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    Crystallization

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    nilay
    This document discusses crystallization, which is the formation of solid particles within a homogenous phase, such as the formation of ice from water vapor. Crystallization is significant because it produces very pure materials. Key terms discussed include mother liquor, supersaturated solution, and equilibrium curve. Supersaturation, the driving force for crystallization, can be generated through temperature change, evaporation, or adding a third component. Crystals form through nucleation and growth. Equipment used for crystallization includes cooling crystallizers, evaporating crystallizers, and fluidized bed crystallizers.

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    Crystallization

    Uploaded by

    nilay
    159 views13 pages
    This document discusses crystallization, which is the formation of solid particles within a homogenous phase, such as the formation of ice from water vapor. Crystallization is significant because it produces very pure materials. Key terms discussed include mother liquor, supersaturated solution, and equilibrium curve. Supersaturation, the driving force for crystallization, can be generated through temperature change, evaporation, or adding a third component. Crystals form through nucleation and growth. Equipment used for crystallization includes cooling crystallizers, evaporating crystallizers, and fluidized bed crystallizers.

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    Chemical Engg

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    This document discusses crystallization, which is the formation of solid particles within a homogenous phase, such as the formation of ice from water vapor. Crystallization is significant because it produces very pure materials. Key terms discussed include mother liquor, supersaturated solution, and equilibrium curve. Supersaturation, the driving force for crystallization, can be generated through temperature change, evaporation, or adding a third component. Crystals form through nucleation and growth. Equipment used for crystallization includes cooling crystallizers, evaporating crystallizers, and fluidized bed crystallizers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    159 views13 pages

    Crystallization

    Uploaded by

    nilay
    This document discusses crystallization, which is the formation of solid particles within a homogenous phase, such as the formation of ice from water vapor. Crystallization is significant because it produces very pure materials. Key terms discussed include mother liquor, supersaturated solution, and equilibrium curve. Supersaturation, the driving force for crystallization, can be generated through temperature change, evaporation, or adding a third component. Crystals form through nucleation and growth. Equipment used for crystallization includes cooling crystallizers, evaporating crystallizers, and fluidized bed crystallizers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 13

    Crystallization

    What is Crystallization
    Formation of solid particles within a homogenous phase
    e.g. formation of solid NaCl from salt solution
    Formation of ice, snow from water vapor
    Natural minerals, e.g. gemstones, diamonds
    Significance of study of crystallization:
    Crystals are very pure form of materials
    Crystals formed from impure solution are still pure
    Very practical method of obtaining very high purity
    Rock salt crystals
    material
    in satisfactory condition for storage

    Natural diamond crystal

    Snow flakes

    Terms
    Magma: two phase mixture of mother liquor and crystals of all sizes
    Mother liquor: the part of a solution left over after crystallization
    Supersaturated solution: solution with concentration greater
    than equilibrium concentration

    Invariant crystal: the crystal maintains geometric similarity


    Characteristic length: definition of size of crystal
    L

    6v
    s
    p

    sp is surface area of the crystal


    vp is the volume of the crystal

    Overlapping principle: different faces of crystal grow at a different


    rate and later the shape and appearance of the crystal
    Faces with low velocity survive crystal growth

    Equilibrium Curve

    Solubility

    KNO3

    NaCl

    MnSO4

    Temperature
    Solubility-supersolubility
    diagram

    Solubility is usually a strong function of temperature, e.g. KNO3, MnSO4


    Most inorganic substances crystallize with water of crystallization
    In some systems several hydrates might be formed

    Fundamental driving force for crystallization is change in chemical potential but


    mostly expressed as concentration driving force

    Supersaturation
    From
    solutions
    solution with concentration greater than equilibrium concentration
    Generated using
    Temperature change (cooling or heating)
    Evaporating the solvent
    Addition of third component (salting out, precipitation)

    Degree of supersaturation is given by


    c y c c
    Saturation ratio is given by S c
    *

    Relative supersaturation: c S 1
    c

    Example
    At 293 K, a supersaturated solution of sucrose contains 2.45 kg sucrose/kg water. If
    the equilibrium saturation value is 2.04 kg/kg water, what is the supersaturation
    ratio in terms of kg/kg water and kg/kg solution?

    Formation of Crystals
    Rupture of existing crystals
    Nucleation
    Primary nucleation (homogenous nucleation)
    Solute molecules clustering to form aggregates or embryos that grow into
    nuclei

    Secondary nucleation (heterogeneous nucleation)


    Contact nucleation
    Breakage of dendritic growths on the crystals
    Catalytic effect of solid particles in the supersaturated solution

    Fluid shear nucleation


    Sonication, shear due to impellers, etc

    Formation of Crystals
    Caking
    Frequently cake or cement together on storage
    Depend on crystal size, shape, moisture content, storage
    conditions
    Minimized by airtight packing, deposition of inert dust on crystals

    Washing

    To remove mother liquor content and for removal of impurities


    Crystals are separated using filtration, centrifugation
    Cake is washed with another insoluble liquid
    Multiple washing stages might be required

    Crystal Growth

    Design of crystallizers
    Set supersaturation limit in the crystallizer
    Calculate solution recirculation rate from material balance
    Estimate maximum growth rate assuming cubic crystals for given
    supersaturation
    Calculate crystal growth for different desupersaturations
    Mass of crystals in suspension and the suspension volume are
    calculated assuming a value for the voidage which is often about 0.85
    Solution up-flow velocity is calculated for very small crystals
    Usually measured exerimentally

    Crystallizer area and diameter are calculated, and height is estimated


    using (volume of suspension/cross-sectional area)

    Equipment
    Cooling Crystallizers
    Agitated vessels
    Scraped surface crystallizers

    Evaporating crystallizers
    Vacuum cooling crystallizers

    Equipment
    Cooling Crystallizers
    Agitated vessels
    Scraped surface crystallizers

    Evaporating crystallizers
    Vacuum cooling
    Forced circulation

    Forced circulation Swenson crystallizer

    Equipment
    Cooling Crystallizers
    Agitated vessels
    Scraped surface crystallizers

    Evaporating crystallizers
    Vacuum cooling
    Forced circulation
    Fluidized bed

    Oslo fluidized bed crystallizer

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