Energy Storage Elements

New topics energy storage elements
Capacitors
Inductors
EECS 42, Spring 2005
Week 3b
Books on Reserve for EECS 42 in

Engineering Library
The Art of Electronics by Horowitz and Hill (1st and 2nd
editions) -- A terrific source book on electronics
Electrical Engineering Uncovered by White and Doering
(2nd edition) Freshman intro to aspects of
engineering and EE in particular
Newtons Telecom Dictionary: The authoritative resource
for Telecommunications by Newton (18th edition
he updates it annually) A place to find
definitions of all terms and acronyms connected
with telecommunications
Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications by
Hambley (3rd edition) Backup copy of text for
EECS 42
Week 3b
Reader
The EECS 42 Supplementary Reader is now available
at Copy Central, 2483 Hearst Avenue (price: $12.99)
It contains selections from two textbooks that

we will use when studying semiconductor devices:
Microelectronics: An Integrated Approach
(by Roger Howe and Charles Sodini)
Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective
(by Jan Rabaey et al.)
Week 3b
The Capacitor
Two conductors (a,b) separated by an insulator:
difference in potential = Vab
=> equal & opposite charge Q on conductors
Q = CVab
(stored charge in terms of voltage)
where C is the capacitance of the structure,

positive (+) charge is on the conductor at higher potential
Parallel-plate capacitor:
area of the plates = A (m2)
separation between plates = d (m)
dielectric permittivity of insulator =
(F/m)
=> capacitance
A
C=
d
(F)
F
Week 3b
Symbol:
or
Electrolytic (polarized)
capacitor
Units: Farads (Coulombs/Volt)

(typical range of values: 1 pF to 1 F; for supercapacitors up to a few F!)
Current-Voltage relationship:
dQ
dvc
dC
=C
+ vc
ic =
dt
dt
dt
If C (geometry) is unchanging, iC = dvC/dt
ic
+
vc
Note: Q (vc) must be a continuous function of time

Week 3b
Voltage in Terms of Current; Capacitor

Uses
t
Q(t ) = ic (t )dt + Q(0)

0
1
Q ( 0) 1
vc (t ) = ic (t )dt +
= ic (t )dt + vc (0)
C
C0
C0
Uses: Capacitors are used to store energy for camera flashbulbs,
in filters that separate various frequency signals, and
they appear as undesired parasitic elements in circuits where
they usually degrade circuit performance
Week 3b
Week 3b
Schematic Symbol and Water Model for a Capacitor
Week 3b
Stored Energy
CAPACITORS STORE ELECTRIC ENERGY
You might think the energy stored on a capacitor is QV =

CV2, which has the dimension of Joules. But during
charging, the average voltage across the capacitor was
only half the final value of V for a linear capacitor.
Thus, energy is 1 QV =
2
1
CV 2
2
Example: A 1 pF capacitance charged to 5 Volts

has (5V)2 (1pF) = 12.5 pJ
(A 5F supercapacitor charged to 5
volts stores 63 J; if it discharged at a
constant rate in 1 ms energy is
discharged at a 63 kW rate!)
Week 3b
A more rigorous derivation

ic
+
vc
t = t Final
v = VFinal dQ
v = VFinal
dt =
w=
v c ic dt =
v c dQ
vc
t = t Initial
v = VInitial
v = VInitial dt
v = VFinal
1
1
2
2
w=
Cv
dv
CV
CV
=
c c
Final
Initial
2
2
v = VInitial
Week 3b
Example: Current, Power & Energy for a Capacitor

t
v (V)
1
0
v(t)
10 F
t (s)
vc and q must be continuous
functions of time; however,
ic can be discontinuous.
dv
i=C
dt
i (A)
i(t)
1
v(t ) = i ( )d + v(0)
C0
t (s)
Note: In steady state
(dc operation), time
derivatives are zero
C is an open circuit
Week 3b
p (W)
i(t)
v(t)
10 F
t (s)
p = vi
w (J)
1 2
w = pd = Cv
2
0
1
5
Week 3b
t (s)
Capacitors in Parallel
i(t)
i1(t)
i2(t)
C1
C2
v(t)
+
Ceq
i(t)
v(t)
Ceq = C1 + C2
dv
i = Ceq
dt
Equivalent capacitance of capacitors in parallel is the sum
Week 3b
Capacitors in Series
+ v1(t) + v2(t)
i(t)
C1
C2
+
i(t)
Ceq
v(t)=v1(t)+v2(t)
1
1
1
= +
Ceq C1 C2
Week 3b
Capacitive Voltage Divider

Q: Suppose the voltage applied across a series combination
of capacitors is changed by v. How will this affect the
voltage across each individual capacitor?
v = v1 + v2
Q1=C1v1
Q1+Q1
C1
v+v
-Q1Q1
Q2+Q2
C2
Q2Q2
+
v1+v1
Note that no net charge can

can be introduced to this node.
Therefore, Q1+Q2=0
+
v2(t)+v2
C1v1 = C2 v2
C1
v2 =
v
C1 + C2
Q2=C2v2 Note: Capacitors in series have the same incremental

charge.
Week 3b
Application Example: MEMS Accelerometer

to deploy the airbag in a vehicle collision
Capacitive MEMS position
sensor used to measure
acceleration (by measuring force
on a proof mass) MEMS = micro
electro-mechanical systems
g1
g2
FIXED OUTER PLATES

Week 3b
Sensing the Differential Capacitance

Begin with capacitances electrically discharged
Fixed electrodes are then charged to +Vs and Vs
Movable electrode (proof mass) is then charged to Vo
Circuit model
Vs
C1
C1 C2
(2Vs ) =
Vo = Vs +
Vs
C1 + C2
C1 + C2
C1
Vo
C2
Vs
A A
Vo g1 g 2 g 2 g1 g 2 g1
=
=
=
const
Vs A + A g 2 + g1
g1 g 2
Week 3b
Practical Capacitors
A capacitor can be constructed by interleaving the plates
with two dielectric layers and rolling them up, to achieve
a compact size.
To achieve a small volume, a very thin dielectric with a

high dielectric constant is desirable. However, dielectric
materials break down and become conductors when the
electric field (units: V/cm) is too high.
Real capacitors have maximum voltage ratings
An engineering trade-off exists between compact size and
high voltage rating
Week 3b
The Inductor
An inductor is constructed by coiling a wire around some
type of form.
+
vL(t)
iL
_
Current flowing through the coil creates a magnetic field

and a magnetic flux that links the coil: LiL
When the current changes, the magnetic flux changes
a voltage across the coil is induced:
Note: In steady state (dc operation), time
derivatives are zero L is a short circuit
Week 3b
diL
vL (t ) = L
dt
Symbol:
L
Units: Henrys (Volts second / Ampere)
(typical range of values: H to 10 H)
Current in terms of voltage:
1
diL = vL (t )dt
L
t
1
iL (t ) = vL ( )d + i (t0 )
L t0
iL
+
vL
Note: iL must be a continuous function of time

Week 3b
Schematic Symbol and Water Model of an Inductor
Week 3b
Stored Energy
INDUCTORS STORE MAGNETIC ENERGY
Consider an inductor having an initial current i(t0) = i0
p(t ) = v(t )i(t ) =

t
w(t ) = p( )d =
t0
1 2 1 2
w(t ) = Li Li0
2
2
Week 3b
Inductors in Series
di
v = Leq
dt
+ v1(t) + v2(t)
v(t) +
L1
i(t)
L2
i(t)
v(t) +
Leq
+
v(t)=v1(t)+v2(t)
di
di
di
di
v = L1 + L2 = (L1 + L2 ) = Leq
dt
dt
dt
dt
Leq = L1 + L2
Equivalent inductance of inductors in series is the sum
Week 3b
Inductors in Parallel
+
i1
i(t)
L1
i2
i(t)
v(t) L2
Leq
v(t)
1
1
i = i1 + i2 = vd + i1 (t0 ) + vd + i2 (t0 )
L1 t0
L2 t0
1
i=
vd + i (t0 )
Leq t0
1 1
i = + vd + [i1 (t0 ) + i2 (t0 )]
L1 L2 t0
1
1 1
= +
with i (t0 ) = i1 (t0 ) + i2 (t0 )
Leq L1 L2
t
Week 3b
Summary
Capacitor
Inductor
dv
i=C
dt
1 2
w = Cv
2
di
v=L
dt
1 2
w = Li
2
v cannot change instantaneously

i can change instantaneously
Do not short-circuit a charged
capacitor (-> infinite current!)
i cannot change instantaneously

v can change instantaneously
Do not open-circuit an inductor with
current (-> infinite voltage!)
n cap.s in series:
1
1
n ind.s in series:
=
Ceq i =1 Ci
n cap.s in parallel: Ceq =

C
i =1
Leq = Li
i =1
n
1
1
=
n ind.s in parallel:
Leq i =1 Li
Week 3b

Energy Storage Elements

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New topics energy storage elements

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Books on Reserve for EECS 42 in

It contains selections from two textbooks that

(stored charge in terms of voltage)

where C is the capacitance of the structure,

Units: Farads (Coulombs/Volt)

Note: Q (vc) must be a continuous function of time

Voltage in Terms of Current; Capacitor

Q(t ) = ic (t )dt + Q(0)

EECS 42, Spring 2005

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Schematic Symbol and Water Model for a Capacitor

EECS 42, Spring 2005

You might think the energy stored on a capacitor is QV =

Example: A 1 pF capacitance charged to 5 Volts

A more rigorous derivation

Example: Current, Power & Energy for a Capacitor

EECS 42, Spring 2005

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Capacitive Voltage Divider

Note that no net charge can

Q2=C2v2 Note: Capacitors in series have the same incremental

Application Example: MEMS Accelerometer

FIXED OUTER PLATES

Sensing the Differential Capacitance

To achieve a small volume, a very thin dielectric with a

Current flowing through the coil creates a magnetic field

Current in terms of voltage:

Note: iL must be a continuous function of time

Schematic Symbol and Water Model of an Inductor

EECS 42, Spring 2005

Consider an inductor having an initial current i(t0) = i0

p(t ) = v(t )i(t ) =

EECS 42, Spring 2005

v cannot change instantaneously

i cannot change instantaneously

n cap.s in parallel: Ceq =

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