Lecture #2 September 5, 2000

Lecture #2
September 5 , 2000
HW#1 is due Thursday, September 7, 2000
Home work will be collected at the lecture. Please write your section number on your homework
Review of Lecture 1
Voltage Current
v(t) dq i (t) = dt
Power
P (t) = i (t) v(t)
Laws of Nature used in Electrical Engineering
Conservation of Charge Continuity of Current Conservation of Energy
Total charge in a closed system is constant.

- +- + + + -++ - - + - +- + - + -+ + + + - -+ + - -+ + + + + + - +- + -
Conservation of charge
Total current through a closed surface is zero.

Continuity of current
Conservation of Energy Potential difference between two points is independent of the path*.
V1
V2
E dl = 0
5
* For
static potentials
We will use these laws later to develop mathematical models for circuits
Conservation of Charge Continuity of Current Conservation of Energy
It is essential to specify reference directions for current and voltage
i(t) + V(t) -
Voltage and current are algebraic quantities and the signs are critical.
Basic circuit components and terminal relations

Terminal relations
Resistor
v = i R
Ohm's law
Capacitor
= C dv i dt v =L di dt
or
1 v = i( t ' )dt ' C
Inductor
Resistors
Resistors obey Ohms law.
i(t)
+
v(t)
_
v (t) = i (t) R
Terminal relation for resistor
Note the convention on reference directions: For passive elements, current flows from positive to negative in the device
10
Ohms law in action

In a resistor, voltage is directly proportional to current
v(t) = i ( t ) R
V
2 1
Consider R = 2 k
1
i(t)
1 2 3
i (mA)
v(t)
_
11
Resistance can be readily calculated for geometric figures with constant cross-section
L
A
= Conductivity ( m )1 L = Length of the cylinder ( m ) A = Area of the cylinder ( m2 )
L R = A
The units of resistance is Ohm ().

12
Copper wires have very low resistance
= 5.8 107( m)-1 L 0.3 m

A 10 -6 m2
L R= A
R 5.17 m
13
Capacitors
14
Capacitors are common energy storage devices

Danger High Voltage 10 F 100kV
1F
440pF
C = 10 F V = 100 kV
q Cv
q = 1 Coulomb
15
In a capacitor current varies with the derivative of voltage

i(t) + v(t) _ C
q (t) C v (t)
dq i = dt
i (t )
dv = C dt
Note reference directions Capacitance is constant
i(t )
dv (t ) = C dt
16
In a capacitor voltage is proportional to integral of the current

i(t) + v(t) _ C
i (t )
dv (t ) =C dt
t
1 v (t ) = C
17
i ( t ) d t
Given a voltage variation on a capacitor, we can readily calculate the current
For example: C = 10 F, V=10 e -1000 t Volts

Find i(t)
d v (t ) i (t ) = C dt
Answer: I (t) = 10-5 (-1000) 10 e -1000 t A =10 e -1000 t mA
18
Capacitance can be readily calculated for geometric figures with constant cross-section The unit of capacitance is farad (F).
A d
C = A d
is the dielectric constant, = r r = relative dielectric constant o = 8.85 * 10-12 Farads / meter
19
Calculating the capacitance:
An example: Ceramic capacitor

???F
A C= d A ~ 5 10-5 m2 d ~ 2 mm
= r r 2000 (Strontium
Titanate)
o = 8.85 * 10-12 F / m
C ~ 440 pF
20
In a capacitor current varies with the derivative of voltage
q Cv i(t)
+
v(t)
_
i(t )
dv (t ) = C dt
Note reference directions
21
Current in a capacitor can be calculated from the voltage
i(t)
+
Example: C=10 F v(t) = 1000 cos (120 t) Volts 10 F

1000 V
v(t)
_
t
-1000 V
What is i(t) ?
22
Calculating i(t)
i(t)
C=10 F,
dv (t ) = C dt
Amperes
v(t) = 1000 cos (120 t) Volts
i(t) = -1.2 sin (120 t) i

23
In a capacitor, voltage is proportional to integral of the current
i(t)
+
i (t )
C
dv (t ) =C dt
t
v(t)
_
1 v (t ) = C
24
i ( t ) d t
Example Calculate v(t) given a current i(t)
i(t)
+
v(t)
_
= 1 F
t=0 t
i(t)
10 A
t = 2 sec
1 v(t ) = C
i ( t ) d t
25
Calculating v(t)
v(t )
i(t)
+
1 = C
i ( t ) d t
v(t) i(t)
v(t)
_
C =1 F
10 A
20 V
t=0
t = 2 sec
26
Inductors
27
A coil is an inductor
28
Current creates magnetic flux in an inductor
B
S Current
B ds
s
Magnetic flux
Magnetic flux density

29
Flux linkage is equal to number of turns times flux
B
Current S
N turns
B ds
s
= N
Flux Linkage Number of turns
30
Flux linkage is equal to current times inductance
i(t)
+
v(t)
_
(t) = Li(t)
Flux Linkage Inductance Unit of inductance is Henry
31
Joseph Henry
Henry, Joseph (1797-1878), the leading American scientist after Benjamin Franklin until Willard Gibbs, was a professor at Princeton from 1832 to 1846. His chief scientific contributions were in the field of electromagnetism, where he discovered the phenomenon of selfinductance. The unit of inductance, called ``the henry,'' immortalizes his name. Henry is also remembered as the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, where he made extraordinary contributions to the organization and development of American science. His statue stands in front of the Smithsonian Castle in Washington DC
32
Compare capacitance and inductance
q C=v L= i
charge voltage
flux linkage current
33
Inductance can be readily calculated for a long solenoid
0N A L= d
No magnetic core
34
Calculation of inductance:
0N A L= d d
0 = 4 10 7 enry/meter d = 0.1 m , N= 100 A = 10-4 m2
No magnetic core
L = 12.6 H
35
Faradays law
+ v(t) _
d (t) v(t) = dt
36
In an inductor, voltage is proportional to the derivative of current

i(t)
+
v(t)
_
d (t) v(t) = dt
Note reference directions
= Li(t)
di(t) v(t) = L dt
37
Numerical example:
i(t)
+
i(t) = 5 t e-1000t
L=10 mH i
1 2
Amps
v(t)
_
00
10
Time (msec)
38
Calculation of voltage i(t)

+
i(t) = 5 t e-1000t
L=10 mH
v(t)
_
v(t) = Ldi(t) dt
v(t) = 50 e-1000t (1 - 1000t) mV v 50 40

mV 30
20 10 0 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
time (msec)
39
Rapid change in the current in an inductor produces high voltage
i(t)
i(t)
+ t=0
10 A
t=0
v(t)
_
L= 10 H
= L di(t) = ? v(t) dt
v(t)
40
Current in an inductor can not change instantaneously
i(t)
10 A
i(t) = ? dt i (t) = dt
t=0
Expanding the time scale 10 A -10 A
10-8s
= -109 A/s
t=0 t= 10 ns
41
Rapid change of the current in an inductor produces high voltage
i(t)
+
t=0
v(t)
= L di(t) dt
v(t)
_
L= 10 H
During opening time of the switch
v(t) = -10-5 H 109 A/s = -10 kV

0 < t < 10 ns
42
In an inductor, current is proportional to integral of the voltage
= L di(t) v(t) dt
t
i( t ) =
1 L
v ( t ) d t
43
Summary of terminal relations for passive circuit elements
Resistor
v = i R dv i=C dt v = Ldi dt
44
Capacitor
Inductor
Discussion of power dissipation and energy storage
45
Power is dissipated in a resistor
i(t)
+
v(t)
_
p (t) = v (t) i ( t ) v (t) = i ( t ) R v

2
p( t) = i
(t )
R =
(t )
Depends only on instantaneous voltage or current. No memory of the past Resistors do not store energy
46
Numerical example
i
+
9V
v
_
1 k
Power dissipated in the resistor: P = V2/R = 92/1000 =81 mW

47
Loss in a power line is important
i v
Customers Power station

48
Circuit model for power transmission line
i
Power generation
+
R Power consumption
v
_
Power loss = i 2 R
49
Numerical example: power transmission over 10 km

L=10 km A=3 10-5 m2 (1/4 inch diameter wire) = 5.8 107 m (Copper ) Consider P = 10 MW, if V=35 kV Power loss = i2 R = 470 kW
L R= =5.7 A
----> i = 285A (4.7%)
What would happen if we used lower voltage to deliver the power?

50

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Lecture #2

HW#1 is due Thursday, September 7, 2000

P (t) = i (t) v(t)

Laws of Nature used in Electrical Engineering

Conservation of Charge Continuity of Current Conservation of Energy

Total charge in a closed system is constant.

Total current through a closed surface is zero.

It is essential to specify reference directions for current and voltage

Basic circuit components and terminal relations

1 v = i( t ' )dt ' C

Resistors obey Ohms law.

Ohms law in action

= Conductivity ( m )1 L = Length of the cylinder ( m ) A = Area of the cylinder ( m2 )

The units of resistance is Ohm ().

Copper wires have very low resistance

= 5.8 107( m)-1 L 0.3 m

Capacitors are common energy storage devices

In a capacitor current varies with the derivative of voltage

Note reference directions Capacitance is constant

In a capacitor voltage is proportional to integral of the current

Given a voltage variation on a capacitor, we can readily calculate the current

For example: C = 10 F, V=10 e -1000 t Volts

Calculating the capacitance:

An example: Ceramic capacitor

In a capacitor current varies with the derivative of voltage

Note reference directions

Current in a capacitor can be calculated from the voltage

Example: C=10 F v(t) = 1000 cos (120 t) Volts 10 F

v(t) = 1000 cos (120 t) Volts

i(t) = -1.2 sin (120 t) i

In a capacitor, voltage is proportional to integral of the current

Example Calculate v(t) given a current i(t)

Current creates magnetic flux in an inductor

Magnetic flux density

Flux linkage is equal to number of turns times flux

Flux linkage is equal to current times inductance

Compare capacitance and inductance

flux linkage current

Inductance can be readily calculated for a long solenoid

In an inductor, voltage is proportional to the derivative of current

Note reference directions

Calculation of voltage i(t)

v(t) = 50 e-1000t (1 - 1000t) mV v 50 40

Rapid change in the current in an inductor produces high voltage

Current in an inductor can not change instantaneously

Expanding the time scale 10 A -10 A

Rapid change of the current in an inductor produces high voltage

During opening time of the switch

v(t) = -10-5 H 109 A/s = -10 kV

In an inductor, current is proportional to integral of the voltage

Summary of terminal relations for passive circuit elements

Discussion of power dissipation and energy storage

Power is dissipated in a resistor

p (t) = v (t) i ( t ) v (t) = i ( t ) R v

Power dissipated in the resistor: P = V2/R = 92/1000 =81 mW

Loss in a power line is important

Customers Power station

Circuit model for power transmission line

Numerical example: power transmission over 10 km