International Journal of Drug Development & Research

| October-December 2011 | Vol. 3 | Issue 4 | ISSN 0975-9344 |

Available online http://www.ijddr.in
Covered in Official Product of Elsevier, The Netherlands
2010 IJDDR
Awareness of National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS)
activities among employees of a Nigerian University
*

Adibe M.O., Udeogaranya P.O and Ubaka C.M

Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka (410101), Enugu State, Nigeria.

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Abstract
Aim: Aim of this study was to assess the level of awareness of

Key words:

NHIS activities among employees of a Nigerian university.

Awareness, Employees, NHIS activities, University of

Methods: The study was conducted among the employees of

Nigeria,

University of Nigeria, Nsukka. A 30-question consisting of 5

points

response

scale

was

developed

for

the

survey

questionnaire. On the 5-point scale, 5 represented the highest

How to Cite this Paper:

mean score while 1 represented the lowest mean score. On the

*Pharm.

30-question questionnaire the lowest possible score would be

Udeogaranya P.O (M.Pharm) and Ubaka

30 while the highest possible score would be 150. Total

C.M Awareness of National Health Insurance

awareness mean score above a logical neutral point which was

assumed to be 90 i.e. midpoint between 30 and 150, correlates

Adibe M.O. (M.Pharm), Pharm.

Scheme (NHIS)

activities among

employees of a

with being aware and vice versa. Levels of awareness were

Nigerian University, Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., Oct-

categorised priori: summated mean awareness scores below 90

Dec 2011,

were considered to be unaware, >90 to 110 - marginally aware,

3(4): 78-85

> 110 to 130 - moderately aware, and > 130 to 150 - highly
aware of NHIS activities, since high summated score correlates
with high level of awareness.

Copyright 2010 IJDDR, Adibe. M. O et al.

of 500

This is an open access paper distributed under the

questionnaires) was obtained. Awareness was significantly

copyright agreement with Serials Publication, which

Results: A response rate

of 87.2%

(436

out

associated with all the demographic characteristics of the

respondents. Following summation, the sub total awareness

permits

unrestricted

use,

distribution,

and

mean scores for objectives of the scheme, responsibilities of the

reproduction in any medium, provided the original

scheme and powers of the scheme council were 32.73 2.16,

work is properly cited.

34.22 2.48 and 33.27 3.38 respectively while the grand total
awareness mean was 100.22 8.02.

Article History:------------------------

Conclusion: This study revealed that employees of university

of

Nigeria

were

marginally aware

of

NHIS

Date of Submission: 08-08-2011

activities.

Demographic characteristics played considerable role on level

Date of Acceptance: 15-09-2011

of awareness of NHIS activities.

Conflict of Interest: NIL

Source of Support: NONE

*Corresponding author, Mailing address:

Adibe Maxwell Ogochukwu
Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria,
Nsukka, Enugu state, Nigeria.
E-mail: maxolpharmacia@yahoo.com;
maxwell.ogochukwu@unn.edu.ng
Tel no: +234 803 778 1479

INTRODUCTI
ON
Insurance is a veritable tool for healthcare financing,
it has been used by most advanced countries in its
various forms to fund healthcare. It is only recently
being

applied by poorer developing nations to

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Adibe. M. O et al: Awareness of National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) activities

among
employees of a Nigerian University
address the glaring problem of inadequate healthcare

employers while HMO would receive contributions

provision, which was hitherto financed exclusively

from their

from public taxation. The health sector

can be

These would constitute the formal sector programme,

categories, healthcare

while the informal sector programme will comprise

healthcare financing. Health

community and self-employed micro-insurance and

subdivided into two main

infrastructure and

funding relates directly

to

all

production and

also

organised private sector

counterparts.

a government funded programme for the

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financial activities and resources expended on goods

vulnerable groups such as children under five years,

and services consumed by or provided to the human

permanently disabled, elderly and prison inmates.

population for the purpose of improving

health.1

The current mode is to break the circle of planning

Awareness and interest towards government policies

and take actions that will translate policies into

and programs can be aroused by individual attitude

action.

and

negative

The Nigerian National Health policy objective is the

perception and attitude towards these policies and

attainment of a level of health that will enable all

programs, such policies and programs are bound to

Nigerians to

fail. An attitude is a learned disposition to behave in

productive lives. Primary Health Care (PHC) has

a consistently favourable or unfavourable way with

been the key to achieving this national goal. Hence,

behaviour.

Whenever

there

2.

respect to a given object

are

achieve

socially

and

economically

Stated differently, it

PHC has been the number one national health

positions people into a frame of mind of liking or

priority since its launching in 1986; the focus of PHC

disliking things, of moving toward or away from

initially

them3.

distribution of health resources between urban and

It is acknowledged that people have attitudes

toward almost everything - religion, politics, clothes,

music, and

food4.

Awareness of these

was

to

redress the

imbalance in

the

rural areas.

government

However, a growing demand for modern medical

programs and activities makes the governed to have

care, brought on by a rapidly, expanding population,

positive

rising literacy levels, and technological advancement

attitude and

programs, thus,

perception towards these

improving their

participation and

lead to high expectation from the health services.

responsiveness to these programs.

This has shifted demand in favour of hospital care.

The National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) was

The world economic recession in the 1980s and the

introduced in Nigeria

with the promulgation of

consequent

The broad objective of the

have continued until now; have led to a continuous

scheme is to ensure that every Nigerian has access to

decline in public spending for health. It is unlikely

good

affordable costs.

that, additional funding will be available from public

Participants are expected to pay capitation fees to

sources to finance health care activities given the

licensed Health Maintenance Organisations (HMOs),

demand on total public incomes from other sectors.

which would allow the subscriber to have access to

An autonomous health fund would be needed to

degree No. 35 of

1999.5

health care

services

registered health care

at

providers6.

macro-economic adjustments,

which

In this degree,

provide additional finance that would sustain the

Federal Executive Council approved National Health

health care demands of a growing population, initiate

Insurance Council (NHIC) as an omnibus regulator

new developments in health care

of the entire NHIS, which perhaps will correspond to

standards of care, herein, the establishment of the

the institution/corporate body. Also National Health

NHIS. The original intention of the scheme in Nigeria

Insurance Fund (NHIF) was established to manage

is to

deductions

subsidisation in the health sector so that the healthy

from

public

sector

employees

and

provide resources that

and

improve

will allow

cross

pay for the sick, the rich pay for the poor and the

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young pay for the old.

Instrument
Development

However, this sort of social solidarity is possible

A 30-question consisting of 5 points response scale

where there is a huge formal sector, and/or where the

was

government is

the

Respondents were requested to rate their level of

contributions of the old, children and poor people.

awareness on the scale of 1 to 5 (lowest to highest) in

With large informal sector

and the diversity in

the space provided. The instrument was prefaced:

economic status in Nigeria, it is difficult for social

Strongly aware = 5, aware = 4, Not sure =3, unaware

health insurance to determine premium equitably. It

= 4 and strongly unaware = 1. Their levels of

became obvious

awareness were expressed in the rating of degree of

would

willing

that

and

able

several

to

other

pay

programmes

be required under the scheme to achieve

developed

for

the

A pilot study

that consensus has been achieved in this respect.

university of Nigeria,

As anxiety grows over the phased implementation of

validity.

the NHIS starting with formal

assessed in areas

employment of the

federal

government, major

questionnaire.

awareness of NHIS related questions.

universal coverage. It is quite encouraging to note

workers in the

survey

was conducted using

Nsukka

to

45 staff of
ascertain the

powers

The awareness of the respondents was

of objectives, responsibility and

of NHIS as stipulated in National Health

stakeholders have given support to piloting the

Insurance Scheme Decree No 35 of 1999, Laws of the

programme in a limited number of sites. This is on

Federation of Nigeria; sections 5, 6 and 7.5

the premise of some obvious factors in the country.

After the

There

modified and subsequently used for the survey. In

is inadequate knowledge and

capacity

to

pre-test, the

addition

of

awareness among staff of university of Nigeria, the

and

lack

of

transparency

and

questions

included

asked

questions

to
on

assess

slightly

operate an insurance based health system. The level

corruption

to

instrument was

NHIS

accountability in the country is still very high.

survey

respondents

Healthcare providers and consumers are very much

characteristics such

uncertain on how it will affect the doctor patient

education level, category of staff.

relationship. Health care decision makers optimism

Study Setting

in the NHIS as a cure-all for the problems of the

The study was conducted among the employees of

health system is up in the air6.

University of Nigeria,

as age, sex, marital status,

Nsukka.

The university is

public

located in Enugu state, Enugu state is in the South

hospitals, it was expected that the populace would

Eastern Nigeria. It is located between latitudes 5o

readily embrace the scheme. For some reason this

56N and 7o 05N and longitudes 6o 53E and 7o

does not appear to be the reality. Worse still, it is

55E8. The university has two campuses: Enugu

unclear the level of participation. Thus, it is difficult

campus and Nsukka campus. The Nsukka campus

to know what

the scale should be of say, an

accommodates about 25,000 students and more than

enlightenment programme or some other strategy

7000 staff distributed in nine faculties, institutes,

that could boost participation need to be put in place.

units etc.

The above issues informed the aim of this study

Sampling
techniques

Given

the

inefficiencies experienced in

which was to assess the level of awareness of NHIS

activities among employees of a Nigerian university.
METH
ODS

Multistage sampling method was adopted in this

study. In the first stage, the Nsukka campus was
grouped into five sections (A-E) namely; A: faculties
of Pharmaceutical sciences and Veterinary medicine,
B: faculties of Biological sciences and Agricultural

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sciences, C: faculties of Arts and Education, D:

30 and 150, correlates with being aware and vice

faculties of Physical sciences and Engineering, and E:

versa.

faculty of Social sciences, Unit and Institutes. Two

Levels

departments were selected at random from each of

summated mean

the

fifty

considered to be unaware, >90 to 110 - marginally

questionnaires were distributed to staff in these

aware, > 110 to 130 - moderately aware, and > 130

departments, giving a total of 500 questionnaires. A

to 150 - highly aware of NHIS activities, since high

self-completion questionnaire was administered to

summated score

the staff. Respondents were briefed on the purpose of

awareness.

the study and oral consent was obtained from them.

Awareness mean scores were computed by summing

All respondents were assured of confidentiality and

the scores for each question in the questionnaire and

anonymity. They were asked to put the completed

dividing by the total number of questions (30), thus

questionnaire in the envelope provided. Completed

retaining the 1 to 5 range of possible scores. The

copies of the questionnaire were retrieved on follow-

standard deviation was calculated as a measure of

up visits. Non responders were orally interviewed

awareness score variability from the mean score. Any

and reasons given for their non participation ranged

low standard deviation indicated cluster of responses

from lack of time to lack of interest.

to the mean while high standard deviation reflected

groups,

The

giving

ten

departments;

completed questionnaires

awareness were

categorised

awareness scores

correlates with

priori,

below 90 were

high

level

of

sorted and

high variability of opinions from the mean. The above

entered into version 14 of Statistical Package for the

stated methods have been used by Adibe, M.O. et al9

Social Sciences (SPSS Inc. Chicago) and Microsoft

to evaluate therapeutic uses of Aloe vera in the same

2007 Excel package for analysis. Descriptive statistics

university. The level of significance was set at P <

of the respondents characteristics and questions in

0.05.

the

questionnaire

were

were

of

computed,

including

deviations (SDs), and 95% Confidence Interval (CI).

RESUL
TS

Relationships between the demographic profile and

A response rate

of 87.2%

responses of respondents were

questionnaires)

was

frequency distributions,

means

score,

standard

explored using

(436

out

obtained.

of 500
Generally,

Students t-test and one-way ANOVA with the aid of

respondents who were married, male, academic staff

GraphPad Instat 3, which reports exact P-values;

and highly educated were more likely to be aware

hence a P-value of less than 0.05 was interpreted as

while middle age (36-50 years) respondents were less

significant.

likely to be aware.

On the 5-point scale, 5 represented the highest

associated with all the demographic characteristics of

mean score while 1 represented the lowest mean

the respondents (Table 1).

score.

On the 30-item questionnaire the lowest

On the whole, only 41.1% (179) of the respondents

possible score would be 30 while the highest possible

could give the correct full of NHIS and 49.8% (217)

score would be 150. Since all the items were in one

claimed they had registered with the scheme. Of the

direction, a summation of the scores was calculated

later, 60.8% (132) were accessing the schemes health

to

care services at the time of this study.

reflect

the

level

of awareness. High

total

Awareness was significantly

summated mean score above a logical neutral point

Majority of them reported that corruption in public

which was assumed to be 90 i.e. midpoint between

sector, lack of accountability and unclear of sense of

responsibility,

poor

management

of

available

resources, management and running of scheme by

non

professionals and

poor

financing by

the

the scheme and powers of the scheme council were

government were the major setbacks to the scheme.

32.73 2.16, 34.22

Following summation, the sub total summated mean

respectively while the grand total summated mean

scores for objectives of the scheme, responsibilities of

was

100.22

2.48 and 33.27 3.38

8.02

(Table

2).

Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the respondents and its association with awareness mean score

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Characteristics

N= 436

Percentage

18-35

232

53.2

3.22

0.43

3.149-3.291

36-50

142

32.6

2.86

0.32

2.779-2.941

62

14.2

3.17

0.27

3.135-3.205

Age (Years)

> 50

Mean score

S.D

95% CI

F= 26.321; P< 0.0001

Sex

t = 59.273; P< 0.0001

2.45
0.11 2.436-2.464

Female

254

58.3

Male

182

41.7

Marital Status
242

55.5

Married

79

18.1

3.02

0.27

2.959-3.081

Widowed

73

16.7

2.61

0.31

2.538-2.682

Divorced/Separated

42

9.7

2.52

0.49

2.367-2.673

Single

Categories of respondents
Administrative staff

4.12

0.43

4.058-4.182

F = 24.393; P< 0.0001

2.81
0.38 2.762-2.858

F= 102.35; P<0.0001

283

64.9

3.22

0.61

3.149-3.291

Technical staff

52

11.9

3.17

0.46

3.042-3.298

Academic staff

101

23.2

4.07

0.23

4.025-4.115

Educational Status

F= 131.55; P<0.0001

Primary Education

72

16.5

2.43

0.61

2.286-2.574

Secondary Education

191

43.8

2.72

0.38

2.666-2.774

Tertiary Education

173

39.7

3.31

0.42

3.247-3.373

Table 2: Awareness of Objectives, Functions (Responsibilities) and Powers of the Scheme

s/n

Questions

A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the Scheme shall be to:

Ensure that every Nigerian has access to good health care services
Protect families from the financial hardship of huge medical bills;
Limit the rise in the cost of health care services;
Ensure equitable distribution of health care costs among different income groups;
Maintain high standard of health care delivery services within the Scheme;
Ensure efficiency in health care services;
Improve and harness private sector participation in the provision of health care services;
Ensure adequate distribution of health facilities within the Federation;
Ensure equitable patronage of all levels of health care;
Ensure the availability of funds to the health sector for improved services.
Sub-total summated mean score
FUNCTIONS (RESPONSIBILITIES): The Scheme shall be responsible for:
Registering health maintenance organisations and health care providers under the
Scheme;
Issuing appropriate guidelines to maintain the viability of the Scheme;
Approving format of contracts proposed by the health maintenance organisations for all
health care providers;
Determining, after negotiation, capitation and other payments due to health care
providers, by the health maintenance organisations;

B
11
12
13
14

Awareness Mean
score

S.D

3.67
3.91
3.06
2.74
2.92
3.82
2.09
3.87
2.73
3.92
32.73

0.18
0.12
0.23
0.28
0.20
0.21
0.35
0.37
0.08
0.14
2.16

3.65

0.21

3.72

0.23

3.23

0.09

2.73

0.32

s/n
15
16
17
18

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19
20
C
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Questions
Advising the relevant bodies on inter-relationship of the Scheme with other social security
services;
The research and statistics of matters relating to the Scheme;
Advising on the continuous improvement of quality of services provided under the Scheme
through guidelines issued by the Standard Committee established under the Decree;
Determining the remuneration and allowances of all staff of the Scheme;
Exchanging information and data with the National Health Management Information
System, Nigerian Social Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Office of Statistics, the Central
Bank of Nigeria, banks and other financial institutions, the Federal Inland Revenue Service,
the State Internal Revenue Services and other relevant bodies;
Doing such other things as are necessary or expedient for the purpose of achieving the
objectives of the Scheme under this Decree.
Sub-total summated mean score
POWERS: The Council shall have power to:
Manage the Scheme in accordance with the provisions of the Decree;
Determine the overall policies of the Scheme, including the financial and operative
procedures of the Scheme;
Ensure the effective implementation of the policies and procedures of the Scheme
Assess, from time to time, the research, consultancy and training programmes relative to the
Scheme;
Arrange for the financial and medical audit of the Zonal Health Insurance Offices
Set guidelines for effective co-operation with other organisations to promote the objectives of
the Scheme;
Co-ordinating quarterly returns from the Zonal Health Insurance Offices
Ensuring public awareness about the Scheme;
Co-ordinating manpower training under the Scheme;
Carry out such other activities as are necessary and expedient for the purpose of achieving
the objectives of the Scheme.
Sub-total summated mean score
Grand-total summated mean score

RESUL
TS

non

professionals and

poor

Awareness
Mean score
3.87

0.08

2.99

0.30

3.87

0.41

3.81

0.29

2.43

0.21

3.92

0.34

34.22

2.48

3.78

0.33

3.31

0.42

3.21

0.20

2.79

0.44

2.93

0.31

3.23

0.16

3.53
3.71
3.62

0.29
0.57
0.26

3.16

0.40

33.27
100.22

3.38
8.02

S.D

financing by

the

government were the major setbacks to the scheme.

A response rate

of 87.2%

questionnaires)

was

(436

out

of 500

Following summation, the sub total summated mean

Generally,

scores for objectives of the scheme, responsibilities of

respondents who were married, male, academic staff

the scheme and powers of the scheme council were

and highly educated were more likely to be aware

32.73 2.16, 34.22

while middle age (36-50 years) respondents were less

respectively while the grand total summated mean

likely to be aware.

was 100.22 8.02 (Table 2)

obtained.

Awareness was significantly

2.48 and 33.27 3.38

associated with all the demographic characteristics of

the respondents (Table 1).
On the whole, only 41.1% (179) of the respondents

DISCUSSI
ON

could give the correct full of NHIS and 49.8% (217)

The results of this study revealed that the grand total

claimed they had registered with the scheme. Of the

summated awareness mean score was 100.22 8.02

later, 60.8% (132) were accessing the schemes health

indicating that the employees of university of Nigeria

care services at the time of this study.

were marginally aware of NHIS activities.

Majority of

This is

them reported that corruption in public sector, lack

consistent with the respondents acclaimed 49.8%

of

of

registration, of this; only about 61% were accessing

available

the schemes health care services as at time of this

accountability

responsibility,

poor

and

unclear
management

of

sense
of

resources, management and running of scheme by

study.

This result is worrisome, it is expected that

university employees should be aware of all the

activities of the government but that was not the case

care bills the married usually pay for themselves and

in NHIS. This situation is pathetic as one wonders

their children unlike the singles. Thus any program

what the situation will be in other formal sectors

that will alleviate this burden is usually embraced

where

easily. It is not surprising that mean awareness score

the

employees

are

less

learned

and

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enlightened, worst still in informal sectors.

of widowed and divorced/separated was low due to

This ugly state of affairs might be as results of

the depression and social withdrawal associated with

reported corruption in public

difficult

sector,

lack of

and

precarious conditions facing

these

accountability and unclear of sense of responsibility,

groups particularly in Nigeria and Africa in general.

poor

Categories

of

Nigerians

had

management

management

and

of

available

running of

resources,

scheme

by

non

staff

and

significant

educational status
influence

on

of

their

professionals and poor financing by the government.

awareness of NHIS activities. Academic staff and

Efforts should be made by all the stakeholders of

highly educated people were more likely to be aware

NHIS

than their counterparts. This can be explained by the

to

reduce

and

remove

these

reported

bottlenecks in scheme.
The results showed

fact
that

respondents age had a

that

academic staff

and

highly

educated

respondents are more enlightened.

significant effect on employees awareness of NHIS

The findings serve as inputs to National Orientation

activities, with respondents who were 35 years and

Agency

(NOA)

below (youths) being more likely to be aware of NHIS

Council

(NHIC)

activities (mean score of 3.22) than those whose age

implement relevant awareness strategies towards

were 36 years and above. This stems from the fact

addressing the nonchalant attitude of Nigerians to

that members of this group are at the prime of active

NHIS. For instance, specific orientation strategies are

life, and they are more curious and ambitious, in

required to encourage the young generation between

addition they have more access to information. The

36 and 50 year of age, the single, divorced/separated,

mean score of respondents with age group above 50

non academic staff and the less-educated to embrace

years (3.17) closely followed that of the youths; this

and appreciate the role and importance of NHIS.

may be attributed to the fact that members of this

This will help to kindle their interest and brings the

group are at the tailed end of active life, and they are

NHIS to the highly exalted position it belongs to in

more conscious of life after retirement.

their perception.

Male respondents mean awareness score was far

Since, the basic issue associated with this lack of

higher

their female counterpart, gender has

interest rests mainly in their lack of appreciation of

significant

the roles and benefits of the schemes activities.

than

statistically

effect

on

employees

and
on

National Health
how

they

Insurance

formulate

and

awareness of NHIS activities. This is not surprising

Overall,

as Nigerian women do not always have access to

transactions in the developing world has been full of

sources of information, though they are actively

uncertainty which in turn, erodes the trust of the

involved in economic roles in their families and are

insuring public.

conscious of the significance of insurance in their

authority wades in to strengthen regulation and

endeavours10.

supervision that would further boost the public

Marital status had

employees

significant influence on

awareness of NHIS activities. Married

the

peculiar feature of most

This

is

where

the

financial

regulatory

confidence and trust in this NHIS. In the case of

Nigeria

specifically,

the

present

governments

respondents were more likely to be aware than

cardinal programme of strict adherence to the rule of

others. This can be explained by the expensive health

law should be extended to the health sector where

impunity seems to be holding sway at the moment. It

6)

Adeleke

I.A., Ade I.,

Ogundeji R.K. Bayesian

is when the public realizes the availability of seeking

estimation of the proportion of subscribers to

redress in case of disputes that

Nigerias

confidence and positive

Nevertheless,

the

they can repose

of

awareness campaign would

orientation

go a long

and

way in

Health

Insurance

2009; 3(3): 56-59.

7)

Health

Insurance

Report.

Repositioning

National Health Insurance Scheme

FULL Lengt h Res earch Pap

er
Cove r ed i n Inde x Co per ni cu s wi th I C Va lu e 4 .6 8 for

addressing the nonchalance problem. Hence, further

(NHIS)

health

present

publication. January 2005; issue 7: 1-4.

campaign

strategies

being

adopted by NHIC to exploit the opportunities offered

the
for

effective take-off: From policy to Action. A quarterly

studies should be carried out on the efficacy of the

awareness

Scheme.

Journal of modern mathematics and statistics.

attitude to the scheme.

efficacy

National

8)

insurance

journal.

A care-net

limited

Ezike E. Delineation of Old and New Enugu State

by these findings.

Unpublished bulletin Ministry of Lands, Survey and

CONCLUSION

Urban Planning, 1998.

The survey revealed that employees of university of

9)

and students in a Nigerian University. Int.J.Ph.Sci,

considerable role on level of awareness of NHIS

May-August 2009;

activities. The findings of this study suggest some

10)

behaviour

empirical study.

interest,

Orientation Agency (NOA) and

National

National Health

Insurance Council (NHIC) targeting Nigerians are

confronted with the challenge of encouraging people
to embrace NHIS and its associated benefits.
REFEREN
CES
1)

Ladi Awosika. Health Insurance and Managed Care

in

Nigeria.

Annals

of

Ibadan

Postgraduate

Medicine. Vol.3 No 2 December, 2005: 40-46

2)

Schiffman,

L.G.

and

Kanuk,

L.

S.

(2000),

Consumer Behavior, 7th ed. New Jersey: PrenticeHall, Inc.

3)

Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2008), Principles of

Marketing, 12th ed., New Jersey: Pearson Education
Inc., Upper Saddle River,

4)

Kotler, P. (2003), marketing management, 11th ed.

Upper Saddle river New Jersey Pearson Education,
Inc.,pp132-133

5)

Federal Military Government of Nigeria. National

Health Insurance Scheme Decree No 35 of 1999 .
Laws of the Federation of Nigeria. 10th May 1999.

Available

at:

Tajudeen, OY, Ayantunji, G, and Dallah H. Attitudes

of

to

1(1):59-70.

www.ijps.info.

activities. Given that attitude is strongly linked to

behaviour

V., Ekwunife

barbadensis miller (aloe Vera) plant among staff

The employees demographic characteristics played

and

O., Ukwe Chinwe

Obinna I. Evaluation of therapeutic uses of aloe

Nigeria were marginally aware of NHIS activities.

major implications for awareness campaign on NHIS

Adibe maxwell

Nigerians

towards

insurance

services:

an

African journal of accounting,

economics, finance and banking research vol. 4. No.

4. 2009: 34-46.