Automated car parking system

INTRODUCTION
Automobiles are synonyms for mobility and freedom. An
amazing increase in the growth of population in this world
leads to the rapid increase in the number of vehicle being
used. With the growing number of vehicles and the
consequent shortage of parking space, there is
haphazard and totally unregulated parking of vehicles all
over. In densely populated areas they are real challenge
for city planners, architects and developers. The need to
offer sufficient parking spaces is a task for specialists.
This situation calls for the need for an automated parking
system that not only regulates parking in a given area but
also keeps the manual control to a minimum.
Automatic car parking systems is the sole solution to park
as many cars as possible in as little space as possible.
Automatic car parking systems are based on the most
modern technology of storage systems.
Our demonstration facility presents a miniature model of
an automated car parking system that regulates the
number of cars that can be parked in a given space at any
given time based on the parking space availability.
Automated parking is a method of parking and exiting
cars using sequence detecting and sensing devices. The
entry and exit of vehicles are facilitated using a totally
automated gate. Status signals indicate whether a car is
currently in the process of entering or leaving the parking
space. After the initial installation, the system requires no

manual control. It requires no attendants, is more costeffective than conventional garages, and allows more cars
to be parked in less space. The automation technology is
used to typically double to triple the capacity of
conventional parking garages.

SYSTEM OVERVIEW
A gate has been provided at the entry of the parking
space, which opens on the arrival or departure of a car. A
display section has been provided, which consists of
status signals and a display showing the number of cars
present in the parking space at any point of time. After the
maximum number or cars have entered the parking
space, the gate is automatically disabled for vehicles
seeking entry into the parking lot. A logic circuit
distinguishes between the cars and persons or two
wheelers, so that persons and two wheelers are not
included in the count for cars.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram presented earlier consists of
transmitter, receiver, de-multiplexer, up-counter, down-

counter and display sections.

The transmitter section comprises of two light emitting
diodes which transmit high power light beams. These light
beams are incident on the receivers, which produce an
output of zero volt if the beam received is uninterrupted
and +5V if the beam is interrupted by a car. These
receivers are the Light Detecting Resistors which are
arranged in such a manner so as to detect the light even
after the obstacle between the sensor and receiver
passes through. The working of the sensors is based on
the voltages across collector, emitter, and base
respectively.
Whenever a car enters the parking area, it interrupts the
light beams in a definite sequence. This sequence is
given to the up-count sequence detector, which generates
a high output only if the correct sequence has been
detected. Similarly, when the car leaves the parking area,
it generates a fixed sequence, which is given to the downcount sequence detector. The down count sequence
detector generates a high output only if the correct
sequence is produced by the exiting car. The outputs of
the up count and down count blocks are given to the
display section. The display section has a counter and a
7-segment display along with its driver IC to display the
count. Depending on the sequence detector that
generates an actuating signal, the count is either
incremented or decremented.

The outputs shown in the display section are based on

the increment and decrement of the counters. Based on

these outputs the actuating signals are used to enable the
different status signal.
The display section also consists of certain status signals.
The different status signals include:
1. A yellow signal to indicate that a car is currently in the
process of entering or leaving the parking space.
2. A green signal to indicate that the parking lot has not
reached its maximum capacity and that space is available
for the parking of a car in the parking area.
3. A red signal to indicate that the parking space is full.
The activation of this signal coincides with the disabling of
the green signal and consequently closing of the gate for
vehicles trying to enter the parking lot.
Thus the circuit functions regulating the number of cars
that can be parked in a given parking lot at any given time
based on the parking space availability. And also indicates
the current status of the parking lot, be it full, half -filled or
vacant .

DISPLAY INDICATION CHART

LED
INDICATION

YELLOW
RED
GREEN
Car in the process of parking
No vacancy
Parking Space Available

THE CIRCUIT
The automated car parking circuit primarily uses two
LDRs, two transmitters which are high power LEDs,
74LS74 D flip-flops, 74155 2:4 decoder, up/down counter
74193, seven segment display driver CD4511, miniature
motor driver L293D, NAND gate IC 7400 and NOT gate IC
7404. In addition to these, it has got green, yellow and red
LEDs and also a 6V, 500 mA dc motor.

For easy understanding of the circuit, it has been divided

into the following four basic sections.
1.Sensor
2.Sequence detector
3.Counter and display
4.Gate control.

SENSOR SECTION
In this section, we use two transmitters(LEDs) which
generates high power light beams . The signals of which
are received by the receivers of the sensor section.
The receiver section consists of two identical light
detecting resistors. When the signal from the transmitters
are received ; a low dc level (logic low) is obtained at the
output. But once the signal is cut ,the output obtained is at
logic high.
The +5V dc level occasionally drops to zero, even when
the signal strength is quite low, due to very high sensitivity
of the receiver. This may lead to the false triggering of the
circuit, which must be eliminated. For this we provide
an electrolytic capacitor that is connected between the
output of receiver and ground.
The output of the receiver is obtained due to the fact that
when light falls on this circuit (Fig:-) the resistance value is
reduced, which results in the passage of current through
the base turning the transistor ON. Thus the collector
voltage is low and the output obtained is low. But once the
signal is cut the collector voltage level increases ,resulting
a high output.

SEQUENCE DETECTOR SECTION

This section is the heart of the entire system. It consists of
a 2:4 decoder and flip-flops, which are used for sequence
detection. The 74155 dual 2:4 decoder receives its select
signals at pins 13 (A) and 3 (B) from the receivers LDR1
and LDR2 respectively. The other decoder is not used.
The output lines of the enabled decoder are active low.
For convenience, the receiver before the entrance to the
gate is connected to pin 13 of 74155. In default state,
each receiver is active and inputs zero to the decoder,
making the Y0 output line low.
When the first sensor is blocked, the Y1 lines goes low.
The low-going Y2 line indicates that only the second
sensor is blocked. A low Y3 line indicates that both signals
have been blocked. Refer truth table of the IC 74155. The
four output lines act as control and decoding signals for
the remaining circuits.
The sequence detection logic circuit consists of three flipflops for detecting the incoming as well as the outgoing
vehicles. The Y0 line is connected to the clear lines of all
the flip-flops, which gives zero at their respective outputs.
The vehicle entering the parking area must interrupt the
first sensor (before entrance), then both the sensors and
finally just the second sensor (after entrance). Thus the
sequence generated states are 10, 11 and 01, necessarily
in that sequence.
For identifying the states and the order in which they
occur, we give the Y1, Y3 and Y2 lines after logical
inversions to the clock inputs of the three successive flip-

flops, respectively. A Vcc signal is the input to the first flipflop, while each subsequent input is the output of the
previous flip-flop. The logic states of the three coded
output lines are inverted because these are active low,
while the 74LS74 D flip-flops are triggered by the rising
edge of the clock signals.
Only the proper sequence of logic states will cause logic
high at the output of the third flip-flop. Any other sequence
will not allow the transfer of high signal through the series
of flip-flops.
The output of the third flip-flop is given to the counter and
display section, which increments the court. Thus when
the vehicle enters the parking area, the Y0 signal clears
all the flip-flops, and at this very instant, the count is
incremented. An identical circuit is used for detecting a
vehicle leaving the parking area. In this case however
states generated by the vehicle are 01, 11 and 10,
necessarily in that order. Hence the clock signals for the
three successive flip-flops are derived from Y2, Y3 and Y1
lines respectively.
The working of this circuit is identical to the one for
detecting a vehicle entering the parking area. In this case,
the final D flip-flop output is given to the counter and
display section for decrementing the count. This occurs at
the instant when the outputs of the flip-flops are cleared
by the low going Y0 signal [The details of which has been
explained in the counter and display section].
COUNTER AND DISPLAY SECTION
This section consists of up/down counter IC 74193, BCD
to 7 segment decoder, display driver IC 4511 (to drive a

common cathode 7 segment display) and three LEDs

(red, yellow and green).
The counter IC 74193 is capable of handling up as well as
down counts if configured for the same. The count is
incremented by one when a rising edge is encountered on
the up pin (pin 5) and decremented by one when a rising
edge is encountered on the down pin (pin 4) of the circuit,
the former occurs when the vehicle has entered the
parking area and the line Y0 clears the output of the final
flip-flop, causing a transition from the high to low logic
state, which when passed through an inverter, provides a
rising edge. The count decrements in the same fashion as
the flip-flops in question are those used for detecting the
vehicles leaving the parking area.
The preset data pins of the counter IC are connected to
Vcc. The four BCD output lines of up/down-counter
(74193) are fed to the corresponding pins of the decoder /
driver 4511. The logic circuit inside the driver IC converts
the four-bit BCD input to the output which are active high
suitable to drive the common cathode indication. Thus the
active high outputs of the decoder are connected to the
corresponding pins of the 7 segment common cathode
display.
The MSB and LSB lines of the outputs of the counter are
NANDed using the NAND gate. The output of this NAND
gate is then inverted by an inverter gate and then fed to
the anode of the red LED, which indicates that nine
vehicles are present in the parking area and there is no
further space. This happens because the output of the
binary 9 on the lines makes the extreme lines high, which
gives a high at the otherwise low anode of the red LED,
thus turning it ON. The output of the NAND gate is fed to

the anode of the green LED. The green LED is activated

when the count is less than nine, indicating the availability
of space for at least one vehicle in the parking area. The
yellow LED indicates that the vehicle is entering or leaving
the parking area.
Hence, this LED must be ON when at least one of the
sensors is being cut. For this reason, the Y0 line of the
decoder is given at the anode of the LED. When no signal
is being cut, the Y0 line is low, keeping the LED off. But as
soon as any of the signals is cut, the Y0 line goes high,
turning the yellow LED ON. The LED indication for various
situations is depicted in table.

GATE CONTROL SECTION

The gate control section consists of the motor driver IC
[L293D] the OR gate and the two D flip-flops which
provide appropriate logic used for controlling the
operation of the gate / barrier.
Assume that the lower position of the barrier is the default
position. Now whenever the input to the motor driver IC is
10, it causes the motor to rotate, thereby causing the
barrier to move such that it opens the entrance. Similarly,
when the input to motor driver is 01, the motor rotates in
the opposite direction to lower the barrier, thereby closing
the gate. When the input to the motor driver is 00, the
motor does not rotate.
When the car has completely entered the parking area,
the input to the L293D is 01, causing the motor to rotate
such that the gate begins to close. Thus, the movement of
the gate is controlled on the arrival or departure of a car.

The table gives us a crystal clear picture of the working of

the gate control section.
In order to disable the gate from opening for a vehicle
entering the parking area after the count of 9, we use a
simple combinational logic circuit consisting of NAND and
OR gates, whose output is given to enable pin 1 of the
L293D motor driver. In normal condition, the output of this
logic circuit is high. When the maximum count of 9 is
reached, the output of the logic circuit becomes low,
thereby disabling the motor, and keeping the gate closed
for all vehicles seeking entry to the parking area.
However, when a vehicle wishes to leave the area, the IC
gets enabled, thus opening the gate. The output current
capability per channel of L293D is approximately 600 mA.
The truth table of L293D is given in table.

COMPONENT LIST
SEMICONDUCTORS
IC1 - 74LS155 DUAL 2:4 DECODER
IC2 - 7404 HEX INVERTER
IC3 - 7400 NAND GATE
IC4 - 7432 OR GATE
IC5-IC8 - 74LS74 DUAL D FLIP FLOP
IC9 - 4511 SEVEN SEGMENT DRIVER
IC10 - 74193 4-BIT UP/DOWN COUNTER
IC11 - L293D PUSH PULL FOUR CHANNEL
MOTOR DRIVER
IC12 - NE 555 TIMER
D1-D2 - IN4148 DIODE

DIS1 - LTS-543 COMMON CATHODE 7 SEGMENT

DISPLAY
R3-R4 - 1.8 KILO OHM
R5,R6,R8 - 100 OHM
RESISTORS(1/4 WATT)
R1-R2 - 3.3 KILO OHM
R3-R4 - 1.8 KILO OHM
R5,R6,R8 - 100 OHM
R7,R9 - 1 MEGA OHM
R10-R19 - 330 OHM

MISCELLANEOUS
5V, 1A REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
FLEXIBLE WIRE
- MOTOR UPTO 600mA OUTPUT CONVERT
CAPABILITY
CONCLUSION
This project in which we have involved ourselves for the
first time features a lot of facilities, which we are glad to
bring out. This circuit is useful for underground parking,
company parking etc. Modifications can be done to work
on payandpark scheme. The counter part and display
part of the circuit can be modified to count more than 9.
Also it reduces the unregulated parking with this has

encouraged us to try out new circuit ideas and implement

them.

Description: Automatic Car Parking System Introduction Here we work

on the thought of automatic Parking fee collection and display the
number of parking available at parking site. In this when you at parking
site, you see the number of parking and available parking at the entry
gate, if parking is available then swap card at the entry of gate, the gate
is open for few second and parking fee is credited from your card. When
you exit from this same process is follow. This card is use for parking
application only. Here we use only model of this, so we use LDR sensor
for this application. This parking system is may be applicable for whole
of city using a magnetic card reader.
Gate Sensor Arrangement: LASER TORCH LDR BLOCK DIAGRAM
DESCRIPTION The complete working of this system can be divided in
the following blocks for easier understanding
Laser Light Emitter: It consists of a pair of Red Laser Lights that
continuously emit long distance directed laser lights. This light falls on a
pair of LDRs. The advantage of using a laser is that it eliminates the
limitations of range associated with Infra Red LEDs. As long as this light
is falling on the LDRs it is interpreted as absence of any human being.
Laser Light Receiver: It consists of a pair of LDR (Light Dependent
Resistance). The LDR consists of special materials whose resistance is
dependent on the amount of the light falling on it. This means as long as
the laser light is falling on it its resistance is low nearly 1k. As soon as
this light is obstructed the resistance of this sensors increases (to nearly
8k) indicating some things presence between the emitter receiver pair.
Comparator Block: It consists of a comparator circuit made out of opamp LM324. Its task is to convert the resistance state of LDR into
voltage state understood by microcontroller.
Microcontroller Block: Microcontroller takes the data from the
comparator block. Based on this data it interprets the number of people
that have crossed from one side to the other and vice versa. If there are
people present in the room it would keep the lights and the fans turned
on. If the room is found empty it would switch off all the lights and the

fans automatically. The outputs of the microcontroller are fed into the
power amplifying unit. It also controls the display on the Display Unit.
The microcontroller used in this project is AT89s8253.
Display Unit: It is 16*2 LCD that shows the number of people in the
room at any particular instant. It also shows which appliance is being
used and at what power they are being used.
Appliances Block: This block consists of outlets for DC motor. DC
Motor is ON in one specific direction for 10 sec. and then ON in opposite
direction for same 10 sec time interval for open and closed the gate.
Power Supply Block: This consist a Step down Transformer which
converts 220V AC to 15V AC.
Rectifier Circuit: It consists of a bridge diode that converts AC power
from transformer in to DC power. Following it is a capacitor which
removes the ripples of this output DC signal to convert it into a 15V DC
power source.
Voltage Regulator Block: It consists of a set of voltage regulators that
convert 15v power in to required power supply of 5v and 6v.The voltage
regulator used here are 7805, 7806 and 7812. 12V supply drives power
amplifiers and the relays while the 5v supply drives the sensor,
microcontroller and the LCD. 6v power supply drives the LM324.
ADVANTAGES:
1)It is a very versatile project and can be installed at various places.
2)It
modernizes
the
entire
device
control
system.
3) It is easy to install and can be made to work instantaneously.
 It is reusable and can reinstall in very less time.
4) It is environmental friendly and aims to conserve energy by switching
between
devices
as
per
requirement.
5) It is completely automated and hence it provides a great amount of
comfort
to
its
user.
6) Expenditure on electricity consumption is highly reduced.
7)
Time
and
Fuel
Consumption
is
reduced.
DISADVANTAGES
1)
It
is
2)
Maintenance
3) Operation is very complex

not
is

cost
really

effective.
difficult

FUTURE
ASPECTS
1)This system will also have lots of application in industries. It can be
used to do counting boxes, cartoons, jars during the process of packing/
manufacturing.
2) It can be used to keep a track of baggage on the baggage rails used
in airports.

CONCLUSION: This project is basically an intelligent counter which

keeps a count of the number of the things crossing by and takes
appropriate actions if required to. It is a versatile project with application
in almost every field, be it residential or industrial. It is a very unique
system with many features and these kinds of systems are not readily
available in market.