CHAPTER - 1

Rationale of the SIM

Students ratings pose as show
windows
of
their
academic
performance. The extent of students
learning
in
academics
may
be
determined by the grades a student
earns for a period of learning has been
done. It is believed that a grade or
scores are primary indicator of such
learning. If a learner earns high grades
or scores, it is concluded that they may
also have learned a lot while low grades
or scores indicate lesser learning (Kola,
2007).
Third quarter of the S.Y. 2009-2010,
the teacher-researcher conducted the
first periodic examination to the second
year students of Jagupit National High
School. The questionnaire was a selfmade which includes the following
competencies;
Biomes,
Ecological

succession, symbiotic relationship and

Mendelian Genetics.

After the test, their papers were

checked and item analysis was made. It
was found out that among the skills
tested Mendelian Genetics is the least
learned skill. This result leads the
teacher-researcher
to
make
an
intervention
material
that
will
remediate the problem. He was able to
come up with the SIM entitled Punnet
Square and the Mendelian Genetics
which
determines
the
possible
phenotype
and
genotype
of
an
offspring.
With the use of this SIM, students
can be helped strategically and
intensively in filling gaps in their
science concepts in a way that brings
them up to a higher level of learning.

Review of Related Literature

The teacher-researcher conducted

a review of literature to further discuss
some
concept
that
may
have
importance to the present study.
According to NRC, for the quantitative
data, a criterion-referenced test and a
survey measuring attitudes toward
science were administered to the
students at the beginning and end of
the program. Correctional T-test were
conducted using pretest and post test
scores from the criterion-referenced
test and pretest and post test attitude
survey scores.
Students science
achievement (p [is less than] .001) and
attitudes toward science (p [is less
than] .05) were higher following
participation in the science intervention

program.
Qualitative
data,
which
included narrative descriptions of
students behaviors as recorded in a
teacher-researcher daily log, supported
the findings of the quantitative
research.

Results
from
the
study
provide
implications for science curriculum
reform.
According to Ramey Gassert, 2003,
an important aspect of science content
to be considered for inclusion within
any curricula is the relevancy of the
information to he personal lives of
students.
Some
curricula
have
attempted to place science in real-world
context by linking it with environmental
and societal issues. When science
content
has
been
extended
to
applications in the real world, public

awareness and enthusiasm for science

have been evident.

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this study is

to determine if there is a significant
difference between the scores of the
pre-test over the post-test of the
unmastered skills about the Punnet
Square and the Mendelian Genetics
after the application of this SIM to the
respondents.

Hypothesis

Based on the foregoing research,

the researcher formulated the following
hypothesis:
Ho: There is no significant difference
between the scores of the pre-test over
the post-test of the unmastered skills
about the Punnet Square and the
Mendelian
Genetics
after
the
application
of
this
SIM to
the
respondents.

Significance of the SIM

It is the purpose of this SIM to
stimulate better understanding of
science competency and make accurate
knowledge that help teachers in the use
of appropriate teaching intervention to
attain
the
national-required
75%
mastery level.
To the Classroom Teachers

This SIM will serve as tools to let

the students better understand the
concept Punnet Square and the
Mendelian Genetics.

School. The respondents of this study

were 50 second year students to which
were randomly selected by drawn by lot
style.

To the School Administrators

Limitations were expected in this

study firstly, results were taken out
from one school only which reduces the
validity of the study. Secondly, it is
possible that the responses to the
questionnaire may suffer from response
biases as anonymity could not be
preserved because students names
were needed to match their scores.

This SIM will encourage school

administrators to let his teachers
resolve least learned skills by making
intervention materials.

To the Students

This SIM will enable the students to

better
understand
the
concept
Genetics.

Scope and Limitation

This study focused on the second
year students of Jagupit National High

Definition of Terms
Students
anyone

Pre-test

test before giving

term

used

who is learning

to

the SIM
Post-test
SIM

Test after giving

the SIM

Science intervention
Material

Strategic Intervention
Material

Theoretical Framework
The MPS (mean percentage score) per
learning skill during the item analysis of the
third periodic examination of the second year
students of Jagupit National High School S.Y.
2009-2010 was the basis of this study.

Research Paradigm

Low score
in

PRETEST

SIM

High
score in
POST
TEST

The 50-item multiple choice self-made

questionnaire comprised the following data;
10 questions for the topic Biomes, 10
questions for the topic Ecological succession,
10 questions for the topic symbiotic

relationship, 10 questions for the topic

ecology and 10 questions for the topic Punnet
Square. The results were listed in the table
below.
Competency
Biomes
Ecological succession
symbiotic relationship
Ecology
Punnet Square

MPS

Rank

87.60%
81.40%
67.65%
64.50%
53.70%

1
2
4
3
5

Research Design

Data has shown that among the learning

skills, food chain is the least learned.
Moreover, with the application of this
SIM, a paradigm has been designed and a
theoretical framework was anchored to the
idea that learning is further enhanced if

strategic intervention is evident.

CHAPTER 2
Methodology

the study. It consisted the following;

research
design,
research
locale,
research
respondents,
research
instrument and statistical technique
used.

The
researcher
used
the
descriptive type of research in the
investigation. It involves the collection
of data in order to determine the nature
and degree of existing conditions. Using
such method in this study, the
significant difference between the pretest and post-test of the second year
students of Jagupit NHS was analyzed,
discovered and ascertained.

This
chapter
discusses
and
presents the methodology employed in

Research Locale

The study was conducted at Jagupit

National High School, Jagupit, Santiago,
Agusan del Norte, during the school
year
2009-2010.
The
school
accommodates three municipalities;
Tubay, Santiago and Jabonga. It has a
population of more than seven hundred
students from first year to fourth year.
Vocational courses were offered by the
school since 2007.

Research Respondents
The research respondents were the
50 second year students of Jagupit
National High School. Their answered
test questionnaires were randomly
collected. Table 1 shows the distribution
of population and sample:

Section
Linnaeus
Leeuwenhoe
k
Mendel
Fleming
Total
N - Population

N
42

n
12

42

12

43
46
173

12
14
50
n sample

Jagupit National High School has a

total of 173 second year students. Out
of the 173 students the researcher
utilized 50 students as his respondents.
Using the Slovins formula, the 50
respondents were randomly drawn out
by lot.

Research Instrument
Table 1
Population and Sample of the Study

The researcher formulated a set of

questions based from his discussed
lessons in the whole grading period for

the third quarter of the S.Y. 2009-2010.

He used the questionnaire as the
principal tool in gathering the needed
data and information.

CHAPTER 3
Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

Statistical Technique Used

In order to facilitate the analysis
and interpretation of data, the following
statistical technique was used.
Small Sample T-Test
This analysis was employed to
determine
the
strength
of
the
relationship
between
paired
observations.

The
succeeding
Tables
and
discussion present the results of the
analysis of the data obtained from fifty
(50) respondents in determining the
difference between the scores in pre
test over the scores in post test to the
second year high school students in
Jagupit National High School S.Y. 2009 2010.
Problem 1
Is there is a significant difference
between the scores of the pre-test over
the post-test of the unmastered skills
about Punnet Square and the Mendelian
Genetics after the application of this
SIM to the respondents?

13. Manigos, Dorico

N.
14. Mariano,
Emmanuel
15. Martinez,
Laurence A.
16. Montilla, Mc
Donnell

Table 2
Comparison of scores between the
pretest and post test
Name of
Respondents
1. Aguirre, Jonathan
G.
2. Amper, Fernando
M.
3. Balmoria,
Giovanine G.
4. Bernados, Janlord
C.

Posttest

Pretest

Diff

(x-u)

25

36

10

25

16

5. Beto, Jeremy O.

16

6. Cahoy, Jhumil A.

16

7. Dacera, Remar B.

10

25

8. Diaz, Jorge S.

16

25

10

25

25

9. Estrera, Merlito
S.
10. Gallor, James
Bryan A.
11.Gamayon, Elwin
J.
12. Lumictin, Jerson
F.

25

25

10

16

16

25

25

10

49

16

10

36

10

36

10

16

28. Arisala, Risa U.

10

36

29. Bacalan, Ricel L.

10

36

30. Bigcas, Liezel T.

10

36

31. Caser, Jenelyn

M.

10

49

17. Oclarit, Erwin D.

2

18. Ompoc, Edrito Jr.

Q.
19. Quipanes,
Darwin L.
20. Rabina, Jesryl
M.
21. Ramos, Joshua
R.
22. Tiambong,
Gilbert L.
23. Tiamson,
JhannReev
24. Tiamson,
Knennel
25. Tupos, Nikko S.
26. Alegre, Mary Ann
A.
27. Amancio, Clara
C.

32. Castillo, Mariz C.

10

25

33. Catelo, Ronabel

10

25

Total

466

216

250
5.0

Grace

34. Cervantes,
Jodelyn D.
35. Dela Victoria,
Laila G.
36. Empuesto, Marve
L.

36

Average Score

9.32

4.32

10

25

Percentage

93.20
%

43.20
%

10

25

SD

2.83

37. Florano, Girly S.

10

36

13.4

25

25

16

10

36

10

25

10

36

10

36

10

25

10

25

10

36

10

49

10

49

10

25

38. Ganzan, Ritchelle

C.
39. Hentica, Leziel
M.
40. Jagonal, Michelle
P.
41. Libaste,
Antonette P.
42. Llemit, Jovelyn
M.
43. Montante, Airen
M.
44. Morit, Jennybe
M.
45. Perang, Kimberly
C.
46. Ranuco,
Charmaine V.
47. Satinitigan,
Princess
48. Tabat, Rebecca
T.
49. Tiamson, Nerissa
N.
50. Tumarlas, Mary

1312

The MPS (mean percentage score)

per learning skill during the item9
analysis
of
the
first
periodic
examination of the second year
students of Jagupit National High School
S.Y. 2009-2010 was the basis of this
study.
The 50-item multiple choice selfmade questionnaire comprised the
following data; 10 questions for the
topic ecology, 10 questions for the topic
Biomes, 10 questions for the topic
Ecological Succession, 10 questions for
the topic Punnet Square and the
Mendelian Genetics.

After having the item analysis, it

was found out that the topic Punnet
Square was the least learned skills.
On the other hand, the self-made
questionnaire
was
segregated
according to topic. The 10 questions for
the topic punnet square were again
administered
to
the
identified
respondents after they have undergone
the SIM.
Moreover, results of the identified
respondents were taken to validate if
there is a difference between their
scores prior to the intervention of the
SIM and after the intervention of the
SIM.
Table 2 shows the data gathered
and it was analyzed using the small
sample T-test for paired observations.
Data revealed that the calculated value
of T is 13.4 which is greater than the
tabular value 2.5 at 0.05 level of
significance with 2.5 degree of freedom.

Finally,
the
stated
null
hypothesis that there is no significant
difference between the scores of the
pre-test over the post-test of the
unmastered skills about the Punnet
Square and the Mendelian Genetics
after the application of the SIM to the
respondents was rejected. This means
that the use of SIM improved
significantly the identified least learned
skills.

CHAPTER 4
Conclusion and Recommendations

1
0

Conclusion:
Based on the analysis of the
data, a conclusion was drawn taken
from the null hypothesis that there is no
significant difference between the
scores of the pre-test over the post-test
of the unmastered skills about the

Punnet Square and the Mendelian

Genetics after the application of the SIM
to the respondents.

1. The Science Intervention Material

is an effective tool to enhance the
students mastery of the lesson.

This null hypothesis was rejected

based on the results presented.
Therefore it is concluded that there is
significant difference between the
scores of the pre-test over the post-test
of the unmastered skills about the
Punnet Square and the Mendelian
Genetics after the application of the SIM
to the respondents. This idea also
justifies the use of SIM improved
significantly the identified least learned
skills.

2. It should be adopted by the second

year high school students of
Jagupit NHS.
3. School
administrators
should
encour- age their teachers to
resolve least learned skills by
making a Strategic Intervention
Materials.

Bibliography

1
1

Recommendations:
From the data presented the following
recommendations were drawn:

Books:
Kola, S. L, (2007). An Analysis of High School
Students' Performance on Five
Integrated Science Process Skills

Research in Science & Technical

Education, Volume 19, Number 2 /
November 1, 2001Pp 133 145

SD
n

Gassert, R. S. (2003). Curriculum Relevancy:

Societal Impact (pp. 43-53).

Where:
d
SD
n

average difference
standard deviation
population sample

Electronic sources:
http://www.learner.org/interactives/dna/
genetics.html
October 8, 2010

Test Specific

4.32
2.83
50

Journal:

National
Research
Center
(NRC).
Measuring Attitudes toward Science.
1996

Appendices

Tabular Value
sig.

10.8
2.50 at 0.05 level of

Computed Value =
13.4 at 0.05 level of
sig.
PICTORIALS

1
2

A. Computation of T
Test Specific

1
3

The school principal gave her constructive

suggestions for the improvement of the
researchers SIM.

Students are busy answering the SIM