Assignment

On
Present trends of man
made fibre production &
their economic & social
aspect.
Course code: Tex-201
Course title: Textile Raw
Materials-II
Submitted Date: 6thth January, 2010.

Submitted To:
MUHAMMAD KAMRUZZAMAN
LECTURER OF BSTE
CITY UNIVERSITY
 Group Members:

SERIAL NAME ID
NO.

01 MD. FAZLUL HAQUE 06313219

Acknowledgement:
At first we give our thanks to Allah. And then
we also give our respectful thanks to our
course advisor, Muhammad Kamruzzaman for
his important advises which are very helpful
for us to produce this assignment.

Table of Content
 Topic Name Page No.
Introduction 01-02

Definition 02
History 03
Classification of Man- 04
made Fibres
Man-made Fibre 05
Industry
Man-made Fibre 05
Industry in
Bangladesh
Driving Factors behind 05-06
Rapid Growth of Man-
made Fibre Industry
Present Trends 07
Conclusion 07
References 08
Reference links 08

Introduction
The important new trends noted in recent years in the evolution of man
made fibre production significantly alter the possibilities of satisfying the
demands for textile materials and articles. Today, the properties of
traditional kinds of man made fibres are deliberately modified and new
fibres and fibre materials are appearing. The high social, technical, and
economic efficacy of using chemical fibres and textiles made from them is
indisputable, and production is increasing from year to year for this reason.
Production of natural fibres- cotton, jute, flax, hemp, wool, and natural silk
has now reached a total of 27-28 million tons. No significant increase in
production is projected since cultivated areas, water resources, and the
possibility of improving agricultural practices are limited to a significant
degree. In addition, cultivated areas will be required in the future for
growing agricultural food products. For this reason, natural fibre
production is gradually approaching its limit, estimated at 32-35 million
tons a year.
The total volume of fibres manufactured and processed into textiles is close
to 60 million tons a year, and the world population is almost 6.1 billion
people. Each inhabitant of the planet thus consumes 9-10 kg of fibre
materials. As a function of the climate, level of development of the
countries and other reasons, this “norm” is unevenly distributed .it is much
higher in developed countries and countries with colder climates.
According to the projections of sociologists, the planet’s population will
approach 10-11 billion by the middle of the 21st century, and the demand
for fibres and fibre materials per capita (including the needs of developed
technology) could reach 12-15 kg and higher, which corresponds to the
current level of demand in the most developed countries. Based on the
above, the interest in the prospects for development of chemical fibres and
textiles made from them, the appearance of new kinds, and the possible
substitution of certain kinds of fibres by others is completely
understandable. For this reason, the analysis and prediction of the evolution
of production and an evaluation of the technical and economic problems in
this area are very important.
Man made fibres used for manufacturing domestic, industrial, hygienic,
medical, and other articles can be divided into several groups. General-
purpose fibres and filaments, including modified fibres; elastomeric fibres,
high-strength fibres, including films manufactured by fibrillation; ultra
strong and ultrahigh-modulus fibres; thermo stable and difficult-to-ignite
fibres; fibres with specific physical, physicochemical, and chemical
properties. In addition, nonwoven fibre materials manufactured by direct
melt spinning and acetate and other kinds of cigarette twist not undergoing
textile processing should be distinguished. Of the listed groups of general-
purpose fibres and filaments, high-strength fibres and direct-spun
nonwoven materials belong to large-tonnage types of production, while the
remainder is medium and small tonnage products.
Definition
A fibre or staple fibre is a substance which is usually at least 100 times
longer than its diameter. Usually fibres are several thousand times longer
than they are thick. Most apparel fibres are about 15 to 150 mm long and
10 to 50 μm (μm = 0.001 mm) thick but the length of a filament fibre may
be several kilometers. Staples offered opportunity to blend with natural
fibres and ensures a greater economy in manufacturing (machines are 10
times more efficient).
Fibres that are not found in nature in fibre form are called man-made fibre.
The fibre forming substances have to be manufactured by chemical method
instead of growing them in fields. Because of this, man-made fibres are
also called chemical or manufactured fibre. The fibre forming substances
are usually made from wood pulp, cotton linters, petrochemicals or natural
gas.

History
1664 English physicist Robert Hooke suggested the possibility of extruding
artificial silk by a mechanical imitation of the silkworm.
1855 A patent was issued to French scientist Georges Audemars for the
manufacture of nitrocellulose (gun cotton). Extreme flammability made
them unacceptable for textile use.
1884 Count Hilaire de Chardonnet in France produced regenerated cellulose
(de-nitrated) fibre from nitrocellulose at the same time as Sir Joseph
Wilson Swan in Britain.
1891 Manufacture of the first commercially produced man-made fibre known
as Chardonnet Silk began. Viscose Rayon was discovered by CF Cross
and EJ Bevan.
1905 First commercial production of Viscose Rayon by Courtaulds.
1921 First commercial production of Acetate (Celanese®) by British Celanese.
1938 First Synthetic fibre Nylon was discovered by WH Carothers at Du Pont.
He also discovered neoprene synthetic rubber and aliphatic polyester.
Commercial production started in 1939.
1941 Polyester was discovered by JT Dickson and JR Whinfield at Calico
Printers Association, UK.
1950 Commercial production of Acrylic (Orlon®) by Du Pont.
1953 Commercial production of Polyester by ICI (Terylene®) in UK and Du
Pont (Dacron®) in USA.
1959 Commercial production of Spandex (Lycra®) by Du Pont.
1963 Commercial production of Aramid (Nomex®) by Du Pont.
1981 Genesis by Courtaulds started, leading to the discovery of Lyocell
(Tencel®).
1992 Full commercial production of Lyocell (Tencel®) by Courtaulds.
1998 Commercial production of PBO (poly-para-phenylene bisoxazole) by
Toyobo (Japan).
Classification of Man-made Fibres
Man-made fibres are basically divided into two major groups based on the
origin of the fibre-forming substance i.e. natural or synthetic. Another
group includes fibres such as Metal (Aluminum/Steel), Carbon and Glass.
A detailed classification is given below:
Man-made Fibre Industry
Current world production of textile fibres is about 60 million tons (2003)
and about 60% of them are man-made fibres. Among all man-made fibres,
Polyester has the highest share (19 million tons in 2000; 57% filament,
43% staple; 75% of production from developing countries; 34 million tons
by 2010) and its share is increasing while the share of Nylon (17.5%, 3.9
million tons in 1995; 16% staple, 84% filament including BCF; 5 million
tons by 2000) is steady. The share of Acrylic (10.8%, 2.4 million tons in
1995) is slowly decreasing and the share of cellulosics (11.2%, 2.5 million
tons in 1995) has started to increase after a few years of minus growth due
to environmental problems. Other fibres of importance include
Polypropylene (6.7%, 1.5 million tons in 1995; 4 million tons by 2000),
Lyocell (18 thousand tons in 1993; 0.3 million tons by 2005) and Elastane
(0.1 million tons by 2000). Geographically, USA remains the single largest
producer (19% in 1995) while the production share of Western Europe and
Japan are 15% and 8% respectively. The growth centre for man-made fiber
industry is Asia and the combined production of Taiwan, China, South
Korea and India accounts for 33% of world production in 1995.
Man-made Fibre Industry in Bangladesh
Although Bangladesh has a huge demand of man-made fibres for its
thriving textile sector, only a few production facilities are available to meet
such a requirement. One of the earliest man-made fibre (Viscose Rayon)
production facilities in Bangladesh was constructed in Chittagong
(Chandragona Rayon Mill, BCCI) which now stands obsolete. Few
production plants had also been set-up in the private sector. Beximco
Synthetics (20 ton/day) and KSFL are few to name here.
Driving Factors behind Rapid Growth of Man-made Fibre
Industry
Natural fibres have been dominating the world fibre consumption for about
6000 years. Ninety nine years after the first commercial production of man-
made fibre in 1905, its share of total fibre production now stands more than
50%. The factors contributed greatly to this rapid development are:
1. Ready accessibility of raw materials e.g. wood pulp, petrochemicals
2. Independence of production from climatic conditions and increase of
sowing area
3. Stability of market price, free from sudden fluctuation
4. High labour productivity
5. Uniform and constant fibre qualities e.g. length, fineness, strength
6. Means to control fibre parameters during production
7. Easier processing, higher machinery efficiency, greater economy
In addition, man-made fibres satisfy the following growing demand of a
modern consumer:
# Natural aesthetics
• Natural appearance e.g. dull, silky, crimped
• Easy care characteristics e.g. wash and go!
• High fashion appearance: styling and colorways
# Strength e.g. Kevlar® = 26.5 gpd, PBO = 40 gpd, Cotton = 4 gpd [a
single fibre of PBO, a mere 1 mm in diameter is strong enough to lift 400
kg (the weight of a cow)].
# Reproducibility to specification
# Chemical/biological/thermal resistance
# Comfort e.g. second skin with stretch and breathability
# Multifunctional end uses i.e. break the boundaries between sports, leisure
and casual wears e.g. Jacket

Present Trends
1. Most R&D is devoted to Polyester (mostly used for blends with cotton &
wool and to make silk-like fabrics; most existing microfibres are
polyesters; FR, anti-bacterial, spun-look Polyester filament proved
successful).
2. In apparel sector, development will continue to focus on active
sportswear, women’s fashionwear.
3. Development of high-tech fibres e.g. fibres maintaining constant body
temperature & change color with temperature, producer-dyed microfibres,
biodegradable fibres, super-strong fibres, optical fibres, environmental
change responsive fibres etc.

Conclusion
At last we can say man made fiber products are very popular in recent time
because these fibers are comfortable for wearing & quality is high. Our
country’s man made fiber production is very insufficient. So every year our
government loss more foreign currency for importing these man made
fibers. But our man made fiber production increase gradually. So it is
necessary for our country to increase these man fiber productions. Our
government can take & offer to the private sector for developing this site.
In this way we can easily full fill our man made fiber demand & save our
foreign currency.
References
1. Textiles: Fiber to Fabric, Sixth Edition, 1983 by BP Corbman;
McGrahill, USA
2. Textile Science, Second Edition, 1983 by EPG Gohl and LD
Vilensky; Longman, UK
3. Handbook of Textile Fibres, Vol II, Fifth Edition, 1984 by JG Cook;
Woodhead, UK
4. Polyester: 50 Years of Achievement, 1992 by The Textile Institute,
UK
5. Advanced Fibre Spinning Technology, 1994 by T. Nakajima;
Woodhead, UK
6. New Fibers, Second Edition, 1997 by T Hongu and GO Phillips;
Woodhead, UK

Reference links
1. www.scribd.com
2. www.yahoo.com
3. www.google.com

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