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A3. This question is about ideal gases.

(a)

[1]

State what is meant by an ideal gas.

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(b)

For an ideal gas

(i)

define internal energy.

[1]

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(ii) state and explain how the internal energy and the absolute (kelvin) temperature
are related.

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[2]

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(Question A3 continued)

(c)

Point A in the p-V diagram below represents the state of an ideal gas.
p / 105Pa
4

The number of moles of the gas is 0.64.

(i)

12

16

20

24 28
V / 10 3m3

[1]

Deduce that the temperature of the gas in state A is approximately 300K.

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(ii) A quantity Q of thermal energy is supplied to the gas at constant pressure.

The temperature of the gas increases to 900K. Calculate the new volume of
the gas.
[2]

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[2]

(iii) Determine the work done by the gas in this change of state.

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(iv) State and explain, using the first law of thermodynamics, whether the final
temperature of the gas would be equal to, less than or greater than 900K if Q
had been absorbed at constant volume.

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[3]

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(Question B3 continued)

Part 2

(a)

Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics can be written as the following equation.

Q = U + W

[3]

Identify the symbols in this equation.

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(Question B3, part 2 continued)

(b) A fixed mass of an ideal gas is contained in a cylinder by a piston. The friction between
the piston and cylinder wall is negligible.

Two procedures are carried out on the gas. The thermal energy input to the gas is the
same in both procedures.

Procedure 1 The gas is heated and expands at constant pressure with the piston free
to move. The temperature of the gas increases by 21K.

Procedure 2 The gas is now brought back to its initial state and again heated with the
piston fixed in position. The temperature of the gas increases by 35K.

(i)

[1]

State the name of the process in procedure 2.

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(ii) Explain why the temperature change is greater in procedure 2 than in procedure 1.

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(iii) In procedure 1, U changes by +120J. Use the first law of thermodynamics to

calculate the missing values in the table below.
U / J
Procedure 1

W/J

+120

[4]

[3]

Q/J
+200
+200

Procedure 2

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A2. This question is about thermal energy transfer.

(a)

A piece of copper is held in a flame until it reaches thermal equilibrium. The time it takes
to reach thermal equilibrium will depend on the thermal capacity of the piece of copper.

(i)

Define thermal capacity.

[1]

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(ii) Outline what is meant by thermal equilibrium in this context.

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(b) The piece of copper is transferred quickly to a plastic cup containing water. The thermal
capacity of the cup is negligible. The following data are available.

Mass of copper
Mass of water
Rise in temperature of water
Final temperature of copper
Specific heat capacity of copper
Specific heat capacity of water
(i)

= 0.12kg
= 0.45kg
= 30K
= 308K
= 390JkgK1
= 4200JkgK1

Use the data to calculate the temperature of the flame.

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(ii) Explain whether the temperature of the flame is likely to be greater or less than
your answer to (b)(i).

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(Question B3 continued)

Part 2 Thermodynamics

(a)

State, by reference to energy exchanges, the difference between a heat pump and a
heat engine.
[2]

Heat pump: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Heat engine: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) The diagram shows the ideal shape of a pressure-volume relationship (P-V) for the
working substance during one cycle of a steam engine.
P

p = 1.2106 Pa

V1 = 0.10 m

V2 = 0.40 m

The part of the cycle labelled AB is an isobaric isothermal change of phase.

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(Question B3 part 2 continued)

(i)

The only part of the cycle in which energy is transferred to the surroundings
is A B. Assuming that there is no change in the internal energy of the
working substance, use data from the diagram to deduce that the energy transferred
5
[2]
to the surroundings is .6 10 J .

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(ii) The efficiency of the engine is 32%. Determine the energy transferred from the
surroundings during one cycle.

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[3]

[1]

(iii) Calculate the work done by the engine in one cycle.

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(Question B4, part 1 continued)

(d) The engine that drives the conveyor belt in (c) operates in a cycle. In part of this cycle,
air is compressed in a cylinder of the engine such that the pressure and the temperature of
the air increases. Assuming that the air in the cylinder behaves as an ideal gas, outline how
the kinetic model of an ideal gas accounts for this increase in temperature and pressure.
[7]

temperature:

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pressure:

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(Question B1 part 1 continued)

(d) Another bullet is fired from a different gun into a large block of wood. The block remains
stationary after impact and the bullet melts completely. The temperature rise of the block
is negligible. Use the data to estimate the minimum impact speed of the bullet.

[5]

= 5.2103 kg
= 10 J kg 1K 1
= 80 J kg 1
= 0 C

mass of bullet



specific heat capacity of the material of the bullet
latent heat of fusion of the material of the bullet
melting point of the material of the bullet

initial temperature of bullet

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= 0 C

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A3. This question is about internal energy, heat and ideal gases.

(a)

The internal energy of a piece of copper is increased by heating.

(i)

Explain what is meant, in this context, by internal energy and heating.

Internal energy: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Heating: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) The piece of copper has mass 0.25kg. The increase in internal energy of the copper
is 1.2 103 J and its increase in temperature is 20K. Estimate the specific heat
capacity of copper.

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(Question A3 continued)

(b) One mole of an ideal gas is heated at constant pressure. The increase in temperature of
the gas is 30.0K. The energy transferred to the gas is 623J and the work done is 249J.

Determine

(i)

the change in internal energy of the gas.

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[2]

(ii) the thermal capacity of the gas.

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(c)

[3]

Another mole of the same gas is heated at constant volume starting from the same state as
that in (b). Suggest whether the thermal capacity in this case is equal to, greater than or
less than the answer in b(ii).

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B2. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about latent heat and specific heat and Part 2 is about
force fields.

Part 1 Latent heat and specific heat

(a)

(i)

Define specific latent heat of vaporization.

[2]

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(ii) Energy is supplied to a boiling liquid at a constant rate. Describe, in terms of

molecular behaviour, why the temperature of the liquid remains constant.

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(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(b) A student determines the latent heat of vaporization of water by an electrical method.
An electrical heater is used to boil water. When the water is boiling at a steady rate,
the mass of water evaporated per minute is determined. The mass is determined for
two different powers of the heater and the results are shown in the table below.
power of heater / W

mass of water evaporated per minute / g

80.0
35.0

1.89
0.70

The power of the heater is determined using an ammeter and a voltmeter.

(i)

The heater is labelled 9.0V, 80.0W. In the space below, draw an electrical circuit to
show how the heater may be used correctly with a constant 12V supply to provide
different powers to the heater. Include the ammeter and voltmeter in your circuit.

[2]

12V

(ii) Calculate the current in the heater for a power output of 80.0W.

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(iii) Use the data in the table above to determine a value for the specific latent heat of
vaporization of water.

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[2]

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(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(c)

In one particular make of electric kettle, the heater must always be immersed in water
when the kettle is in use. The minimum volume of water that can be heated is 650cm3.

The kettle is used six times each day to boil water for a single cup of tea. The cup has a
volume of 350cm3. The mass of 1.0cm3 of water is 1.0g.

(i)

[1]

Calculate the mass of water that is heated, but not used, during one day.

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(ii) The initial temperature of the water in the kettle before heating is 18C.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 103Jkg1K1. Deduce that the
[1]
electrical energy wasted each day is 6.2 105J.

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(iii) The cost of 1.0MJ of electrical energy is 3.5 cents. Estimate the cost of the energy
that is used each year to heat water that is not used to make tea.

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A3. This question is about an ideal gas and entropy.

(a)

A fixed mass of an ideal gas is compressed from volume V1 to volume V2 at

constant temperature. The variation with volume V of the pressure p of the gas is
shown below.
p

V2

V1

On the diagram above, draw a line to show the variation of pressure p as the volume of
the gas is changed from V1 to V2 without allowing any thermal energy to enter or leave
the gas.

[2]

(b) On the diagram in (a), identify

(i)

with the letter G, the line that represents the change that requires the greater amount
of work done on the gas.

[1]

(ii) by shading an area of the diagram, the part of the diagram that represents the
difference between the work done in the two changes.

[1]

(c)

For the compression of the gas at constant temperature, deduce what change, if any,
occurs in the entropy of the gas and of its surroundings.

[3]

the gas: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

the surroundings: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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B2. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about ideal gases. Part 2 is about the use of
fossil fuels.

Part 1

(a)

The atoms or molecules of an ideal gas are assumed to be identical hard elastic spheres
that have negligible volume compared with the volume of the containing vessel.

(i)

Ideal gases

State two further assumptions of the kinetic theory of an ideal gas.

[2]

1.

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2.

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(ii) Suggest why only the average kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas is
related to the internal energy of the gas.

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(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(b) An ideal gas is contained in a cylinder by means of a frictionless piston.

cylinder

piston

ideal gas

At temperature 290K and pressure 4.8 105Pa, the gas has volume 9.2 104m3.

(i)

Calculate the number of moles of the gas.

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(ii) The gas is compressed isothermally to a volume of 2.3 104m3. Determine the
pressure p of the gas.

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(iii) The gas is now heated at constant volume to a temperature of 420K. Show that the
pressure of the gas is now 2.8 106Pa.

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[2]

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(Question B2, part 1 continued)

(c)

The gas in (b)(iii) is now expanded adiabatically so that its temperature and pressure
return to 290K and 4.8 105Pa respectively. This state is shown below as point A.
p

(i)

Using the axes above sketch a pressure-volume (p-V) diagram for the changes in
(b)(ii), (b)(iii) and (c).

[3]

(ii) On your diagram in (c)(i), identify with the letter H any change or changes where
the gas does external work on its surroundings.

[1]

(iii) Describe how a p-V diagram may be used to estimate a value for the useful work
done in one cycle of operation of an engine.

[2]

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