Acknowledgement: Cherthala, For Giving Us Valuable Suggestions and Support
Acknowledgement: Cherthala, For Giving Us Valuable Suggestions and Support
TWO-WHEELERS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have a great pleasure in submitting the mini project document. The project
successful completion would be incomplete without mentioning the name of
people who really helped us in accomplishing this project to successful one.
First of all we would like to thank God Almighty for his abundant grace and
mercy which enabled us in the finalization of this project.
We are grateful to Dr. P Suresh Kumar, principal, college of engineering
cherthala, for giving us valuable suggestions and support.
We are taking this opportunity to express our deep sense of obligation and
gratitude to the help given by our Head of the department Prof.Pradeep M
and our project coordinators for their guidance , supervision and constructive
criticism in the successful completion of the project.
We also wish to thank our project guide Miss Krishnapriya B.J , Asst.
professor , Electronics & Communication Department, for providing valuable
guidance.
An excellent group of teaching and non- teaching staff helped us for this
project. We owe much the assistance they gave us while doing the project.
ANULAKSHMI(13133663)
CHIPPI SIVADAS(13133669)
JIDHIN RAJ A(13133624)
SREEKUTTY(13133718)
Dept.
Dept.
ABSTRACT
An over speed alarm can be of great help to avoid accidents due to
over speed. This circuit can be implemented in every bike to avoid such
accidents occurring due to over speed.The bone of the circuit is the hall sensor
A1302.which work on the principle of Hall Effect
The frequency corresponding to the speed is converting to voltage by
frequency to voltage converter IC LM2917.this voltage is amplified using
differential amplifier is compared with the set limit speed using comparator.
whenever the speed become higher than set limit speed the alarm will sounds
and it stops whenever the speed become low than the set limit speed. however
this circuit acts as watchful friend to avoid accidents caused due over speed.
Dept.
LIST OF FIGURES
NAME
PAGE NO
FIG 2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM.6
FIG 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM...9
FIG 4.2.1 RESISTORS. 12
FIG 4.2.2 BC548 TRANSISTOR..13
FIG 4.3.2.1 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK OF A1302..15
FIG 4.2.3.2 IC A1302.16
FIG 4.2.4 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LM358..17
FIG 4.2.5 PIN OUT OF LM291718
FIG 4.2.6 IC TL071 PINOUT....20
FIG 4.2.7 PINOUT OF CA3130..21
FIG 4.2.8 PINOUT OF UM66.....23
FIG 4.2.8 MELODY GENERATOR USING UM66 IC.24
FIG 4.2.9 PINOUT OF 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR..25
FIG 5.2 PCB LAYOUT...31
Dept.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
Introduction
Block Diagram
PAGE NO
Implementation
Application
Conclusion
References
APPENDIX
Data sheet
Dept.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
. Riding of two wheeler needs constant attention. The moment you
become unmindful of the high speed, applying sudden breaks to avoid
obstacles may lead to an accident.
An over-speed alarm can be of great helpful to avoid such situations. It
acts like a watchful friend that warns
Dept.
CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Hall sensor
Frequency to
voltage
convertor
Comparator
Loud speaker
Music generator
Dept.
2.2.3 COMPARATOR
Output from the frequency to voltage convertor is fed to comparator
and compared with the reference voltage set using preset. The comparator
provide regulated 3.3V(via zener diode to music generator.
Dept.
Dept.
CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION
10
The
inbuilt
charge
C4
and
C5
and
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CHAPTER 4
COMPONENT LIST AND DESCRIPTION
4.1 COMPONENT LIST
1. RESISTORS - 220,470,10k,560k,100
2. CAPACITORS 0.1u,22n(Polyester capacitor),
220u,470,0.47,2.20(Electrolytic capacitor)
3. IC LM2917
4. IC LM358
5. IC CA 3130
6. IC TL071
7. IC 7805
8. IC A1302
9. IC UM66
10. TRANSISTOR BC548
11. DIODE 1N4148,1N4007
12. LED
13. LOUDSPEAKER
14. 12V BATTERY
12
13
14
Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, both for highpower applications such as switched mode power supplies and for low power
applications such as logic gates.
15
16
Features:
Low-noise output
Fast power-on time
Ratio metric rail-to-rail
output
4.5to 6.0 V operation
Solid-state reliability
4.2.4 IC LM358
The LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally
frequency
compensated
operational
amplifiers
which
were
designed
17
supply voltage
Low input offset voltage: 2 mV
Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
Large output voltage swing
4.2.5 LM2917N IC
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHERTHALA
Dept. of ECE
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Features:
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHERTHALA
Dept. of ECE
19
Applications
Horn control.
4.2.6 TL071 IC
The JFET-input operational amplifiers in the TL07x series are designed
as low-noise versions of the TL08x series amplifiers with low input bias and
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHERTHALA
Dept. of ECE
20
offset currents and fast slew rate. The low harmonic distortion and low noise
make the TL07x series ideally suited for high-fidelity and audio preamplifier
applications.
Each amplifier features JFET inputs (for high input impedance)
coupled with bipolar output stages integrated on a single monolithic chip.
The C-suffix devices are characterized for operation from 0C to 70C.
The I-suffix devices are characterized for operation from 40C to 85C. The
M-suffix devices are characterized for operation over the full military
temperature range of 55C to 125C.
Features
4.2.7 CA3130 IC
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4.2.8 UM66 IC
Here is a simple melody generator circuit you can make using an IC.
The UM66 series are CMOS ICs designed for using in calling bell, phone and
toys. It has a built in ROM programmed for playing music. The device has
very low power consumption. Thanks for the CMOS technology. The melody
will be available at pin3 of UM66 and here it is amplified by using Q1 to drive
the speaker. Resistor R1 limits the base current of Q1 within the safe values.
Capacitor C1 is meant for noise suppression.
23
Features:
Power supply must be between 1.5V & 4.5V .Do not exceeds 4.5 V.
24
Pin description:
Pin
No
1
2
3
Function
Name
Melody output
Supply voltage (1.5V - 4.5V)
Ground (0V)
Output
Vcc
Ground
25
26
Pin Description:
Pin No
Function
Name
1
2
3
Input
Ground
Output
Features:
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CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 PCB LAYOUT DESIGN
The first step of assembling is to procure a printing circuit board .The
fabrication of the PCB plays a crucial role in the electronic field. The success
of a circuit is also depends on the PCB. As far as the cost is concerned the
more than 25% of the total cost is gone for the PCB design and fabrication.
Design of a PCB is consider as the last step in electronics circuit design
as well as the first step in production of the PCBs. It forms a distant factor in
electronics circuits performance and reliability. The productivity of the PCB
and its assembly and service ability also depends on the design. The designing
of the PCB consist of the designing of the layout followed by the generation of
the artwork. LIVE WIRE PCBWIZARD is a feature rich software package for
designing electronics circuit diagrams.
PCB Fabrication Techniques
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHERTHALA
Dept. of ECE
28
The steps in PCB fabrication techniques are described below. The steps
involved are selection of media, photo resist lamination, exposure, developing,
etching, and drilling, cutting, soldering, and finally case making.
A. Media
Artwork quality is very development on both the output devices and
the media is used. It is not necessary to use a transparent artwork medium
-long as it is reasonably translucent to UV, its fine less translucent material
may need a slightly longer exposure time. Line definitions, black opaqueness
and toner/ink retention are much more important.
B. Output Devices
Laser printers offer the best all-round solutions. These are affordable,
fast and good-quality. The printer used must have at least 600dpi resolution for
all but the simplest PCB's as you will usually be working in multiples of
0.06cm (40 tracks per inch). 600dpi divides into 40, so you get consistent
spacing and line width. It is very important that the printer produces a good
solid black with no toner pinholes. If you're planning to buy a printer for PCB
use, do some test prints on tracing paper to check the quality first. If the printer
has a density control, set it to the blackest.
C. Photo resist PCB Lamina
Always use good-quality, pre-coated photo resist fiber glass (FR4)
board. Check carefully for scratches in the protective covering and on the
surface after peeling off the covering. You don't need darkroom or subdued
lighting when handling boards, as long as you avoid direct sunlight, minimize
unnecessary, and develop immediately after UV exposure.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHERTHALA
Dept. of ECE
29
D. Exposure
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G. Tin Plating
Tin-plating a PCB makes it a lot easier to solder, and is pretty much
essential for surface mount boards. Unless you have access to a roller tinning
machine, chemical tinning is the only option. Unfortunately, tin- plating
chemicals are expensive but the results are usually worth it. If you don't tinplate the board, either leave the photo resist coating on or spray the board with
rework flux to prevent the copper from oxidizing. Room-temperature tinplating crystals produce a good finish in a few minutes. There are other tinning
chemicals available, some of which require mixing with acid or hightemperature use.
H. Drilling
If you have fiber glass (FR4) board, you must use tungsten carbide
drill bits. Fibre glass eats normal high-speed steel (HSS) bits very rapidly,
although HSS drills are all right for odd larger sizes (>2mm).Carbide drill bit
are expensive and the thin ones snap very easily. When using carbide drill bits
below 1mm, you must use a good vertical drill stand; you will break very
quickly without one. Carbide drill bits are available as straight-shank or thick
shank. In straight shank, the whole bit is the diameter of the hole, and in thick
shank, a standard -size shank tapers down to the hole size.
I. Cutting
A small guillotine is the easiest way to cut fiber glass laminate.
Ordinary saws will be blunted quickly unless these are carbide tipped, and the
dust can, cause sink irritation. A carbide tail- saw blade in a jig saw might be
worth a tray. Its also easy to accidently scratch through protective film when
sawing, causing photo resist scratches and broken teaks on finished board. A
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING CHERTHALA
Dept. of ECE
31
sheet metal guillotine is also excellent for cutting boards provided the blade is
fairly sharp. To make cut outs, drill series of small holes, punch out the end
file to size. Alternatively, use after saw or small hack saw, but be prepared to
replace blade often. With practice it is possible two do corner cut outs with a
guillotine but you have two be very careful that you don't over cut.
J. Soldering
Soldering is the joining together of two metals to give physical bonding
and good electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in electrical and electronic
circuitry. Solder is a combination of the metal, which are solid at normal room
temperature and became liquid at between 180 c and 200 c. Solder bonds
well to vary metals and extremely well to copper. Soldering is a necessary skill
you need to learn to successfully build the electronics circuit. It is a primary
way how electronics components are connected to circuit boards, and some
time directly to other components. For soldering we can use the soldering iron.
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CHAPTER 6
APPLICATIONS
The circuit helps to prevent accidents in two wheelers due to over
speed. Using micro controllers and interfacing with GPS we could set the
speed limit accordingly to the speed limit of the road we travel .
33
CHAPTER 7
CONCULSION
Here we are using electronic device for reducing the accidents
occurring due to the high speed of riders. If any uncertain condition comes
than our device may help in alarming the person for the increment in speed to
the limit. So that rider may reduce the speed and we can stop that accident. Its
main advantage is of low cost and no risk. This job is totally non risky of using
this kit.
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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
MAGAZINES
Electronics For You, published on May 2011
REFERENCE TEXT BOOK
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