Exp 1

Section:
45.5
40.94
42.35
cm
Bottom Level
19
33.78
18.95
cm
Sill height
15
Water Surface Level
cm
Width of the flume:
20
cm
Pitot tube
Index
27.5
13.4
14.1
cm
Static Head
28.65
25.19
25.76
cm
Dynamic Head
43.33
43.28
40.86
cm
Width of the Rehbock flume:

Rehbock gauge :
Index of the Rehbock gauge:
Discharge (Qm)
23.7
cm
23.15
cm
14.5
cm
0.0137
m3/sec
Notation
Reduced
Measuring
value
Units
Depth of flow in section 1
y1
0.265
y2
0.0716
y3
0.234
Discharge
0.0137
m3/s
Width of flume
Sill Height
b
a
0.2
0.15
m
m
Variable
Point gauge
Pitot tube
y2
y1
sill
Height of water
Index of Rehbock Gauge

Rehbock Weir
Q Calculated:
Q=
2 gb 2 ( y 1 y 2 a ) y
y 2 y
1
22
22
12
= y1 y2 b
y3
2 g ( y1 y2 a)
y 2 y 2
1
Q=
2 gb 2 ( y 1 y 2 a ) y
y 2 y
1
22
22
b1 =b2 = b=
y1=
y2=
a=
g=
12
= y1 y2 b
0.2
0.265
0.0716
0.15
9.81
2 g ( y1 y2 a)
y 2 y
1
22
m
m
m
m
m^2/S
So Qcalculated = 0.013724545
Q measured:
h=
0.0865
b = 0.23 m ( using b = 0.3 m for this calculation to meet the requirements of equation for Rehboc
b=
where:
0.3
Q measured =Q rehbock =C e
2
2 g bh 3
3
e2
Ce = 0.602 + 0.083 h/p = 0.6517

0.6515
he = h + k h
0.0877 he ^3/2=
kh = 1.2 m
0.0012 mm
p
g=
2g^0.5 =
so Q measured =
0.145 mm
9.81
4.429446918
0.01499003
Qcal-Qmeas
-0.00126548 m^3/S
0.02597164
h/p =
0.596552
Energy head calculations based on water depth and discharge measurement

v12/2g
Q=0.015 m3/s
v32/2g
v22/2g
y2=0.0899 m
y1=0.2698 m
y3=0.2443 m
sill
z1=0.00 m
a=0.1483 m
Z2=0.00 m
z3=0.00 m
a.Calculation of Energy Head from Measured Values of Water Depths and Discharge
bflume = 0.2 m
Location
Discharge
Area
Velocity (V)
H broad
Depth y
(m3/s)
(m2)
(m/sec)
Crest Weir
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
0.0137
0.0137
0.053
0.014
0.259
0.958
0
0
0
0.1500
0.265
0.0716
SECTION 3
0.0137
0.047
0.293
0.234
NOTE :
Velocity = Column 2 / column 3
Energy head = column 5 + column 6 + column 7 + column 8
b.Comparing with energy head following the measured dynamic head
Energy
Head
PITOT TUBE
SECTION
Static
Dynamic
Calculated
(m)
(m)
(m/sec)
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
0.1455
0.1109
0.2923
0.2918
0.26842
0.26842
SECTION 3
0.1166
0.2676
0.23838
CALCULATION OF WATER DEPTH, VELOCITY AND ENERGY HEAD

Calculation of water depth, velocity and energy head uses principles of conservation of mass (continuity)
Continuity equation: Q = A1 . V 1 = A2 . V2
Energy equation:
2
v1
v 22
z1 + y1 +
= z2 + y2 +
2g
2g
a.Calculation of y2, v2, E2 from measured y1 and Q

Continuity equation:
Q=b y 1 v 1 = b y 2 v 2 v1 =
Q
Q
and v 2 =
b y1
b y2
The Energy equation applied to section (1) and section (2) neglect the loss between section (2) and (1)
v22
v 21
z 2 +a + y 2 +
= z1 + y1 +
2g
2g
From Continuity equation and Energy equation:
2
2
y2 +
Q
Q
= y 1 + z1 a z2 +
2
2
2
2
2 g b y
2 g b y 1
2
To calculate y2 we use trial and error method
0.0768 0.11841779
trial y2
0.117492512
v2 =
Q
b y 2
v2 =
0.89352509
2
v
E2 = z 2 + a + y 2 + 2
2g
And then,
E2 =
0.2675
b.Calculation of y3, v3, E3 from measured y2 and Q

The height of y3 can be calculated these equations :
Continuity Equation :
Q=b y 2 v 2 = b y3 v 3 v 2 =
Energy Equation
Q
Q
and v 3 =
b y2
b y3
y 2 + a+
22
2g
v
= y3+
32
2g
+CarnotLoss
( v v )
CarnotLoss= 2 3
2g
depends on expansion condition, and it is a function of the shape and the angle of expansion. Here we a
v2 = velocity in the contraction, section 2
v3 = velocity in the expansion, section 3
v 2=
v
y 2 + a+
22
2g
v
= y 3+
y 3 = y 2 + a+
y3 =
Q
=
by 2
32
2g
v 2 v 2
2
2g
0.9759
+CarnotLoss
2
( v 2v 3 )
2g
By trial and error, we have y3 = 0.246 m

4
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
0.2268
ts of equation for Rehbock Equation, because b < 0.3 m)
s and Discharge
V2/2g
Energy
Head
0.00342
0.04682
0.26842
0.26842
0.00438
0.23838
ation of mass (continuity) and energy (Bernoulli) :
ween section (2) and (1)
le of expansion. Here we assume that = 1.
Section:
Water Surface Level
32.41
29.23
29.86
cm
Bottom Level
5.43
20.24
5.43
cm
Sill height
20.23
cm
Width of the flume:
20
cm
Pitot tube
Index
36.35
20.65
15.7
cm
Static Head
28.65
28.65
28.65
cm
Dynamic Head
43.8
41.64
41.24
cm
Width of the Rehbock flume:

Rehbock gauge :
Index of the Rehbock gauge:
Discharge (Qm)
23
cm
23.19
cm
14.5
cm
0.015
m3/sec
Notation
Reduced
Measuring
value
Units
y1
0.2698
y2
0.0899
y3
0.2443
Discharge
0.015
m3/s
Width of flume
Sill Height
b
a
0.2
0.1483
m
m
Variable
Point gauge
Pitot tube
y2
y1
sill
Height of water
Index of Rehbock Gauge

Rehbock Weir
Q Calculated:
Q=
2 gb 2 ( y 1 y 2 a ) y
y 2 y
1
22
22
12
= y1 y2 b
y3
2 g ( y1 y2 a)
y 2 y
1
22
Q=
2 gb 2 ( y 1 y 2 a ) y
y 2 y
1
22
22
b1 =b2 = b=
y1=
y2=
a=
g=
12
= y1 y2 b
0.2
0.2698
0.0899
0.1483
9.81
2 g ( y1 y2 a)
y 2 y
1
22
m
m
m
m
m^2/S
So Qcalculated = 0.015015468
Q measured:
h = 0.2319 0.1450 =
0.0869
b = 0.23 m ( using b = 0.3 m for this calculation to meet the requirements of equation for Rehboc
b=
0.3
where:
Q measured =Q rehbock =C e
2
2 g bh 3
3
e2
Ce = 0.602 + 0.083 h/p = 0.6517

0.6517
he = h + k h
0.0881 he ^3/2=
kh = 1.2 m
0.0012 mm
0.145 mm
9.81
4.429446918
0.015098005
g=
2g^0.5 =
so Q measured =
Qcal-Qmeas
0.026149529
h/p =
0.59931
-8.254E-005 m^3/S
Energy head calculations based on water depth and discharge measurement

v12/2g
v32/2g
v22/2g
y2=0.0899 m
Q=0.015 m3/s
y1=0.2698 m
y3=0.2443 m
sill
z1=0.00 m
a=0.1483 m
Z2=0.00 m
z3=0.00 m
a.Calculation of Energy Head from Measured Values of Water Depths and Discharge
bflume = 0.2 m
Location
Discharge
Area
Velocity (V)
H broad
Depth y
(m3/s)
(m2)
(m/sec)
Crest Weir
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
0.0150
0.0150
0.054
0.018
0.278
0.835
0
0
0
0.1483
0.2698
0.0899
SECTION 3
0.0150
0.049
0.307
0.2443
NOTE :
Velocity = Column 2 / column 3
Energy head = column 5 + column 6 + column 7 + column 8
b.Comparing with energy head following the measured dynamic head
Energy Head
PITOT TUBE
SECTION
Static
Dynamic
Calculated
(m)
(m)
(m/sec)
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
0.1295
0.1295
0.2810
0.2594
0.2737
0.2737
SECTION 3
0.1295
0.2554
0.2491
CALCULATION OF WATER DEPTH, VELOCITY AND ENERGY HEAD

Calculation of water depth, velocity and energy head uses principles of conservation of mass (continuity)
Continuity equation: Q = A1 . V 1 = A2 . V2
Energy equation:
2
v1
v 22
z1 + y1 +
= z2 + y2 +
2g
2g
Continuity equation:
Q=b y 1 v 1 = b y 2 v 2 v1 =
Q
Q
and v 2 =
b y1
b y2
The Energy equation applied to section (1) and section (2) neglect the loss between section (2) and (1)
2
v
v
z 2 +a + y 2 + 2 = z 1 + y 1 + 1
2g
2g
From Continuity equation and Energy equation:
2
2
y2 +
Q
Q
= y 1 + z1 a z2 +
2
2
2
2
2 g b y
2 g b y 1
2
To calculate y2 we use trial and error method

trial y2 =
0.0768 0.12544671
0.125507553
Q
b y 2
v2 =
v2 = 0.977569536
2
v
E2 = z 2 + a + y 2 + 2
2g
And then,
E2 =
0.2738

The height of y3 can be calculated these equations :
Continuity Equation :
Q=b y 2 v 2 = b y3 v 3 v 2 =
Energy Equation
Q
Q
and v 3 =
b y2
b y3
v
y 2 + a+
22
2g
v
= y3+
32
2g
+CarnotLoss
( v 2v 3 )
CarnotLoss=
2g
depends on expansion condition, and it is a function of the shape and the angle of expansion. Here we a
v2 = velocity in the contraction, section 2
v3 = velocity in the expansion, section 3
v 2=
v
y 2 + a+
22
2g
= y 3+
y 3 = y 2 + a+
y3 =
Q
=
by 2
32
2g
v 2 v 2
2
2g
0.9829
+CarnotLoss
( v 2v 3 )2
2g
By trial and error, we have y3 = 0.274 m
v 3=
Q
b y 3
v
0.274344502
0.323588996
0.323589
v3 =
0.274
( v 2 v 3 )2
E3 = y 3 +
+
=
2g
2g
32
0.2251 0.050097 0.275197
0.3034
a.Comparing between Energy Head Sections 2 - 3 and energy head as determined in exercis
able 1.5. Resume of energy head for each method
PITOT TUBE EXERCISE 3 EXERCISE 4

Energy
(Based on
dynamic
head)
(Based on y
&Q
measured)
(Based on
Calculated)
E2
0.2594
0.2737
0.2738
E3
0.2554
0.2491
0.3034
From the table above, the values of energy head in each section are not the same for each
method. This might caused by the following reasons :
1. In Exercise 3, we measured the energy head in section 1, 2, and 3 directly
from the measured value of water depth and discharge, so there is no connection
with the value obtained from other sections. In Exercise 4, we calculate the
energy head using formula which requires condition in other section.
2. In Exercise 4, Carnot Loss between section 2 and 3 is not neglected.
3. Some systematic reading errors might happened during the experiment.
of equation for Rehbock Equation, because b < 0.3 m)
and Discharge
V2/2g
Energy
Head
0.00395
0.03555
0.27375
0.27375
0.00481
0.24911
on of mass (continuity) and energy (Bernoulli) :
en section (2) and (1)
of expansion. Here we assume that = 1.
determined in exercise 3

Exp 1

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Section:

Water Surface Level

Width of the flume:

Width of the Rehbock flume:

Depth of flow in section 1

Depth of flow in section 2

Depth of flow in section 3

Index of Rehbock Gauge

Ce = 0.602 + 0.083 h/p = 0.6517

Energy head calculations based on water depth and discharge measurement

Velocity = Column 2 / column 3

Energy head = column 5 + column 6 + column 7 + column 8

b.Comparing with energy head following the measured dynamic head

CALCULATION OF WATER DEPTH, VELOCITY AND ENERGY HEAD

a.Calculation of y2, v2, E2 from measured y1 and Q

To calculate y2 we use trial and error method

b.Calculation of y3, v3, E3 from measured y2 and Q

By trial and error, we have y3 = 0.246 m

ts of equation for Rehbock Equation, because b < 0.3 m)

ation of mass (continuity) and energy (Bernoulli) :

ween section (2) and (1)

le of expansion. Here we assume that = 1.

Water Surface Level

Width of the flume:

Width of the Rehbock flume:

Depth of flow in section 1

Depth of flow in section 2

Depth of flow in section 3

Index of Rehbock Gauge

Ce = 0.602 + 0.083 h/p = 0.6517

Energy head calculations based on water depth and discharge measurement

Velocity = Column 2 / column 3

Energy head = column 5 + column 6 + column 7 + column 8

b.Comparing with energy head following the measured dynamic head

CALCULATION OF WATER DEPTH, VELOCITY AND ENERGY HEAD

To calculate y2 we use trial and error method

a.Calculation of y3, v3, E3 from measured y2 and Q

By trial and error, we have y3 = 0.274 m

0.2251 0.050097 0.275197

able 1.5. Resume of energy head for each method

PITOT TUBE EXERCISE 3 EXERCISE 4

of equation for Rehbock Equation, because b < 0.3 m)

on of mass (continuity) and energy (Bernoulli) :

en section (2) and (1)

of expansion. Here we assume that = 1.

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