Module 3 Construction and design

CHMT 7048 Construction and design (1)

3.1 Basic theory of structural systems (4 hours) (Part 1= 4)
Objectives: Understand in detail the effect of external loads on structures, the types structural
systems and the relationship between external loads and internal loads and associated stresses
Outcomes
1) Explain fully the composition of forces
2) Explain fully the resolution of forces
3) Detail the conditions of equilibrium
4) Explain fully the equilibrium of structural systems
5) Explain fully bearings, constraints and the basic types of connections
6) Explain fully the difference between a statistically determinate and a statistically
indeterminate system
7) Calculate the internal forces and moments of a simple statistically determinate system
8) Interpret, using sketches, the shearing force and bending moment diagram of simple
statistically determinate systems
Scope
Structural elements (cables, bars, beams, plates, slabs, shells)
Theory of forces
Combination and resolution of forces
Equilibrium of forces and torques
Bearings, constraints and basic types of connections
Equilibrium of structural systems
Statically determinate and indeterminate systems
Stress in structural systems resulting from external actions
Relationship between external loads and internal forces
Calculation and determination of the internal force and bending moments of simple
statically determinate systems

3.2 Fundamentals of the strength of materials (6 hours) (Part 1= 6)

Objectives: Understand in detail the principles governing the behaviour of metallic structures under
loading
Outcomes
1) Explain fully the different types of stresses (normal stress, shear stress)
2) Explain fully the different types of deformation (axial strain, shear strain, etc.)
3) Detail the stress-strain relationship
4) Deduce Youngs Modulus, shear modulus and transverse contraction from the stressstrain relationships
5) Explain fully the determination of characteristic material properties
6) Detail the stresses resulting from internal forces and moments
7) Calculate the different types of cross section variables
8) Calculate nominal stresses in sections
Scope
Types of stress (normal stress, shear stress)
Types of deformation (axial strain, shear strain)
Stress-strain relationship, yielding theories
Elastic and plastic deformation Youngs modulus, shear modulus, transverse contraction coefficient
(Poisons ratio)
Characteristic material properties
Different stresses resulting from internal forces and moments
Different types of section properties

Cross section variables

Calculation of stresses
Limit states of failures: ductile, brittle, fatigue creep

3.3 Joint design for welding and brazing (4 hours) (Part 1= 4)

Objectives: Be able to design and draw weld details related to a given material, wall thickness,
accessibility, loading, welding process, welding symbols, available equipment, and tolerances.
Outcomes
1) Detail different types of welded joints
2) Design a weld according to given conditions
3) Interpret and apply appropriate weld symbols
4) Interpret the symbolic representation of welded, brazed and soldered joints on
drawings
Scope
Introduction (importance of welding joint design and groove shapes, influences on welding stresses
and distortion)
Types of welded/ brazed joints (ISO 9692, CEN, National)
Importance of welded joint design and groove shapes, types of welded joints, design of welded joints
Classification of groove shapes (by material type, thickness, welding process, accessibility)
Tolerance requirements (ISO 13920)
Welding symbols on drawings, symbols for groove shapes
Symbolic representation of welded, brazed and soldered joints according to ISO 2553
National standards

3.4 Basics of weld design (6 hours) (Part 1= 0)

Objectives: Understand in detail the relationship between external loads on structures, internal forces
and the stresses induced especially with regard to welds
Outcomes
1) Explain fully the different types of stresses in welded joints (nominal stress, hot spot
stress, notch stress)
2) Calculate in detail simple welded joints (internal forces)
3) Calculate nominal stresses in welds
4) Calculate combined stresses in welds (superposition)
Scope
Types of stresses in welded joints (nominal stress, hot spot stress, notch stress)
Stresses in butt welds, stresses in fillet welds
Calculation of cross section in single welded joints
Determination of nominal stresses in single welded joints
Determination of reference values of stresses due to multi-axial loading
Determination of design resistance of arc-welded and resistance-welded joints
Worked examples of calculation of nominal stresses in welded joints
Principle stresses, nominal/normal stress, shear stress, Mohr circle
Stress concentration, factor-k, SCF elastic, strain concentration
Constraint factor. Stress calculation by finite elements method.
Experimental elasticity: strain gauges, photo-elasticity, Method Moire, holography

3.5 Behaviour of welded structures under different types of loading (4 hours) (Part 1=0)
Objectives: Understand in detail the different types of loading and the influence of ambient conditions
on structures
Outcomes
1) Explain fully the requirements according to different types of loading and
temperatures
2) Deduce materials that meet strength/
temperature requirements

3) Predict appropriate materials for use in specific applications

4) Detail different types of fracture (ductile fracture, fatigue fracture, brittle fracture,
lamellar tearing)
Scope
Static strength
Elevated temperature strength
Low temperature strength
Creep resistance
Impact behaviour
Influence of notches and weld defects
Types of fracture (ductile fracture, fatigue fracture, brittle fracture, lamellar tearing)
Selection of steel quality groups, Z quality
Typical data for common steels
Use of Standards and specifications
Collecting and processing experimental stress/strain data

3.6 Design of welded structures with predominantly static loading (8 hours) (Part 1= 0)
Objectives: Be able to design and calculate joints and relevant details of welded metallic structures
Outcomes
1) Explain fully the principles of design of different connection zones
2) Calculate appropriate weld geometry
3) Calculate the relevant weld stresses
4) Detail stresses in frames
5) Detail stresses in welds in frames
6) Explain fully the advantages and disadvantages of different types of welds
Scope
Steel constructions including light weight structures
Structural details (e.g. stiffeners, knots, columns, base and cap-plates, reinforced
structures, supports, frame corners, frame structures, trusses, nodal joints, weld
connections, braces/bracing lattice work structures etc.)
Use of different types of welds related to joint types
Use of standards and specifications
Worked examples

3.7 Behaviour of welded structures under cyclic loading (8 hours) (Part 1= 0)

Objectives: Understand in detail the development of fatigue, calculation of load cycles, the influence
of notched and their avoidance
Outcomes
1) Draw and interpret an S-N diagram
2) Explain fully the methods of counting load cycles
3) Calculate the stress ratio
4) Detail the influence of notches and weld defects
5) Explain fully the methods of improving fatigue performance
Scope
Types and variables of cyclic loading
Statistical stress analysis on real structures
S-N diagram
Stress collective
Fatigue strength (low cycle and others)
Effect of mean stress including residual stress
Effect of stress range
Stress distribution
Influences of notches
Fatigue improvement technique (needle peening, TIG dressing, bur grinding, hammering,

stress relieving, etc.)

Standards ISO, CEN and National
Palmgren-Miner rule
Classification of weld joints

3.8 Design of cyclic loaded welded structures (8 hours) (Part 1= 0)

Objectives: Understand in detail the different design methods in the range of application
Outcomes
1) Interpret and apply the principles in design
2) Design welded joints in accordance with given details
3) Detail the influence of notch effects on the classification of welded joints
4) Interpret appropriate standards
5) Compare details in different standards and classify them
Scope
Range of application: bridges, cranes, machines, ships and offshore constructions,
chimneys, tower and masts, vehicles (cars, trucks, railway vehicles, etc.)
Acceptance criteria
Dimensions according to different standards and specifications
Worked examples
Calculation methods

3.9 Design of welded pressure equipment (6 hours) (Part 1= 0)

Objectives: Understand in detail the special requirements of design and construction of structural
elements in this field of application with regard to welds
Outcomes
1) Explain fully the design of given structural weld details
2) Interpret appropriate standards
3) Calculate circumferential and longitudinal welds
4) Detail the advantages of different structural details
Scope
Construction of boilers, pressure vessels, pipelines, etc.
Calculation (formulae) of the welds
High and low temperature applications
Details of design (flanges, nozzles, shells, compensation plates, etc.)
Use of laws and design rules, standards and specifications
Worked examples of construction and design
Standards (ISO, CEN and National)

3.10 Design of aluminium alloys welded structures (4 hours) (Part 1= 0)

Objectives: Understand in detail the behaviour of welded aluminium structures with respect to
strength, stresses and design
Outcomes
1) Explain fully the occurrence of softening in the heat affected zone (HAZ)
2) Design aluminium profiles for a given use
3) Explain fully how to solve the most common imperfections on aluminium welds
4) Detail the causes and development of stresses and strains in an aluminium weld
5) Detail the strength of different alloys
6) Deduce correct selection of alloys for given applications
Scope
Comparison of design between steel and aluminium structures
Lightweight structures

Standard alloys for practical use and relevant stresses and strains
Effects of heat affected zone (HAZ) ( softening)
Special design principles regarding profiles
Significance of defects
Range of application: (vehicles, rolling stock, ships, aircraft, vessels and space)
Dimensioning according to different standards and specifications
Worked examples

3.11 Introduction to fracture mechanics (4 hours) (Part 1= 0)

Objectives: Understand in detail the use of fracture mechanics for welded structures
Outcomes
1) Explain fully the principles of linear-elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics
2) Detail the influence factors for linear-elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics
3) Explain fully the use of fracture mechanics for dynamically loaded structures
4) Detail fracture mechanics testing and assessment methods
Scope
Viewpoint of fracture mechanics
Application of fracture mechanics
Linear elastic fracture mechanics
Critical flaw size, K1c-value
Fracture mechanics testing (CTOD, etc.)
Different assessment method
Sub-critical crack growth
Fatigue testing
Standards global (ISO) regional (CEN) and National