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Distribution System

The document discusses different types of power distribution systems including radial, loop, and network configurations. It covers topics like transmission vs distribution systems, equipment used in distribution like transformers and feeders, and considerations for urban vs rural distribution systems.

Uploaded by

Shishir Lamsal
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
81 views

Distribution System

The document discusses different types of power distribution systems including radial, loop, and network configurations. It covers topics like transmission vs distribution systems, equipment used in distribution like transformers and feeders, and considerations for urban vs rural distribution systems.

Uploaded by

Shishir Lamsal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The primary mission of Power Delivery System is to deliver power to


electrical consumers at their place of consumption and in ready to use form.
That means, It must;
Place of consumption
Be dispersed throughout the service territory in rough proportion to
customer location.
Have sufficient capacity to meet the customer peak demand and
energy demand.
provide highly reliable delivery to its customer
ready to use form
Deliver the power at the utilization voltage required for electrical
appliances and equipment.
provide stable voltage quality to its customer
And of course to meet the above missions at least possible cost.
Distribution system is the electrical system between the transmission system
and the consumers meter. The integral part of a distribution system is
Distributor:- A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are
taken for supply to the consumers. The current through a distributor
is not constant.
As the power is moved from generation (large bulk source) to customer
(small demand amounts) it is first moved in bulk quantity at high voltage and
as power is dispersed throughout the service territory, it is gradually moved
down to lower voltage levels. See fig. 1.
It is more economical to move power at high voltage.
The high voltage lines:

while potentially economical,

cost a great deal more than low voltage lines,

but have a much greater capacity.

They are only economical if one truly needs the giant size.

Utilization voltage:

is useless for the transmission of power.

The application of these voltages for anything more than very


local distribution at the neighborhood level results in
unacceptably high electrical losses, severe voltage drops, and
sky-high equipment cost.

Fig 1: power system overview


What is Transmission And What is Distribution?
By voltage Class:
Transmission:

66 kV -1100kV

Distribution:
33kV and below (some country up to 132 kV is
categorized as distribution.)
By Function:
Transmission:

Transmission of bulk power

Distribution:
includes utilization voltage and sources for these
including transformer & their source.
By Configuration:
Transmission:

often designed and operates in network

Distribution:

often designed and operates radially.

By Design point of view:


Transmission: grid status mainly the power and distance
Distribution: Consumers demand and location

The Distribution System Equipments & Terminology:


Service Wire (Or Secondary Distribution or LT/LV lines):
The conductor which route power at utilization voltage within very
close proximity to customers.
Service Transformer (Distribution Transformer Also Called
Distribution Substation):
The transformer which lowers the voltage at utilization voltage level.
Load Center:
Area served by a particular service transformer.
Primary Distribution (Feeder,HT/HV Lines):
The line (conductor) which feds power at to the primary of service
transformer.

FEED
ER

SERVI
CE
MAINS

SUBSTATIO
N
Generally from feeders no tapping is taken to the consumers, therefore
loading of current of theDISTRIBUT
feeders remains the same along its length.
Substation( Area Substation):

Meeting point between transmission & distribution line. The primary


distribution lines receives power at this juncture.
Service Area:
Service area of a particular substation or feeder is the area served by
that particular substation or feeder
Sub-transmission Line:
The line (conductor) which feds power to the primary of transformer at
substations.
For distribution system, three-phase segments have a tremendous
advantage:

The current only has to be sent out to the load.

There are no losses or voltage drop associated with bringing the


current back to the source in a completely balanced ckt.

By contrast, if serving a load from a single-phase Y-circuit (one-phase


and neutral) or two-phase delta ckt. Current flows goes out of the load
& then must return and there are losses associated with each direction.
Exactly how and where the transition from 3-phase to 1-phase ckt.
Takes place in a distribution system depends on planner preferences
and other situations.

Primary & Secondary distribution system

Primary Distribution System: It is the part of distribution system which operates at voltages
somewhat higher than general utilization
Handles large blocks of electrical energy than the average low voltage
consumers uses.
Criterion for primary voltage level??
The most commonly used primary distribution voltages are 33kv, 11
kv, 6.6 kv, and 3.3kv.
Due to economic consideration, normally primary distribution is carried
out by 3-phase 3-wire system ??

Secondary Distribution System: It is the part of distribution system at which the ultimate consumers
utilizes the electrical energy delivered to them.

It employs 400/230 V,3-phase 4-wire system in our case.


The supply for this secondary distribution is obtained from distribution
transformer.

Feeder Layout Types


There are three fundamentally different ways
Radial,
Loops
Network

Radial System
In this system, separate feeders radiate from a single substation and feed
the distributors at one end only.
The biggest advantage of the radial system configuration, in addition
to its lower cost, is the simplicity of analysis.
On debt side, radial feeder systems are less reliable than loop or
network systems because there is only one path between the
substation and the customer. Thus if any elements along the path fails,
a loss of power delivery results.
The end of the distributor nearest to the feeding point will be heavily
loaded.
The consumers at the distant end of a distributor would be subjected
to serious voltage fluctuations when the load on the distributor
changes.

Loop System

Loop system consists of a distribution design with two paths between the
sources (substations, service transformer) and customer.
The system is very reliable as each distributor is fed via two feeders.
This layout is often called European because this configuration is
preferred in Europe.
Equipment is sized and each loop is designed so that service can be
maintained regardless of where an open point is on the loop.
In terms of complexity, a loop feeder system is only slightly more
complicated than a radial system
A loop must be able to meet all power and voltage drop requirements
when fed from only one end, not both.
There are less voltage fluctuations at consumers terminals.
The major disadvantage of loop systems is capacity and cost.

Network system
The distribution network involves multiple paths between all points in
the network.
Power flow between any two points is usually split among several
paths, and if a failure occurs it instantly and automatically re-routes
itself.
Rarely does a distribution network involve primary voltage level
network design, in which all or most of the switches between feeders
are closed so that the feeder system is connected between
substations.
They are much more complicated, than other forms of distribution, and
thus more difficult to analyze.
It increases the service reliability.
Any area fed from one generating station during peak load hours can
be fed from the other generating stations. This reduces reserve
capacity and increases efficiency of the system.

Urban Vs Rural Electrification


The major criterions for urban and rural electrification are
voltage regulation, current carrying capacity of conductor
and power loss in distribution system.
The special characteristics of the urban distribution system are;

Capacity limits design: Voltage drop & losses costs are seldom a
major concern
requiring large no. of feeders.

Loads are large & often 3-phases

Reliability requirements are above average

Route are restricted ie. land problem

The load density is very high in urban. Thus the current flowing in
the conductor is very high. Before the criteria of voltage drop and
power loss violation, the current carrying capacity of the conductor
may be less than the current in the feeder. Thus, current carrying
capacity of conductor is the guiding factor for the load center
size. If the load center is chosen such that it doesnt exceed the
current carrying capacity of the conductor then it automatically doesnt
violate voltage regulation and power loss criterion.
For these reasons there are some common adaptations to work within
these design constraints as follows

Use of Interlaced feeder ie two feeder in parallel. ( but there can


be limits in number of possible gate way due to space limit in the
junction due to higher insulation for more feeder.)

Maximum size cable is often installed:

Very grid like planning:

The special characteristics of the Rural distribution system are;


Sparse load
Loads vary from small single phase to medium sized three phase.

Distances are tremendous


Losses are high
Voltage drop limits design
Reliability requirements below average
Often not profitable

For these reasons following there are some common adaptations to work
within these design constraints.

Application of higher voltage than its typically used in urban or sub


urban distribution to meet higher load reach.
Use of single phase feeders
Extreme and innovative measures are sometime need to apply eg. Use
of very high voltage with earth return.
No provision for contingency back up of feeders
Radial feeders layouts are normally the rule.

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