Ntroduction: A. Network Architecture and Protocol Impact

I.
INTRODUCTION
With the increasing demand for data traffic, todays
cellular networks are in need of further improvements in their
system spectral efficiency. Since the link efficiency in todays
cellular standards is approaching theoretical limits, one way to
achieve increased efficiency is by deploying more cells. In
areas with a high density of macros (which are also typically
the areas with high traffic demand), deploying more macros
may lead to increased inter-cell interference, which may
dampen the gains of adding additional cells. Moreover, the
costs associated with deploying more macros also make this
option unattractive.
It is the fact that mobile broadband is expected to
contribute substantially to a continued spreading of Internet
access; either as complement to, or substitute for, wireline
broadband access. Similar to the formidable success of mobile
telephony, it is envisaged that the 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) family of standards will contribute
substantially to a high penetration of mobile broadband
globally. While GSM/GPRS/EDGE has been the most
successful system for mobile telephony and rudimentary data
access, and LTE is an attractive technology in the longer term,
High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) will in many markets be
the one of the primary mobile broadband technology.
Mobile broadband data has proved to be a successful
offering that has attracted a large number of users enjoying
high-quality data services via laptops, notebooks and
smartphones. In many advanced HSPA markets, the data
volume is more than ten times that of voice in terms of
transferred gigabytes. HSPA has transformed mobile networks
from being voice-dominated to data-dominated in just a few
years. It has been deployed in more than 150 countries by more
than 350 communications service providers (CSP) on multiple
frequency bands and is now the most extensively sold radio
technology globally.
After its launch in 2005/2006, HSPA subscriptions shows
an accelerated growth, which will lead to greater economies of
scale and thereby increased affordability of mobile broadband
services for different markets, customer segments, and
applications. In order to provide new and enhanced wireless
access infrastructure at a low incremental cost, it is vital for
network providers to whenever possible exploit existing
infrastructure including, for example, base station sites and
equipment. At the same time, a smooth migration
towards higher rates and new services require support for
legacy terminals and services. Hence, it is plausible that an
evolution of HSPA will in the foreseeable future be a key for
cost effective provisioning of mobile broadband access.
Included in 3GPP Releases 7 and 8, the HSPA Evolution
introduces several new features that enable : higher data rates,
lower latency, increased capacity, better support for VoIP, and
improved support for multicast services. In addition, multicarrier operation, which is the focus of this paper, is
introduced. More specifically, Dual-Carrier HSDPA operation
(DC-HSDPA) with downlink transmission on two adjacent 5
MHz carriers is included in 3GPP Release 8, and an evolution
to more than two downlink carriers as well as uplink multicarrier operation will be included in future releases. Notice
that we, for general discussions, will refer to a Multi-Carrier
HSPA (MC-HSPA) system, which corresponds to
simultaneous transmission for a given terminal (user
equipment) on more than 1 carrier in downlink and/or
uplink.
In this paper though, Multi- Carrier HSPA instead refers to
an aggregation of WCDMA/HSPA 5 MHz carriers. By
aggregating radio resources of multiple carriers, peak data
rates and capacity (supported traffic load for a given quality of

service level) can be increased substantially.
However, all current commercial network deploy-ments are
being based on 3GPP Release 7, which thanks to higher-order
modulation and support of multiple input, multiple output
(MIMO) technology in the downlink, supports data rates of up
to 28Mbps in the downlink and 11.5Mbps in the uplink. Other
Release 7 features, such as continuous packet connectivity
(CPC) and enhanced CELL_FACH state, improve capacity and
battery times in user equipment (UE).
The work of standardizing 3GPP Release 8 is now also
using either a combination of MIMO and 64QAM or dual
carriers HSDPA for operation on two 5MHz carriers with
64QAM, data rates reach up to 42Mbps. HSPA Release 10
with 4-carrier HSDPA provides a peak downlink data rate of
168 Mbps using 2x2 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
over the 20 MHz bandwidth. A natural next step for the HSPA
Release 10 downlink is to further extend the supportable
bandwidths to 40 MHz with 8-carrier HSDPA, doubling the
Release 10 peak rate to 336 Mbps. 8-carrier HSDPA coupled
with 4x4 MIMO doubles the peak rate again to reach 672
Mbps. The evolution of HSPA beyond Release 10 will push the
peak data rates to rival those provided by LTE Advanced.
In addition to increased peak rates, the aggregation of a
larger number of carriers improves spectrum utilization and
system capacity owing to inherent load balancing between
carriers. Additional capacity gains from trunking and
frequency domain scheduling will also be seen.
II. HSPA Multicarrier Evolution
III.
MULTI-CARRIER HSPA SYSTEM DESIGN
In this section we briefly describe the impact of Multi-Carrier

HSPA on radio access network architecture & protocols and
the user equipment. Focus is on Dual-Carrier HSDPA,
standardized in 3GPP Release 8, but the concept is readily
extendable to uplink and beyond two carriers in downlink.
Fi
gu
re
1.
U
T
R
A
N
side of MAC architecture for Dual-Carrier HSDPA.
A. Network Architecture and Protocol Impact

If both the network and the user equipment are capable of
Dual-Carrier HSDPA operation, the network will be able to
configure the user equipment not only with a (primary) serving
cell but also with a secondary serving cell originating from the
same base station but on an adjacent carrier frequency.
From the point of view of the user equipment, only the
primary serving cell has a corresponding uplink channel, and
non-HSDPA-related information such as the synchronization
channel (SCH) and transmit power control (TPC) commands
are always mapped to the primary serving cell, never to the

secondary serving cell. However, from a network point of
view, a particular cell can be the primary serving cell for some
users and the secondary serving cell for others. Furthermore,
legacy single carrier users can be supported in any cell.
The user data processing including channel coding,
interleaving, modulation and hybrid ARQ retransmission
protocol, as well as the corresponding signaling of related
physical layer control information to the user equipment are
performed independently for each one of the two serving cells,
meaning that the user can be scheduled independently in the
two serving cells. For each serving cell, one hybrid ARQ
acknowledgement and one downlink channel quality indicator
are fed back by the user equipment to the base station. The
UTRAN side of the MAC architecture [6] is illustrated
(somewhat simplified) in figure 1.
Taking into account that many base stations already
support multiple carrier frequencies (although for SingleCarrier HSPA operation) the complexity increase due to the
introduction of Multi-Carrier HSPA operation may very well
be quite modest on the network side. One part that
nevertheless needs to be upgraded is the scheduler, which
now needs to be able to schedule data transmissions for a
single user over more than one carrier. There may also be a
potential for enhancements and optimizations of mobility
(handover) measurements and procedurs.
Figure 2. A possible receiver architecture for Multi-Carrier HSDPA on

adjacent carriers, as in Dual-Carrier HSDPA in 3GPP Rel 8 (assuming N = 2
carriers). Notice that the analog architecture may be reused for operation in
LTE systems.
B. Cost Effective Terminal Implementation

When introducing new features to existing
standards,
it
is highly important that these can be
implemented in cost- effective ways for them to be
successfully employed. This is especially true for equipment
that is subject to large-scale production, such as mobile
broadband devices. A lower implementation cost increases the
likelihood that the feature is included in more products, which
in turn makes it more attractive than less cost-effective
technologies offering similar performance.
Several architectural options exist for the
implementation of Multi-Carrier HSPA devices. Depending on
the deployment scenario considering for example spectrum
allocation of the carriers of interest different architectures
will be more or less viable. As an example, the Dual-Carrier
HSDPA feature in 3GPP Release 8 applies only to adjacent
carriers within the same band. As illustrated in figure 2,
adjacent carriers enables the use of a (per antenna branch)
single RF chain in the receiver, operating at 10 MHz
bandwidth, instead of a more expensive solution with two
RF chains, each one operating at 5 MHz bandwidth. In
scenarios with disjoint spectrum allocation, on the other
hand, multiple RF chains will typically be the desired
architecture. This is especially true if the carriers reside in
different frequency bands.
Because the UE may have to operate either in single-carrier
or multi-carrier mode, the analog receive filters need either be
tunable, or implemented as separate fixed filters with different
bandwidths. The situation is similar to an LTE receiver, which
has to be able to operate in different system bandwidths, from
1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz. Thus, in a dual-mode HSPA + LTE
capable device, it is feasible to use the same RF architecture
for both radio access standards.

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I.

rates and capacity (supported traffic load for a given quality of

MULTI-CARRIER HSPA SYSTEM DESIGN

In this section we briefly describe the impact of Multi-Carrier

side of MAC architecture for Dual-Carrier HSDPA.

A. Network Architecture and Protocol Impact

are always mapped to the primary serving cell, never to the

Figure 2. A possible receiver architecture for Multi-Carrier HSDPA on

B. Cost Effective Terminal Implementation

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