Homework1 13
Homework1 13
Homework1 13
and
, then
a)
b) ( u) = u
u
c) = 2u
d) u = (
u u
) u u
2
u = a
] sin kx sin t
cosh k ( y + H )
sinh [ kH ]
( ) ( ),
v = a
] cos kx
sinh k ( y + H )
sinh [ kH ]
( ) sin (t )
The flow field is a linear model for a standing surface gravity wave on a water layer of depth
H above a horizontal plane wall at y= -H, where a is the small constant amplitude of the wave
surface at
y = ( x, t) a cos(kx) cos(t) .
u is the horizontal velocity component and v is the vertical component. Such a wave can be
generated by the superposition of a travelling wave and its reflection on a vertical wall. is
the frequency of the wave and k=2/ is the wave number ( is wavelength). A visualization
of the fluid particle trajectories can be found at:
http://www.atmos.washington.edu/2006Q4/505/trajectories_standing_wave.jpg
There is also a movie on You Tube to watch:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpEevfOU4Z8
a) Sketch the surface of the wave at time t=0. What is the velocity field t=0? Calculate the
acceleration of a fluid particle at the surface at t=0.
b) Make a sketch of the instantaneous streamlines at t=/2 that includes the origin and
axes of the coordinate system. Calculate u and v for kx = 0, / 2, , 3 / 2 at t=/2
and indicate how this agrees qualitatively with the streamline pattern. Calculate the
acceleration of a fluid particle at kx=/2.
c) Show that the flow field is incompressible.
d) Calculate the velocity gradient tensor
e) Separate the flow field in its local translation, rotation and deformation for a fluid
element at the bottom of the fluid layer at y= -H. (Note that the wave amplitude, , is
assumed much smaller than both the depth, H, and the wavelength, .) Illustrate this
qualitatively for a small square aligned with the Cartesian coordinate axes at the phases
kx = 0, / 2, , 3 / 2 and at t=/2. The relative motion may be written
,
where
f)
Assume the fluid is Newtonian with viscosity and calculate the stress vector Ri(x,t) at a
horizontal surface element next to the bottom surface at y=-H if the pressure field is
given by
cosh k y + H
p = p atm gy + ga
cos kx cos t .
cosh kH
[(
[ ]
)]
( ) ( )
g) Does the flow field satisfy the boundary conditions of a Newtonian viscous fluid at the
bottom wall?