Power Conditioner

POWER CONDITIONER && UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY Group 8
UPS FUNCTIONS
The primary purpose of a UPS is to provide conditioned, continuous power to its load. Another UPS function that is of
growing importance in todays market is system integration, or the ability to communicate over a network to facilitate the
monitoring and orderly shutdown of loads.
1. Power conditioning
- A UPS provides continuous, regulated power to its load, under all conditions of the utility power
line. Unlike other types of power conditioning equipment, a UPS provides power during outages.
Typically, a UPS will provide backup power for 10 or 15 min, although longer times are possible
with large battery strings or a DC generator.
- A UPS will also correct for high- and low-voltage events, known as surges and sags. This regulation
is provided either electronically or by a tapped transformer or a Ferro resonant transformer.
2. System integration
- The industrial electronics environment is very similar to the typical office LAN/WAN environment
when it comes to using a UPS to provide power protection for industrial-grade PCs, PLCs and other
equipment that make use of any form of microprocessor control.
UPS integration- communication between UPS and the load equipment.
These methods may be classified into three integration categories:
A. Basic - The first and most common integration method communicates the status of the UPS via
contact closures. Typically, normally open or normally closed relay contacts are used to signal two
UPS conditions to the load equipment. These conditions are AC Failure and Low Battery.
AC Failure - should be signalled by the UPS whenever a power failure condition exists for more than 5 sec.
Low Battery - signal exists when a minimum of 2 min of battery runtime remains to support the load. However,
most UPS manufacturers allow this set point to be programmed by the user to allow more time to shutdown the system.
B. Enhanced - To provide more than just the basic UPS status information, many UPS manufacturers
have chosen to offer RS232 and other forms of serial communication that allow real-time UPS data
to be monitored by software running on the load equipment. Instead of knowing only that a power
failure has occurred or that a low battery condition exists, the user may now know how much
calculated runtime is available and the measured battery voltage at any given time. Other data values
are typically available that represent the input and output voltage, percent of full load, UPS
temperature, as well as many others.
C. Network - The size and complexity of todays local and wide area networks has led to an increase in
the use of network management tools to monitor and control network devices. The Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP) has become the de facto standard for network management and is
backed by many network management software products.
STATIC UPS TOPOLOGIES - A static UPS is one that relies on power electronics, rather than a motor generator,
to provide power to the load. Most UPSs today are of this type. The terms on-line UPS and off-line UPS
have commonly been used to describe some UPS topologies. Unfortunately, UPS manufacturers have not been
able to agree on the meanings of these terms, leading to confusion among users. Terms which are more
descriptive of the differences between various topologies are double-conversion UPS, line-interactive UPS, and
standby power supply.
1. Double Conversion UPS - first rectifies incoming AC

line to a DC voltage, then inverts that DC voltage to
provide an AC output. During normal operation, the
rectifier is providing current to charge the batteries and
also to the inverter. The inverter supports the load and
provides regulation of the output voltage and frequency.
2. Line-interactive UPS - In normal operation, the AC input
passes through a filter or transformer to the load. The inverter
is normally not supporting the entire load, but may be used to
buck or boost the line voltage, or even fill in notches of the
incoming line voltage waveform on a sub-cycle basis. It is
this ability of the inverter to interact with line that gives the
line-interactive UPS its name. The inverter does not support
the load unless there is a power outage, or the AC input falls
outside the specified voltage and frequency tolerances.
3. Standby PS - are not properly called UPS because they do
not provide continuous power to the load. A standby power
supply is similar to a line interactive UPS in that the inverter
is not normally supporting the load. However, when the load
is transferred from line to inverter, an interruption in power
occurs due to the break time of the transfer switch.
Alternate AC && DC Sources
1. Batteries - Both flooded and valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries are commonly used in UPS
applications. VRLA batteries have become increasingly popular in the last few years because of their
relative ease of installation and maintenance.
Factors affecting battery life: the charging method, the number of discharge cycles, the depth of discharge, the rate of
discharge, the ripple voltage across the battery terminals.
Sulfation - is the formation of lead sulfate on the battery plates.
2. DC Generators - To a great extent, the DC generator of today has changed from the days of
maintenance-intensive brushes and commutators to highly efficient rectified systems. Now, instead of
relying on the brush and commutator to perform the rectification process, AC alternators and diodes are
used to produce near battery quality DC power.
Telecommunications applications such as remote offices and cellular radio sites also enjoy the
reliability of DC power generation.
3. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage - (SMES) systems are relative newcomers to the field of
backup power systems. SMES systems store DC energy in a superconducting magnetic coil. The
niobium-titanium coil is cooled by liquid helium to 4.2 K or by superfluid helium to 1.8 K.
4. AC Generators - For many applications where the AC line quality is unimportant, the AC generator is
still a viable alternative for extended-run applications. With the potentially unlimited runtimes
obtainable, the AC generator is certainly attractive. But with todays more sensitive loads, the AC
generator may not be the best solution.

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POWER CONDITIONER && UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY Group 8

1. Double Conversion UPS - first rectifies incoming AC

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