lead: A system of logging where the mainline

is threaded through the mainline block which is located
near the top of the spar or metal tower to obtain a lift of
the logs being yarded and is returned to the vicinity of
the logs by a haulback line.
GOOSENECK: The yoke of a block.
High-visibility colors: Bright or fluorescent

white, lime green, orange, yellow, red, or aqua colors
that stand out from the surrounding background color
and are easily seen.
Grounded (cutting): Placement of a tree on the

ground.
Grounded (electrical): A method to dissipate static or
electrical charges.
HOOKTENDER: The worker that supervises the method

of moving the logs from the woods to the landing.
Grounded (machines): The placement of a machine

component on the ground or device where it is firmly
supported.
HUNG/LODGED TREE: See Hang-up (falling).

In the clear: A position within the work area where
the probability of hazardous contact with vehicles,
machines, falling trees, moving logs, rootwads, chunks,
material, rigging, and equipment is minimized by
distance from the hazards and/or use of physical barriers,
such as stumps, trees, terrain, or other objects providing
protection.
Guarded: Covered, shielded, fenced, enclosed, or

otherwise protected by means of suitable enclosures,
covers, casings, shields, troughs, railings, screens, mats,
or platforms, or by location to prevent injury.
GUTHOOK: To grapple or choke a log in the middle.
Guyline: A standing line used to support or stabilize
a spar, tailtree, intermediate support tree, machinery, or
equipment.
intermediate support TREE: A tree or tree used

to elevate and support skylines.
HAng-up (falling): A tree leaning against another tree

or object which prevents it from falling to the ground.
JACK: A hanger device used to support a skyline.

JACKPOT: An area in which the trees have not been
felled in any particular lead or direction, resulting in
unstable, crisscrossed logs, usually difficult to break
free. Such a situation is typically a result of poor falling
technique.
Hang-up (yarding): Logs stuck behind a stump or

other obstacle during yarding. Rigging fouled in some
manner.
152
JACKLINE: A line rigged from one or between two

intermediate support trees to hold a jack for the skyline.
LIFT TREE: An intermediate support for a skyline.

Limbing: To cut branches off trees.
JACKSTRAWED: Trees or logs piled in an unorderly

manner.
LOADER: A mobile machine mounted on a wheeled

or tracked chassis, equipped with a frontally mounted
grapple, tusk, or forklift device, and employed in the
loading, unloading, stacking or sorting of logs.
JAGGERS: A projecting broken wire in a cable.

JILL-POKE: A log driven out of a pile to protrude out
one end.
LOADING BOOM: Any structure projecting from a

pivot point to guide a log when lifted.
KNOB: A metal ferrule attached to the end of a line.
Log dump: An area where logs are removed from a

truck or rail car.
Landing: Any designated place where logs are laid

after being yarded and are awaiting subsequent handling,
loading and hauling.
Log: A segment sawed or split from a fallen tree.
Landing chute: The head of the skid trail or

yarding road where the logs are temporarily placed and
are awaiting subsequent handling, loading, and hauling.
Logging: All operations relating to the falling of

trees, cutting the fallen trees into suitable lengths,
yarding, limbing, debarking, grading, loading, hauling,
unloading, and storing in decks or ponds until processed
from timber to wood products.
LANYARD (climbing rope, safety lanyard, adjustable

lanyard, Prusik lanyard, flip line): A short piece of
5,400pound minimum breaking strength rope or
webbing that secures the climber to the tree.
LOGGING MACHINE: A machine used or intended for

use to yard, move, or handle logs, trees, chunks, trailers,
and related materials or equipment. This includes selfloading log trucks only during the loading and unloading
process.
LAY (cutting): Refers to either the position in which

a felled tree is lying or the intended falling place of a
standing tree.
LOWBOY: Trailer used to move heavy machinery.
Lay (wire rope): A unit of measure to describe the

straight-line distance in which a strand of wire rope
makes one complete spiral around the core of a rope.
The way wires have been laid to form strands and the
way strands have been laid around the core.
MACHINE: A piece of stationary or mobile equipment

having a self-contained power plant that is operated offroad and used for the movement of material. Machines
include, but are not limited to, tractors, skidders, frontend loaders, scrapers, graders, bulldozers, swing yarders,
log stackers, log loaders, and mechanical felling devices
such as tree shears and feller-bunchers. Machines do not
include airplanes or aircraft (e.g., helicopters).
LEAD (cutting): The established direction in which

all trees in a quarter or strip are to be felled, usually
governed by the terrain of the area, or its general slope
or skid road system.
Mainline (yarding): The line that moves the turn of

logs toward the yarder in any given system.
LEAD (yarding): The direction the lines run out from the
yarder; the alignment of sheaves and winches.
MARLIN SPIKE: A steel spike-shaped tool that tapers to

a flat point, used in splicing wire rope.
LEG PROTECTOR: Ballistic nylon pad attached to one

or both pant legs to protect the leg from contact with
the saw chain. It can be attached to either the inside or
outside of the pant leg.
MATTOCK: A hand tool suitable for digging and

breaking up moderately hard ground.
LIFE-SUPPORT LINE (rope): A 5,400-pound minimum

breaking strength line, such as a climbing rope, flip strap,
or lanyard used to support or secure a climber in a tree.
Mechanized falling: Falling of standing timber

by a self-propelled, wheeled, or tracked machine
equipped with a shear or other powered cutting device.
153
Metal tower: A vertical or leaning metal tube or

boom used for yarding logs by cable logging.
POTENTIAL FAILURE ZONE: (danger trees, wildlife

trees): The area on the ground that could be reached by
any portion of a tree that may collapse.
MOBILE YARDER: A logging machine mounted on

wheels, tracks, or skids, incorporating a vertical or
inclined spar, tower, or boom.
Potential failure zone (yarding): A designated

area around standing tree anchors, tailtrees, or
intermediate support trees within range of the tree or
bight of the line if the tree fails. Boundaries of the zone
encompass the area in which the tree or parts of the
tree could fall and other trees or objects that could be
impacted by the tree failure.
MOLLY (Molly Hogan): A single strand from a wire

rope, rolled into a circle with six wraps, used in most
pin shackles in place of a cotter key. Also, used as a
temporary method to connect the eyes of two lines.
NORTHBEND: A yarding system where the mainline
passes though a fall block, then connects to the carriage;
allows side blocking and extra block purchase for lift.
PULASKI: An ax-type tool with an ax head on one

side and a mattock blade on the other (named after its
originator).
NRTL (Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory): An

organization recognized by OSHA to certify equipment.
Qualified first-aid person: Has evidence to

show valid first aid and CPR training within two years.
NUBBIN: One of several types of end connectors.
Qualified person: A person with a recognized

degree, certification, professional standing, knowledge,
training or experience, and demonstrated ability to
perform the work and solve work problems.
O.P.S. (operator protective structure): A certified structure

or enclosure to minimize operator injury from hazards,
such as whipping saplings, branches, jill-poking, and
snapping winch lines, designed with the least adverse
effect on operator visibility.
QUALIFIED TREE CLIMBER: An individual with the

physical capabilities, training, work experience, and job
assignment authorized by the employer to climb tree.
PAD (cribbing): A log or lumber-like block placed under

the foot of a hydraulic jack or spar to increase the surface
area, level the base, and give extra height.
QUARTER: See Strip.

RAPPEL ROPE: A 5,400-pound minimum breaking
strength rope used to rappel or descend from a tree.
PASS LINE: A small line threaded through a block at the

top of the spar to assist the high climber.
RANGE (location): See Section.
PAWL (dog): The stopping device in a ratchet system.
Rated capacity: The load identified by the

manufacturer that a system, vehicle, machine, or piece
of equipment can lift or move.
PERMISSIBLE (as applied to any device, equipment or

appliance): The device, equipment, or appliance has the
formal approval of the United States Bureau of Mines,
American Standards Association, or National Board of
Fire Underwriters.
Reach: Usually a rectangular steel tube, used as a

connection between a log truck and the trailer.
PLUMB: To gauge or assess the various types of lean in

a tree or spar.
RECEDING LINE: The line on a skidder or slackline

comparable to the haulback line on a yarder.
PLUMB-BOB: Special tool used to establish the outward

lean or slant of a tree in relation to its base. Generally a
lead weight attached to a piece of string is used.
REEFING: To pull hard then back off repeatedly to clear

a hang-up. Unacceptable logging practice.
RELOAD: An area where logs are dumped and reloaded or
transferred as a unit to another mode of transportation.
P.P.E. (personal protective equipment): Clothing or

equipment worn to protect the head, body, feet, and
extremities from chemical or physical hazards.
154
RIGGING CHAIN: A chain with an open hook on one

end and a ring on the other, used to grip and pull or hold
wire rope.
A saddle may have either two separate leg loops or a

single wide strap that encircles the climber below the
buttocks and differs from a safety harness by not having
a chest component.
RIGGING CUT: The bucking of non-merchantable trees

which have been felled or blown down to facilitate easier
access to the area by the rigging crew.
Safety factor: The ratio of breaking strength to

safe working strength or load.
RIGGING CREW: Crew and equipment that pulls logs

to an area called a deck or landing. From the deck, logs
are loaded onto trucks for transport.
SAFETY GLASS: A type of glass that will not shatter

when broken.
SAFETY LINE (safety rope, belay rope): A 5,400-pound
minimum breaking strength rope attached to a climber
and used for belaying by a ground person or attached to
an anchor point and adjusted by the climber.
ROAD (transportation): The haul road.

ROAD (yarding): The area logged on either side of the
skyline.
Safety pin (shackle): A threaded shackle pin secured

by a nut that is secured with a cotter key, latchpin, or
molly.
ROAD CHANGE: To move rigging and running lines to

yard the next unlogged area in the felled timber.
ROLLWAY: Any place where logs are dumped and they
roll or slide to their resting place.
SAFETY STRAP: A short piece of wire rope secured to

a block or other rigging to prevent the equipment from
falling into a work area in case of line failure.
ROOT PULL: The pulling out of a portion of a trees root

system. Generally a result of not cutting up the corners
of the holding wood close enough on a large or heavily
leaning tree.
SAFETY STRAP (sling; tree climbing): A length of

rope or webbing used as a protection point in a belayed
ascent, placed around the tree bole and secured by either
a knot or carabiner, then secured to the belay rope with
a carabiner.
ROOTWAD: The ball of a tree root and dirt that is pulled

from the ground when a tree is uprooted.
SAFETY SWEDE: A device designed to make a

positive connection to binders being closed (tightened)
or opened.
R.O.P.S. (roll-over protective structure): Certified

framing and support for machinery that reduces the
possibility of a seatbelted operator from being crushed
should the machine roll over.
SAG: The vertical drop in the bight of a line.
Rub rails: Guarding on the exposed sides of elevated

bridges, ramps, or runways to prevent wheeled equipment
from going over the edge.
SAPLING: An immature tree that is not normally

harvested.
SAW LOG: logs taken to be manufactured in lumber.
Rub tree: A tree used to guide a turn around a certain

area.
SCALER: The person who measures the diameter and

length of the logs determines specie and grade, and
makes deductions for footage calculations.
RUNAWAY: A tree that has rolled or slid downhill below

previously felled and bucked timber.
SCHOOL-MARM: A tree stem that branches into two or

more trunks or tops.
Runner: A person who delivers supplies and materials,

or relays information.
SECTION (location): A land surveying unit in the United

States, used to define property boundaries. Location can
be expressed in terms of section, township, and range.
Section is the basic unit, equal to one square mile. A
township is 36 sections in a square, six per side. A range
Running line: Any moving line in a cable yarding

system.
SADDLE (sit harness): A type of work harness designed
to support a climber for long periods in a sitting position.
155
number is assigned to each township according to its

distance east or west from a principal meridian.
Skidding: The movement of logs or fiber on the

surface of the ground toward the place where they can
be further processed or loaded.
SECTION (wire rope): A length of haywire typically

250 feet.
SKYCAR: A motorized carriage that contains a drum of

cable (dropline) that can be lowered down to the rigging
crew by use of radio controls.
SECURED: When a climber using a climbing system is

safeguarded from unintended movement
Skyline: The line hung between two or more supports

on which a carriage or block travels.
Serviceable condition: That quality of a tool,

machine, vehicle, equipment, or other device to operate
as it was intended to operate by the manufacturer.
Slackline: A system of logging with a carriage

traveling on a skyline that can be raised or lowered.
The carriage is pulled to the landing by the mainline
(skidding line) and is returned to the vicinity of the logs
by a haulback line or gravity.
SHACKLE: A U-shaped, heavy steel device fitted with

a pull-out or screw pin, used to secure rigging and lines
together.
SHEAVE: The grooved wheel or pulley of a block that
wire rope runs over.
Slope (grade): The increase or decrease in altitude

over a horizontal distance expressed as a percentage. A
change of altitude of 20 feet over a horizontal distance of
100 feet is expressed as a 20 percent slope.
SHORE SKIDS: Any group of timbers spaced a short

distance apart on which logs are rolled.
Snag: Any dead standing tree or part of a tree.
Short log (chunks): Any log or fiber less than 27 feet

long.
Snap Catch: A metal device with a ring on one end

that usually attaches permanently to a rope or cable. The
other end has a spring-loaded, locking gate.
SHOTGUN: Rigging outhaul by gravity.

SIDE: A logging unit, including the workers that are
rigging and yarding.
Snubbing: Retarding or controlling the movement

of logs or machines by attachment to another vehicle or
stationary object.
Side block: A yarding system that uses the haulback

to pull the skyline or chokers to one side of a logging
road.
SOFT HAMMER: A hammer made of mild steel, marked

with an S; used for cutting line.
SIDEROD: Foreman for one side; also assistant camp

foreman.
Spring pole: A tree, segment of a tree, limb, or

sapling under stress due to pressure of another object.
Unintentionally cutting them is extremely dangerous.
SIDEWINDER: See Spring Pole.

Siwash (intentional): The use of a natural physical
object, such as a tree or stump, that changes the direction
of a line rather than with a block.
SQUAW HITCH: A method to raise the end of a log when

a choker will not pass underneath; chokes the upper end
and as low down as possible to raise the log and allow a
choker to be set.
Siwash (unintentional): When a line hangs up on a

stump, root wad or other object, changing the lead and
creating a hazard area.
Square lead: A horizontal angle of up to 90 degrees

formed by the projected lines of the mainline from
the drum of the logging machine through the block or
fairlead and the yarding road.
Skidder: A self-propelled machine, of the wheel or

crawler design, or an animal used to move logs or trees
to a landing.
SQUIRREL: A weight used to swing a boom when

the power unit does not have enough drums to do it
mechanically.
156
SQUIRREL TREE: A topped tree, guyed if necessary,

near the spar tree in which the counterbalance (squirrel)
of a tree rigged boom is hung.
SWAMPOUT: Refers to the clearing away from the base

of a tree and bucking area loose debris that could hamper
footing, use of tools, and/or escaping.
STAGGED OR BOBBED PANTS: Pants whose cuffs are

removed and length shortened to facilitate unrestricted
movement for working and escaping.
Swede connection: A line configuration consisting

of wrapping two choker lines in the same direction
around a tree or log and connecting the line nubbins to
opposite line bells.
Stability (machine or vehicle): The capacity of

a machine or vehicle to return to equilibrium or to its
original position after having been displaced.
SWEDE HITCH: Use of two chokers on a heavy log.

SWEDGING: Splitting up the crew into two teams, with
one set working the front end of the logging road and
the second set working the back end, using three sets of
chokers.
STEEL-CORE LANYARD (climbing rope, flip rope,

spur rope, cable-core lanyard): A manila or synthetic
rope with a steel cable core in which a snap hook or
eye has been spliced at one end. This rope is used as a
lanyard when spur climbing and when cutting, trimming,
or pruning in a tree.
Swing radius (machines): The distance includes the

actual rotation radius of the upper structure, as well as
attachments, logs, and materials being handled.
STIFF BOOM: Two or more boom sticks wrapped

together on which boom persons walk or work.
TAG: Joining two or more chokers end to end for

extended reach.
STINGER: Metal nail-like affair attached to the end of

a loggers measuring tape. After inserted, it will secure
one end of the tape to accurately measure a log.
TAILBLOCK: The haulback block at the back end of

the show.
Tailhold: An anchor used for making fast any line or
block other than a guyline.
STRAP: Any short piece of line with an eye or D in

each end.
Tailtree: The tree at the opposite end from the landing

area on which rigging is hung.
Strip: A stand of timber or area of fallen and bucked

timber in a predetermined location on which loggers
work in a planned pattern.
THIMBLE: A steel fitting placed in the eye of a rope to

retain the round shape, give support, and protect the line
from pin wear.
STUB: A standing dead tree characterized by a broken

off top and very few or no remaining branches.
TIEBACK: An anchor supported by multiple stumps or

other anchors, tied together with twisters.
Supervisory personnel: Agent of the employer

(such as a manager, superintendent, foreperson, hook
tender, rigging slinger, or person in charge of all or
part of the place of employment) who directs the work
activities of one or more workers.
TIEDOWN: Chain, cable, steel strips or fiber webbing

and binders attached to a truck, trailer or other conveyance
as a means to secure loads and to prevent them from
shifting or moving when they are being transported.
SWAGED LINE: Manufactured by pressing wire rope

to flatten the outer crown and reduce the diameter,
which allows increased drum capacity and increased line
strength for a given diameter.
Tightline: When a force is exerted on both main line

and haulback at the same time.
Timber cutting: The falling and/or bucking of trees
by hand or mechanical means.
SWAMPING: The falling or cutting of brush around or

along a specified place.
TIN PANTS AND JACKET: Outside clothing generally

made of canvas material that is water-proofed.
157
TIPPING PLATES: A type of anchor system that embeds

several plates in soft ground.
Turn: Any log or group of logs or other material usually

attached by chokers, grapples or other means and moved
from a point of rest to the landing or landing chute area.
TONG LINE BLOCK: The block hung in a boom

through which the tong line operates.
TWISTER: A strong limb used to twist a looped wire

rope connecting two stumps, and make the lines taut in a
multiple-stump anchor system.
TONGUE: A device used to pull and/or steer a trailer.

TONGUE AND GROOVE: Bucking technique used
to hold logs in place after bucking cuts are made. Used
where trees can slide or roll after bucking.
V-lead: A horizontal angle of less than 90 degrees

formed by the projected lines of the mainline from
the drum of the logging machine through the block or
fairlead and the yarding road.
Topping: Cutting off the top section of a standing tree

prior to rigging the tree for a spar or tailtree.
Vehicle: Any carrier that is not manually propelled.
TOPS (Tip-Over Protective Structure): Certified framing

and support for machinery that reduces the possibility
of a seatbelted operator from being injured should the
machine tip over on its side.
WAIST LINE: The portion of haulback between the two

haulback blocks (usually corner and tail block).
Watcher/Firewatch: A person who visually
monitors the operation area for fire.
TOWNSHIP (location): See Section.
WIDOWMAKER: Any loose overhead debris, such as

limbs or tree tops that may fall at any time. Widowmakers
are extremely dangerous.
Tractor: A self-propelled machine of wheel or

crawler design, used to work through mounted equipment
to move objects or material.
WILDLAND FIRE: Any non-structure fire, other than

prescribed fire, that occurs in the wildland.
TRACTOR LOGGING: The use of any wheeled or

tracked vehicle in the skidding or yarding of logs.
WILDLANDS FIRE FIGHTING: All activities,

operations, and equipment of employers and employees
involved in the suppression or control of fires on
wildlands. Does not include interior structural fire
suppression or control.
TRANSFER (as used in loading): Changing of logs in a

unit from one mode of transportation to another.
TREE-CLIMBING WORK: Any task performed in or
on a tree where access is accomplished by unsecured or
secured climbing, mounted steps or ladders, or vehicle or
machine hoisting.
Wildlife tree: A live, partially dead, or snag tree in

the forest riparian zone or in a cutting unit that is left for
wildlife habitat. May also be a danger tree.
Tree jack (shoe): A grooved saddle of wood, soft

metal, or rollers contained within two steel side plates,
attached to a tree with a strap as a guide for a skyline, sail
guy, or similar static line.
Winching: The winding of cable or rope onto a spool

or drum.
Within the stakes: When the log center is below
the top of the stakes on a loaded log truck.
Tree plates: Steel bars sometimes shaped as

elongated Js, fastened to a tree to support guylines in
elevated lift trees and prevent the rigging from cutting
into the tree when tightened. The hook of the J prevents
the mainline block strap from sliding down the tree.
Work area: Any area frequented by workers in the

performance of assigned or related duties.
WORKING LOAD LIMIT: The maximum weight or
force to be used on a line, according to the manufacturer,
usually calculated as one-third the breaking strength of
a line.
TREE SHOE: A device used to support a skyline on a

tailspar or intermediate support tree.
158
Wrapper (tie down): A chain, cable, steel banding,

synthetic rope or fiber webbing assembly used to contain
a load of logs.
Yarder: A machine with a series of drums used to
yard logs.
Yarding: Movement of logs or trees from the place
where they were felled to an area where they can be
further processed.
159
NOTES
160
OregonOSHA Services
Oregon OSHA offers a wide variety of safety and health services to employers and employees:
Appeals
503-947-7426; 800-922-2689; admin.web@state.or.us
Provides the opportunity for employers to hold informal meetings with Oregon OSHA on concerns
about workplace safety and health.
Discusses Oregon OSHAs requirements and clarifies workplace safety or health violations.
Discusses abatement dates and negotiates settlement agreements to resolve disputed citations.
Conferences
503-378-3272; 888-292-5247, Option 1; oregon.conferences@state.or.us
Co-hosts conferences throughout Oregon that enable employees and employers to learn and share
ideas with local and nationally recognized safety and health professionals.
Consultative Services
503-378-3272; 800-922-2689; consult.web@state.or.us
Offers no-cost, on-site safety and health assistance to help Oregon employers recognize and
correct workplace safety and health problems.
Provides consultations in the areas of safety, industrial hygiene, ergonomics, occupational
safety and health programs, assistance to new businesses, the Safety and Health Achievement
Recognition Program (SHARP), and the Voluntary Protection Program (VPP).
Enforcement
503-378-3272; 800-922-2689; enforce.web@state.or.us
Offers pre-job conferences for mobile employers in industries such as logging and construction.
Inspects places of employment for occupational safety and health hazards and investigates
workplace complaints and accidents.
Provides abatement assistance to employers who have received citations and provides compliance
and technical assistance by phone.
Public Education 503-947-7443; 888-292-5247, Option 2; ed.web@state.or.us
Provides workshops and materials covering management of basic safety and health programs,
safety committees, accident investigation, technical topics, and job safety analysis.
Standards and Technical Resources

503-378-3272; 800-922-2689; tech.web@state.or.us
Develops, interprets, and gives technical advice on Oregon OSHAs safety and health rules.
Publishes safe-practices guides, pamphlets, and other materials for employers and employees
Manages the Oregon OSHA Resource Center, which offers safety videos, books, periodicals, and
research assistance for employers and employees.
Need more information? Call your nearest Oregon OSHA office.
Salem Central Office
350 Winter St. NE, Rm. 430
Salem, OR 97301-3882
Phone: 503-378-3272
Toll-free: 800-922-2689
Fax: 503-947-7461
en Espaol: 800-843-8086
Web site: www.orosha.org
Bend
Medford
Portland
Red Oaks Square

1230 NE Third St.,
Ste. A-115
Bend, OR 97701-4374
541-388-6066
Consultation:
541-388-6068
1840 Barnett Road,

Ste. D
Medford, OR 97504-8250
541-776-6030
Consultation:
541-776-6016
1750 NW Naito Parkway,

Ste. 112
Portland, OR 97209-2533
503-229-5910
Consultation: 503-229-6193
Pendleton
1340 Tandem Ave. NE,

Ste. 160
Salem, OR 97303
503-378-3274
Consultation: 503-373-7819
Eugene
200 SE Hailey Ave.

Pendleton, OR 97801-3056
1140 Willagillespie,
541-276-9175
Ste. 42
Eugene, OR 97401-2101 Consultation:
541-276-2353
541-686-7562
Consultation:
541-686-7913
Salem
440-1935 (7/10)
OR-OSHA

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OREGON OSHA

YARDING AND LOADING HANDBOOK

YARDING AND LOADING HANDBOOK

Chapter 1. Planning for the Unit 4

Chapter 7. Yarding the Logs 82

Think Safety First

Chapter 2. Setting Up the Landing 7

Chapter 8. Landing the Turn 109

Chapter 3. Machine and Equipment

Chapter 9. Loading the Logs 123

SECTION 3. SAFETY GUIDE

Safety and Health Program

Chapter 5. Setting Up the Yarder 43

Moving in the Yarder

Chapter 11. Signs and Signals 142

Chapter 6. Rigging the Yarding Lines 60

Yarding and Loading Glossary 148

Oregon OSHA Yarding and Loading Handbook

Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Standards,

his handbook focuses on skyline yarding as the

Division 7 Forest Activities. 2008. Oregon OSHA.

Cable Yarding Systems Handbook. 2006. WorkSafe

Practical Methodology for Operational Layout of

The material in the handbook is intended to reinforce

Commercial Skyline Thinning Systems. 2004. Oregon

Best Practice Guidelines for Cable Logging. 2000.

Yarding and Loading Handbook. 1993. Oregon

This handbook does not contain all forest activity

Designing Double-Tree Intermediate Supports for

Cable Logging Systems. 1974. U.S. Forest Service,

Technical information is provided in some instances for

Pacific Northwest Region.

Training is critical before working in the woods. Get

Editor: Terry Hammond

Logging is a complex enterprise, and the challenge of

Planning and Setup

Oregon OSHA Yarding and Loading Handbook

PLANNING FOR THE UNIT

THINK SAFETY FIRST

Make sure the area to be logged is accessible and

Ensure deflection is adequate.

Determine if adequate guyline stumps or other

Assess danger trees near the landing.

IMPORTANT: Look at the worst yarding situation

The unit plan will help ensure a safe and productive

from each landing and determine if the machines

[1] Hazard Assessment. Survey the setting for hazards,

Machines maintain at least 3 feet of space between

[2] Weather. Consider how the weather may affect the

Landing edge check the stability of the slope on

IMPORTANT: Assess the ability of emergency personnel

Landing chute accommodate at least two-thirds

[3] Landing Locations. Identify the best landing

the length of the longest log landed.

Decking area must be adequate for the volume and

Chapter 1. Planning the Unit

View of a typical landing

Surge area reserve a place where the processor can

surfacing, overhead power lines, adverse grades, tight