Rakshk ASP Lab

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014
Experiment No:-[1]
EXPERIMENT: - Generate basic signals using matlab.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED: - Matlab 7.12.0.
THEORY:1) The sine wave or sinusoid is a mathematical curve that describes a smooth repetitive oscillation.
L=sin(2*pi*f*t)
2) A square wave is a non-sinusoidal periodic waveform (which can be represented as an infinite
summation of sinusoidal waves), in which the amplitude alternates at a steady frequency between
fixed minimum and maximum values, with the same duration at minimum and maximum.
3) In mathematics, a function on the real numbers is called a step function (or staircase function) if
it can be written as a finite linear combination of indicator functions of intervals. Informally
speaking, a step function is a piecewise constant function having only finitely many pieces.
4) The ramp function is a unary real function, easily computable as the mean of the independent
variable and its absolute value.
5) In mathematics, the Dirac delta function, or function, is a generalized function, or distribution,

on the real number line that is zero everywhere except at zero, with an integral of one over the entire
real line.
6) The sawtooth wave (or saw wave) is a kind of non-sinusoidal waveform. It is so named based on
its resemblance to the teeth of a saw.
MATLAB CODE:clear all;

close all;
clc;
t1=-2:0.01:2;
f=1;
%SINE FUNCTION
L=sin(2*pi*f*t1);
subplot(3,2,1);
plot(t1,L);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Sine Funcion');
%STEP FUNCTION
1
Department of Elect. and Comm. Engg. , Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar

t2=-4:0.5:4;
M=[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1];
subplot(3,2,2);
stem(t2,M);
xlabel('Time');
title('Step Function');
%RAMP FUNCTION
t3=0:0.01:5;
a=4;
N=a*t3;
subplot(3,2,3);
plot(t3,N);
title('Ramp Funcion');
xlabel('Time');
%SQUARE FUNCTION
for t= 1:1:401
if L(t)>0
O(t)=1;
else
O(t)=0;
end
end
subplot(3,2,4);
plot(O);
xlabel('Time');
title('Square Function');
%IMPULSE FUNCTION
t4=-4:1:4;
P=[0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0];
subplot(3,2,5)
stem(t4,P);
xlabel('Time');
title('Impulse Function');
%SAWTOOTH FUNCTION
x=0:1:5;
for i=1:length(x)
y(i)=x(i);
end
Q=repmat(y,1,3);
subplot(3,2,6)
stem(Q);
xlabel('Time');
title('Sawtooth Function');
RESULTS: - We have successfully generated basic signals using matlab.
CONCLUSION: - The entire basic function performed successfully using MATLAB. Basic of
signals are revised and also the command sine, repmat familiarized.
Experiment No:-[2]
EXPERIMENT:-Perform linear convolution of two sequences.
THEORY:The convolution of f and g is written f g, using a star. It is defined as the integral of the product of
the two functions after one is reversed and shifted. As such, it is a particular kind of integral
transform.
MATLAB CODE:% Convolution

clear all;
close all;
clc;
a=input('enter a sequence');
b=input('enter b sequence');
La=length(a);
Lb=length(b);
y=zeros(1,La+Lb-1);
a=[a,zeros(1,Lb-1)];
b=[b,zeros(1,La-1)];
for n=1:La+Lb-1;
y(n)=0;
for i=1:n;
y(n)=y(n)+a(i)*b(n-i+1);
end
end
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(a);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('first signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(b);
xlabel('time');
title('second signal');
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
xlabel('time');
title('convolution of 1st and 2nd signal');
4

enter a sequence [1 1 0 1 1]
enter b sequence [1 0 1 0 1]
a=1
b=1
y=1
RESULTS: - We have successfully performed linear convolution of two sequence using matlab.
CONCLUSION: - The convolution of two sequences is done using matlab and result can be shown
in the above figure.
5
Experiment No:-[3]
EXPERIMENT: - To perform cross correlation of two sequences using matlab.
THEORY:The autocorrelation function of a random signal describes the general dependence of the values of
the samples at one time on the values of the samples at another time. Consider a random process
x(t) (i.e. continuous-time), its autocorrelation function is written as:
Where T is the period of observation.

always real-valued and an even function with a maximum value at 0.
The cross correlation function however measures the dependence of the values of one signal on
another signal. For two WSS (Wide Sense Stationary) processes x(t) and y(t) it is described by:
MATLAB CODE:% Cross-correlation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
x=input('Enter the first Sequence : ');
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(x);
xlabel('Sample');
title('First Sequence');
h=input('Enter the second sequence : ');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(h);
xlabel('Sample');
title('Second Sequence');
n=length(x);
m=length(h);
k=n+m-1;
x=[x zeros(1,k-n)]';
h=wrev(h);
h=[h zeros(1,k-m)]';
for i=1:k
c(:,i)=circshift(x,i-1);
end
y=c*h;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(y);
6

xlabel('Sample');
title('Cross-correlation Sequence');
Enter the first Sequence: [1 0 1 0 0 1]
Enter the second sequence: [0 1 1 0 1 0]
RESULTS: - We have successfully performed cross correlation of two sequences using matlab.
CONCLUSION: - The cross correlation of two sequences is done using matlab and result can be
shown in the above figure.
Experiment No:-[4]
EXPERIMENT: - To perform fast fourier transform (FFT) and inverse fast fourier transform using
matlab.
THEORY:An FFT computes the DFT and produces exactly the same result as evaluating the DFT definition
directly; the most important difference is that an FFT is much faster. (In the presence of round-off
error, many FFT algorithms are also much more accurate than evaluating the DFT definition
directly, as discussed below.)
Let x0, ...., xN-1 be complex numbers. The DFT is defined by the formula
k=0, 1., N-1
n=0, 1., N-1
The IDFT is defined by the formula
=
MATLAB CODE:% FFT and IFFT
clear all;
close all;
clc;
x=input('enter sequence');
y=fft(x);
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(abs(y));
xlabel('Time');
title('FFT');
z=ifft(y);
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(z);
xlabel('Time');
title('IFFT');
enter sequence [1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1]
RESULTS: - We have successfully performed fast fourier transform (FFT) and inverse fast fourier
transform using matlab.
CONCLUSION: - The fast fourier transform and inverse fast fourier transform is done using matlab
and result can be shown in the above figure.
Experiment No:-[5]
EXPERIMENT: - To perform fast Z-transform and inverse Z-transform using matlab.
THEORY:The bilateral or two-sided Z-transform of a discrete-time signal x[n] is the formal power series
X(z) defined as
X(z) = { [ ]} =
[ ]
where n is an integer and z is, in general, a complex number
= A(cos + jsin )
where A is the magnitude of z, j is the imaginary unit, and

as angle or phase) in radians.
is the complex argument (also referred to
The inverse Z-transform is
x[n] =
{X(z)} =
X(z)zn 1 dz
MATLAB CODE:% Z-transform and inverse Z-transform

close all;
clear all;
clc;
syms n ;
f=input('enter the function: ');
sprintf(' ztransformation\n')
L=ztrans(f);
disp(L);
sprintf('inverse ztransformation\n')
M=iztrans(L);
disp(M);
enter the function: sin(n)
ztransformation: (z*sin(1))/(z^2 - 2*cos(1)*z + 1)
inverse ztransformation: sin(n)
RESULTS: - We have successfully performed Z-transform and inverse Z-transform using matlab.
CONCLUSION: - The Z-transform and inverse Z-transform is done using matlab and result can be
10
Experiment No:-[6]
EXPERIMENT: - To perform IIR Butterworth filter using matlab.
THEORY:Butterworth filters are causal in nature and of various orders, the lowest order being the best
(shortest) in the time domain, and the higher orders being better in the frequency domain.
Butterworth or maximally flat filters have a monotonic amplitude frequency response which is
maximally flat at zero frequency response and the amplitude frequency response decreases
logarithmically with increasing frequency. The Butterworth filter has minimal phase shift over the
filter's band pass when comparied to other conventional filters.
1
( ) ( )=
1+
MATLAB CODE:% IIR Butterworth

close all;
clear all;
clc;
display(sprintf('for LPF a=1\nfor HPF a=2\nfor BPF a=3\nfor BSF a=4'));
a=input('enter a value of a=');
Nq = input('Enter the value of sampling frequency\n');
wp=input('enter pass band corner frequency = ');
ws=input('enter stop band corner frequency = ');
Rp=input('enter pass band ripple in db = ');
Rs=input('enter stop band attenuation in db = ');
Wp = wp/Nq; Ws = ws/Nq;
[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs);
if (a==1)
[b,a] = butter(n,Wn,'low');
end
if(a==2)
[b,a] = butter(n,Wn,'high');
end
if(a==3)
[b,a] = butter(n,Wn,'bandpass');
end
if(a==4)
[b,a] = butter(n,Wn,'stop');
end
[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs);
fprintf('Order of filter =%i\n', n);
[h w]=freqz(b,a);
plot(w/pi,20*log10(abs(h)));
phase_h=angle(h);
figure;plot(w/pi,phase_h);
11
COMMAND WIDOW:for low pass filter

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
enter a value of a=1
Enter the value of sampling frequency 4000
enter pass band corner frequency = 1500
enter stop band corner frequency = 2000
enter pass band ripple in db = 1
enter stop band attenuation in db = 5
Order of filter =3
12
for high pass filter

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
Enter the value of sampling frequency
4000
enter pass band corner frequency = 2000
enter stop band corner frequency = 1500
Order of filter =3
13
14

for band pass filter
for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
4000
enter pass band corner frequency = [1000 3000]
enter stop band corner frequency = [500 3500]
Order of filter =2
15
for band stop filter

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
4000
enter pass band corner frequency = [500 3500]
enter stop band corner frequency = [1000 3000]
Order of filter =2
16
RESULTS: - We have successfully performed IIR Butterworth filter using matlab

CONCLUSION: - The IIR Butterworth filter is done using matlab and result can be shown in the
above figure.
17
Experiment No:-[7]
EXPERIMENT: - To perform IIR Chebyshev Type I filter using matlab.
THEORY:Chebyshev filters are of two types: Chebyshev I filters are all pole filters which are equiripple in the
passband and are montonic in the stopband.
The frequency response of the filter is given by
1
| ( )| =
1 + ( )(( ) )
where
is a parameter related to the ripple present in the passband

Tn = cos(ncos-1x) |x| 1
cos(ncosh-1x)
|x|
MATLAB CODE:% IIR Chebyshev Type I filter design

close all;
clear all;
clc;
wp = input('Enter the value of passband corner frequency\n');
ws = input('Enter the value of stopband corner frequency\n');
wpn = wp/Nq;
wsn = ws/Nq;
Rp = input('Enter the value of passband ripple in db\n');
Rs = input('Enter the value of stopband attenuation in db\n');
if (a==1)
ftype = 'low';
end
if(a==2)
ftype = 'high';
end
if(a==3)
ftype = 'bandpass';
end
if(a==4)
ftype = 'stop';
end
[n,Wn] = cheb1ord(wpn,wsn,Rp,Rs);
[b,a] = cheby1(n,Rp,wpn,ftype);
h1=dfilt.df2(b,a);
[z, p, k] = cheby1(n,Rp,wpn,ftype);
[sos,g]=zp2sos(z,p,k);
h2=dfilt.df2sos(sos,g);
18

hfvt=fvtool(h1,h2,'FrequencyScale','log');
legend(hfvt,'TF Design');
COMMAND WIDOW:for low pass filter
for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
Enter the value of passband corner frequency 2000
Enter the value of stopband corner frequency 1500
Enter the value of passband ripple in dbn 1
Enter the value of stopband attenuation in db 5
Order of filter =2
19

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
4000
Enter the value of passband corner frequency
1000
Enter the value of stopband corner frequency
900
Enter the value of passband ripple in db
1
Enter the value of stopband attenuation in db
10
Order of filter =6
20

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
Enter the value of passband corner frequency [500 3500]
Enter the value of stopband corner frequency [400 3600]
Enter the value of passband ripple in db 1
Order of filter =3
21

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
Order of filter =3
RESULTS: - We have successfully performed IIR Chebyshev Type I filter using matlab.
CONCLUSION: - The IIR Chebyshev Type I filter is done using matlab and result can be shown in
the above figure.
22
Experiment No:-[8]
EXPERIMENT: - To perform IIR Chebyshev Type II filter using matlab.
THEORY:Chebyshev II filters contain both poles and zeros exhibiting a montonic behavior in the passband
and equi-ripple in the stopband.
The frequency response of the filter is given by
1
| ( )| =
1 + ( )(( ) )
where
is a parameter related to the ripple present in the passband

TN = cos(Ncos-1x) |x| 1
cos(Ncosh-1x)
|x|
MATLAB CODE:% IIR Chebyshev Type II filter design

close all;
clear all;
clc;
wp = input('Enter the value of passband corner frequency\n');
ws = input('Enter the value of stopband corner frequency\n');
wpn = wp/Nq;
wsn = ws/Nq;
Rp = input('Enter the value of passband ripple in db\n');
Rs = input('Enter the value of stopband attenuation in db\n');
if (a==1)
ftype = 'low';
end
if(a==2)
ftype = 'high';
end
if(a==3)
ftype = 'bandpass';
end
if(a==4)
ftype = 'stop';
end
[n,Wn] = cheb2ord(wpn,wsn,Rp,Rs);
[b,a] = cheby2(n,Rp,wpn,ftype);
h1=dfilt.df2(b,a);
[z, p, k] = cheby2(n,Rp,wpn,ftype);
[sos,g]=zp2sos(z,p,k);
23

h2=dfilt.df2sos(sos,g);
hfvt=fvtool(h1,h2,'FrequencyScale','log');
legend(hfvt,'TF Design','ZPK Design');
COMMAND WIDOW:For Low Pass Filter

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
Order of filter =2
24

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
Order of filter =2
25

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
Order of filter =3
26

for LPF a=1
for HPF a=2
for BPF a=3
for BSF a=4
Order of filter =2
RESULTS: - We have successfully performed IIR Chebyshev Type II filter using matlab.
CONCLUSION: - The IIR Chebyshev Type II filter is done using matlab and result can be shown
in the above figure.
27
Experiment No:-[9]
EXPERIMENT: - To perform Low Pass Filtering of Noise Signal using matlab.
THEORY:The Low Pass Filter removes higher frequency components above cut off frequency. We take sine
wave signal and for adding noise another sine wave signal add in first signal. To remove the noise
means high frequency use Low Pass Filter which removes higher frequency components above cut
off frequency.
MATLAB CODE:% Low Pass Filtering of Noise Signal
close all;
clear all;
clc;
t=0:0.001:1;
fs=200;
wc=6;
wc=2*wc/fs;
x=sin(2*pi*10*t);
y=x+sin(2*pi*50*t);
b=fir1(48,wc);
freqz(b,1,512);
a=filter(b,1,y);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(x);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(y);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(a);
28
RESULTS: - We have successfully performed Low Pass Filtering of Noise Signal using matlab.
CONCLUSION: - The done Low Pass Filtering of Noise Signal using matlab and result can be
29

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EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

5) In mathematics, the Dirac delta function, or function, is a generalized function, or distribution,

MATLAB CODE:clear all;

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

MATLAB CODE:% Convolution

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

Where T is the period of observation.

MATLAB CODE:% Cross-correlation

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

k=0, 1., N-1

n=0, 1., N-1

The IDFT is defined by the formula

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

where n is an integer and z is, in general, a complex number

where A is the magnitude of z, j is the imaginary unit, and

is the complex argument (also referred to

The inverse Z-transform is

MATLAB CODE:% Z-transform and inverse Z-transform

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

MATLAB CODE:% IIR Butterworth

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

COMMAND WIDOW:for low pass filter

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

for high pass filter

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

for band stop filter

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

RESULTS: - We have successfully performed IIR Butterworth filter using matlab

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

is a parameter related to the ripple present in the passband

MATLAB CODE:% IIR Chebyshev Type I filter design

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

for high pass filter

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

is a parameter related to the ripple present in the passband

MATLAB CODE:% IIR Chebyshev Type II filter design

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

COMMAND WIDOW:For Low Pass Filter

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

for high pass filter

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

for band pass filter

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

EC-553 Advanced Signal Processing Laboratory 2014

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