New features in LS-DYNA R7.1.

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Newest release - published in April 2014
Robust production version is R6.1.2
Presentation about major new solid mechanics features:
Material Models, Element Technology, Metal Forming,
Occupant Safety, Implicit, Discrete Element Method,
General Enhancements

Material Models

*MAT_FABRIC(034) bending stiffness

Additional rotational resistance to model coating of the fabric

More realistic behavior of coated fabrics, e.g. airbags, seat cover, folding tops, ...
New parameters ECOAT, SCOAT, TCOAT on *MAT_FABRIC
...will be available for implicit in next release

with bending stiffness

without bending stiffness

Material Models
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*MAT_SPOTWELD(100)

New failure model OPT=11 for beam elements, where failure depends on
loading direction via curves

0
90
ISO thread
round thread
trapezoidal thread
buttress thread
Material Models
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*MAT_DRY_FABRIC(214) for high strength woven fabrics

Applications: propulsion engine containment, body armor, personal protections

Aerospace Working
Group Test Case 4:

Steel Projectile Impacts

Kevlar Fabric
(www.awg.lstc.com)

Material Models
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*MAT_ADD_COHESIVE

Usually cohesive elements (ELFORM = 19, 20, 21, and 22 of *SECTION_SOLID)

can only be used with a small subset of materials (138, 184, 185, 186, 240).

But with this additional keyword, a bigger amount of standard 3-d material
models can be used (e.g. 15, 24, 41-50, 81, 103, 120, 123, 124, 168, 187, 188,
224, 225, 252, ), that would only be available for solid elements in general.

Therefore, assumptions of inhibited lateral expansion and in-plane shearing

are used:

e.g. *MAT_024

displacements
in cohesive
element

3-dim. stresses

3-dim. strain rates

tractions in
cohesive
element

Material Models
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*MAT_TOUGHENED_ADHESIVE_POLYMER(252)

New material model for crash optimized high-strength adhesives

under combined shear and tensile loading

Drucker-Prager-Cap type plasticity + rate dependence + damage + failure

well suited for combination with *MAT_ADD_COHESIVE

damage

yield surface

Model developed in
German FAT* project:
good agreement
between experiments
and simulation
*Research Association for Automotive Technology

Material Models
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*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO(261)
*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO(262)

Two new material models for laminated fiber-reinforced composites

Based on physical models for each failure mode
Nonlinear in-plane shear behavior
Implemented for thin shells, thick shells, and solid elements

Material Models
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*MAT_CWM(270): Computational Welding Mechanics

temperature

weld material

Temperature created weld material

Initial ghost material (very low stiffness) becomes weld material
(elasto-plastic) during temperature increase

Supports birth of material and annealing in addition to standard

elastic-plastic thermal material properties

Material Models
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*MAT_POWDER(271) for compaction and

sintering of cemented carbides

Relative density
of wolframcarbide

Metal powder Solid component

Intended to be used in two stages:
1. Pure mechanical compaction
2. Thermo-mechanical sintering
Material Models
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*MAT_PAPER(274) for modeling of paperboard

Orthotropic elastoplastic model based on Xia (2002) and Nygards (2009)

For paperboard (e.g. packaging), a strongly heterogeneous material
Creasing simulation with delamination of individual plies shown above
Available for solid and shell elements
Has shown to reproduce experimental data well
Material Models
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Stochastic Variations of Material Properties

Permits random variations

of the material yield strength
and failure strain

Options for the spatial variation:

Uniform scale factor of 1.0
everywhere

Uniform random distribution

on a specified interval

Gaussian distribution
Specified probability
distribution function

Specified cumulative
distribution function

*DEFINE_STOCHASTIC_VARIATION
*MAT_name_STOCHASTIC
Material Models
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*MAT_name_STOCHASTIC Option

Available for materials:

*MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO (10)
*MAT_JOHNSON_COOK (15)
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY (24)
*MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE_{OPTION} (81)
*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK (98)

Available for solids, shells, and beams.

Yield surface and plastic strain to failure are scaled by
*DEFINE_STOCHASTIC_VARIATION

 =
 and  =
 where the 

 and
 are the

specified stochastic spatial variations.

Material Models
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More Material Model Updates

Enable regularization curve LCREGD of *MAT_ADD_EROSION

to be used with standard (non-GISSMO) failure criteria

Added materials 103 and 187 for tetrahedron type 13

New _MOISTURE option to *MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC(76) solids
Prestressing and failure criteria to *MAT_CABLE_DISCRETE(71)
New options to *MAT_LAMINATED_COMPOSITE_FABRIC(58):
rate dependent strengths and failure strains, transverse shear damage

New features for *MAT_SHAPE_MEMORY(30):

curves/table for loading and unloading, strain rate dependence

Added viscoplastic option to *MAT_ANISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC(157)

Material Models
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Element Technology

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Higher order shell elements

ELFORM=23: 8-noded quadrilateral

ELFORM=24: 6-noded triangle
SHL4_TO_SHL8 option on *ELEMENT_SHELL
converts 4-noded element to 8-noded correspondence

ESORT on *CONTROL_SHELL supported

Implicit capabilities and contacts supported

Element Technology
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Cosserat point hexahedron

Brick element using Cosserat Point Theory

Implemented as solid element type 1 with hourglass type 10 (since R7.0.0)
Hourglass is based on a total strain formulation
Hourglass constitutive coefficients determined to get correct results for
Coupled bending and torsion
High order hourglass deformation
Skewed elements

Seems to be a good alternative for rubber materials and coarse meshes

NEW: 10 node Cosserat Point Theory tetrahedron is now available in R7.1.1

Element Technology
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Cosserat 10-noded tetrahedron

Accompanying the Cosserat Hexahedron, a 10-noded Cosserat Tetrahedron is

available: ELFORM=16 + IHQ=10

The Cosserat Point Elements (CPE) seem less mesh sensitive than other
elements as examplified in the simulation below
Plane strain compression of an incompressible hyperelastic material, a
rigid plate is used for the compression. The problem is solved with
several different mesh topologies (10-noded tets) and the sensitivity to
different mesh orientations are shown.

Fully integrated tetrahedron

CPE tetrahedron

Element Technology
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Miscellaneuos Enhancements

New pentahedra cohesive elements (*SECTION_SOLID: ELFORM=21 & 22)

ELFORM=21 is the pentahedra version of ELFORM=19
ELFORM=22 is the pentahedra version of ELFORM=20

*CONTROL_SHELL: NFAIL1 and NFAIL4 supported

in coupled thermo-mechanical simulations

Delete distorted elements instead of error termination

New characteristic length calculation for higher order tets (ELFORM=16)

Length was originally assuming mid-side nodes at center between corner nodes and
led to non-conservative time steps

*CONTROL_SHELL: new option INTPERR

Terminate if *INITIAL_STRESS_SHELL and *SECTION_SHELL do not match up in
terms of integration points

Element Technology
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*CONTROL_REFINE_...

Available for shells (_SHELL), solids (_SOLID), and ALE elements (_ALE)
Adaptive refinement based on certain criteria (e.g. stress, energy, user-defined)
Refinement possible during initialization or during the run
Refinement can be reversed: coarsening
Supports *CONTACT and *BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION

*CONTACT_ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE

Element Technology
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Isogeometric Analysis

Isogeometric shells with NURBS: ELFORM=201 on *SECTION_SHELL

Recent progress
Elements now run in MPP with excellent scaling.
Multi-patch analysis with thin shells by selectively adding rotational DOF
at patch boundaries.

Added conventional mass-scaling for generalized shells

Improved post-processing capabilities
NURBS based contact algorithm
Dnew
(IGACTC on *CONTROL_CONTACT)
enables better representation
of real contact surface

Dold

Penetration detected
by the new contact,
not the old one

Element Technology
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NURBS-based contact: Example

Contours of effective stress

Old Contact:
Interpolation
elements

New Contact:
NURBS

1x1

2x2

3x3

4x4

Element Technology
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Forming Related Features

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*CONTROL_FORMING_INITIAL_THICKNESS

The initial thickness of Tailor rolled blank can vary along rolling direction
To specify a varying thickness field across a sheet blank

Forming Related Features

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*ELEMENT_LANCING

Cuts an interior section of the metal

without removing the section
(e.g. for stress relief)

Two types supported:

instant and progressive

Used together with

*DEFINE_CURVE_TRIM_3D

Recent progress
Allow multiple curve
intersections during
lancing

Allow multiple
lancing locations

Allow lancing boundary

to be a closed loop

Forming Related Features

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*CONTROL_FORMING_OUTPUT

More friendly output control for D3PLOT and INTFOR

Certain state deformations (e.g. home position) can be important
Distances for each flanging steels to the matching tools for d3plot output is
specified in a curve ID

*CONTROL_FORMING_OUTPUT
$ -------1---------2---------3---------4---------5
$
CID
NOUT
TBEG
TEND
Y1/LCID
1116
10 &clstime &endtime
-980
1117
10 &clstime &endtime
-980
1118
10 &clstime &endtime
-980
1119
10 &clstime &endtime
-980
*CONTROL_FORMING_OUTPUT_INTFOR
$ -------1---------2---------3---------4---------5
$
CID
NOUT
TBEG
TEND
Y1/LCID
1116
10 &clstime &endtime
-980
1117
10 &clstime &endtime
-980
1118
10 &clstime &endtime
-980
1119
10 &clstime &endtime
-980

*DEFINE_CURVE
980
23.0
19.0
15.0
13.5
13.0
5.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.0

Forming Related Features

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Occupant Safety

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*ELEMENT_SEATBELT_PRETENSIONER

Pull-in or belt load history of pretensioners could vary when different size of
dummies are used, or pretensioners are activated at different times.

Different pretensioner models are needed for different crash scenario.

A pretension-energy based option is added. This allows a single pretensioner
model to be used for various scenarios.
New pretensioner types SBPRTY=8 (retractor pretensioner) and
SBPRTY=9 (buckle or anchor pretensioner)

Occupant Safety
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*AIRBAG/*MAT_FABRIC: Material-dependent birth times

A single definition of birth time using *AIRBAG_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY

_BIRTH is applied to all reference geometry definitions, i.e., all reference
geometry definitions share the same birth time.

In a model involving more than one airbag model, each airbag has its own firing
time, and therefore needs its own birth time for its reference geometry definition.

RGBRTH in *MAT_FABRIC is used to define material dependent birth time.

CAB firing time=10 ms

DAB firing time=5 ms

Internal energy
of airbag material

Occupant Safety
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*SENSOR_DEFINE_FUNCTION

The value associated with this sensor is computed by performing mathematical

calculations defined in *DEFINE_FUNCTION, with the information obtained
from other sensors

This could replace *SENSOR_DEFINE_CALC-MATH, which can only perform

limited mathematical calculations

Up to 15 *DEFINE_SENSORs can be referenced in defining a mathematical

operation

*SENSOR_DEFINE_MISC

Trace the value of a miscellaneous item, MTYPE .eq.

ANGLE: Angular accelerometer sensor tracing the angle between two lines
RETRACTOR: Seatbelt retractor payout rate
RIGIDBODY: Accelerometer sensor tracing the kinematics of a rigid body
TIME: Current analysis time

This card replaces *SENSOR_DEFINE_ANGLE

Occupant Safety
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*CONTACT: SOFT=2 and DEPTH=45

Based on Splitting Pinball Method, Belytschko and Yeh, 1993

Able to treat numerous contact situations in a consistent way, including those
posing difficulties for node-to-segment contact.

The new option is gaining popularity among users because of its robustness
when handling complicated contact like folded airbag.

folded intersection-free bag

Occupant Safety
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*CONTACT: SOFT=2 and DEPTH=45

Deployment of the folded bag using various number of CPUs

time = 10.0 ms

8 CPU

time = 30.0 ms

48 CPU

96CPU

48 CPU

96CPU

robust results

time = 80.0 ms

8 CPU

8 CPU

48 CPU

96CPU

Occupant Safety
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Implicit Analysis

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Implicit Enhancements (1)

Much work on improving robustness and convergence characteristics of solver

Convergence tolerances
Line search (LSMTD=5)
Contacts and smoothness
R7.1.1 promising

Debug informations:
D3ITCTL on *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION
+ RESPLT on *DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY

Easy detection of non-converged spots

Implicit Analysis
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Implicit Enhancements (2)

New option IAUTO=2 on *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO to limit the mechanical

time step by the active thermal time step

New option IRATE=2 on *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS to turn off rate

effects in material models for both implicit and explicit

*CONTROL_IMPLICIT_BUCKLE
Extend implicit buckling feature to allow for implicit problems using inertia relief
Extend implicit buckling feature to allow for intermittent mode extraction: NMODE<0

*CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION
Extend implicit-explicit switching to allow explicit simulation for the dynamic relaxation
phase and implicit for the transient phase

New keyword *CONTROL_IMPLICIT_MODAL_DYNAMIC

Implicit Analysis
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Mortar Contact

Improved global search algorithm

Significant speed-up especially
for single surface contact

Support contact with lateral surface

of beams

Beam cross section

approximated as circular

IGAP.GT.1 incorporates progressive

stiffening for large penetrations

MINFO on *CONTROL_OUTPUT
activates output for debugging

Maximum penetration is reported in

message file together with elements

Implicit Analysis
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General New Features

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 New keyword card *CONTROL_REQUIRE_REVISION to prevent the model

from being run in old versions of LS-DYNA

New command line option "ldir=" for setting a "local" working directory
*CONSTRAINED_BEARING to define a bearing between 2 nodes
This feature incorporates equations to simulate the effect of a ball bearing

New keyword *DEFINE_TABLE_MATRIX

Alternative way of defining a table and the curves that the table references
from a single unformatted text file, e.g., as saved from an Excel spreadsheet

General New Features

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Discrete Element Method

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Discrete-Element Method (DEM) in LS-DYNA

Basic Ideas
Newtonian mechanics of a set of particles
Contact between particles

Used to model
powders like toner,
granular matter like sand, ore,
large rocks, liquids

mechanical contact

liquid bridge

Applications include
mining, mineral processing
agriculture and food handling and storage silos
chemical and civil Engineering

Discrete Element Method

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 Filling of dry / wet sand and mud

Stable interaction of particles with deformable / rigid structures

wet sand

dry sand

mud

Good parallel scalability

10 million
particles

Discrete Element Method

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*DEFINE_DE_BY_PART

Define control parameters for

spheres by part-ID

*DEFINE_DE_INJECTION

Automatic sphere generation

through rectangular plane

Overrides the values set in

*CONTROL_DISCRETE_ELEMENT

Discrete Element Method

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*DEFINE_DE_TO_BEAM_COUPLING
*DEFINE_DE_TO_SURFACE_COUPLING

Application of traction forces at the perimeter of the spheres

Surface velocity for transportation belts

INJECTION box

Surface transportation velocity

Discrete Element Method

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*DEFINE_SPH_DE_COUPLING

*ALE_COUPLING_NODAL_DRAG

Penalty based SPH to SPH/DE contact Available soon (developer version)

Penalty based ALE to DE contact

Discrete Element Method

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*DEFINE_DE_BOND

DE Bond Type I

Simple links, truss or beam between spheres (extended Peridynamics)

Manual elastic bond definition between spheres
Bonds may be breakable or unbreakable
Define maximum gap for bondage for clustered particles

Discrete Element Method

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*DEFINE_DE_HBOND

DE Bond Type II
Heterogeneous links to model continuum mechanics (Meshless Local Petrov-Galerkin)
Based on regular *MAT definitions
Extended features for brittle failure, micro cracks, etc.

Benchmark test: Tension bar

Goal: Reproduce elasto-plastic material behavior

More Information:
Talk by Z. Han (LSTC), International LS-DYNA Conference, 8-10 June, Detroit
Discrete Element Method
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*INTERFACE_DE_HBOND

Define different failure models for the heterogeneous bonds between particles
of the same material
of different materials

Application for heterogeneous bond model with interface

Failure of a reinforced concrete beam under 4-point bending
Possibility to distinguish between reinforcement bars and concrete

Discrete Element Method

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Conclusion: LS-DYNA R7.1.1

Many more developments and enhancements in other areas
(ALE, EFG, SPH, Thermal, Frequency Domain, )
and the multiphysics solvers (ICFD, CESE, EM, Chemistry)

Presentations at Infoday Multiphysics (March 2014):

http://www.dynamore.de/en/news/news-en/2014/info-mp

Comprehensive list of enhancements and corrections on

www.dynasupport.com/release-notes

R7.1 Keyword Users Manual can be downloaded from

www.dynamore.de/en/downloads/manuals
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