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Lab 7 Dynamic Parameters of 2 Order Measurement Systems

The document describes a lab experiment using an RLC circuit to examine the dynamic parameters of a 2nd order system. The lab used a function generator and oscilloscope to apply step and sine wave inputs to the circuit and measure the transient and steady-state responses. Key results included measuring the actual component values, determining the theoretical natural frequency and damping ratio, and obtaining experimental values for rise time, settling time, and amplitude ratios and phase shifts across a range of frequencies.

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raylo4594
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© © All Rights Reserved
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108 views

Lab 7 Dynamic Parameters of 2 Order Measurement Systems

The document describes a lab experiment using an RLC circuit to examine the dynamic parameters of a 2nd order system. The lab used a function generator and oscilloscope to apply step and sine wave inputs to the circuit and measure the transient and steady-state responses. Key results included measuring the actual component values, determining the theoretical natural frequency and damping ratio, and obtaining experimental values for rise time, settling time, and amplitude ratios and phase shifts across a range of frequencies.

Uploaded by

raylo4594
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lab 7

Dynamic Parameters of 2nd Order


Measurement Systems

Prepared For:
Bradley Thorne
ME 337L, Section 1002
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Prepared By:
Raymond Lopez, Mail Box #24
Group Member:
Dominic Picardal

Date Performed:
March 20, 2015

Due Date:
March 27, 2015

Abstract

Introduction
This lab used the NI ELVIS function generator, oscilloscope, and Bode
analyzer to examine a replication of a 2nd order system constructed from an
RLC circuit on the ELVIS protoboard. 2nd order systems can show two types of
responses: a transient response, where the system responds to a change or
disturbance acted upon it, and a steady-state response, where the system
remains unchanged for a period of time. This lab used a step input square
wave from the function generator to replicate a transient response on the
system, and a continuous sine wave to generate a steady-state response
from the system.
Because the system is of type 2nd order, equations dealing with the
system were 2nd order differential equations. Terms such as natural
frequency (n) and damping ratio () were introduced. Natural frequency of
a system refers to the frequency the system would naturally oscillate at if
there was no applied force on it. The damping ratio measures the rate at
which the oscillations resulted from a disturbance on the system dwindle
over time. When these terms are introduced into a 2nd order differential
equation relating the components of the circuit, the equation is
1 d 2Vc (t ) 2 dVc (t )

Vc (t ) V (t )
n2 dt 2
n dt
Here, the natural frequency and damping ratio can be calculated as

1
1
, R C/L
2
LC

The values calculated can then be substituted into the theoretical transient
response equation shown below (K = gain, A = amplitude of input signal):
w n t

y (t )=KAKA e

sin ( wn t 1 2) +cos ( w n t 1 2 ) 0 <1


2
1

For a steady-state response, two values (amplitude ratio, M() and


phase shift, ()) are needed. The amplitude ratio is a measure of the
output voltage to the input voltage from the signal. The amplitude ratio can
also be calculated theoretically using the following formula:
M ( )=

{[

1 /2

( )] [ ]}

1
n

2 2

2
+
n

The phase shift is also known as the phase difference between the output
and input signals and can be calculated as:
2
n

1
n

( ( ))

( )=tan1

Procedure
Before the RLC circuit was constructed, the 100 resistor, 0.1 F
capacitor, and 68 mH inductor needed to be measured using the DMM to
obtain their actual values to be used in the calculations later on. Then the
RLC circuit shown in Figure 1 was constructed. The function generator and
oscilloscope were needed for the first part of the lab. Once everything was
connected and the power switched on, the function generator was set to a
square waveform type (to replicate a transient response), the frequency to
100 Hz, and peak amplitude to 1. The controls on the oscilloscope were
adjusted to accept the signal input from the ELVIS workstation. The rise time
of the signal was found first by placing cursor C1 at the base of the step
input. Rise time was calculated at 90% of the value shown for Vp-p of the
input, and cursor C2 was placed at this value. The experimental rise time
was shown as dT on the oscilloscope.
For settling time, C1 was again placed at the base of the step input.
C2 was placed within the range of 10% of Vp-p of the input. dT on the
oscilloscope was the experimental settling time. The period of oscillation
was determined by changing the input signal channel to the same channel as
the output. C1 was placed at the first output peak and C2 was placed at the
second output peak. dT displayed the experimental period of oscillation.

Figure 1: RLC circuit used for the lab


To obtain a steady-state response from the signal, the function
generator was adjusted to input a sine wave to the signal rather than a
square wave step input. The function generator was then further adjusted
for different input frequencies, ranging from 100 to 3000 Hz. The cursors at
each frequency were both placed at peaks on the input and output signal.
The experimental amplitude ratio could then be calculated as
V
V
( pp)input
. Experimental phase shift was calculated as:
( p p) output /

deg =dTfrequency input ( Hz )2

180

Then, the function generator and oscilloscope were closed so that the Bode
analyzer could be used. The start frequency was set to 100 Hz, stop
frequency to 3000 Hz, peak amplitude of 1, and 20 steps per decade. The
Bode analyzer can be seen in Figure ************

Results/Discussion
The first objective of the lab was to measure the true value for each
component of the RLC circuit. These values can be seen in Figures 2, 3, and
4.

Figure 2: Resistor value


Figure 4: Inductor value

Figure 3: Capacitor value

The theoretical value for the natural frequency (n) was:


n=

1
1
rad
=
=11777.7
3
7
s
LC ( 68.01 10 )(1.060 10 )

The theoretical value for the damping ratio () was:

1
1
1.060 107
= R C /L= ( 0.09713 103 )
=0.06063
3
2
2
68.01 10
The experimental rise time, shown as dT in Figure 5 was 158 s. The
experimental settling time, shown in Figure 6 as dT was 674 s.

Figure 5: Scope of signal (dT = rise time)


of signal (dT = settling time)

Frequency,
Hz

Frequency,
Rad/s

Amplitudes Ratio (Volt/Volt)


(Gain)

Figure 6: Scope

Phase Shift

Theoretical

Theoretical

Amp.

Phase

/ n

Vc

Vc

Time(sec)

Degrees

Ratio

Shift
(Degrees)

100

200

0.05334

1.015

1.019

0.996075

-0.00001

-0.36

1.00283

-0.371642

500

1000

0.2667

1.078

1.018

1.05894

-0.000018

-3.24

1.07592

-1.99403

900

1800

0.4801

1.251

1.007

1.2423

-0.000056

-18.144

1.29584

-4.32648

1200

2400

0.6402

1.503

0.9873

1.52233

-0.00005

-21.6

1.68003

-7.49396

1500

3000

0.8002

1.874

0.94581

1.98137

-0.00007

-37.8

2.68429

-15.0975

1700

3400

0.9069

2.083

0.90496

2.30176

-0.00011

-67.32

4.78851

-31.7757

1800

3600

0.9603

2.070

0.89101

2.32321

-0.000126

-81.648

7.1399

-56.2442

1900

3800

1.0136

1.978

0.88647

2.23132

-0.000136

-93.024

7.94136

77.4393

2000

4000

1.0670

1.836

0.89413

2.05339

-0.000146

-105.12

5.27636

43.0534

2100

4200

1.1203

1.642

0.90828

1.80781

-0.000154

-116.424

3.4603

28.0391

2300

4600

1.2270

1.283

0.93869

1.3668

-0.000158

-130.824

16.4001

2600

5200

1.3871

0.89603

0.97113

0.922667

-0.000154

-144.144

10.3163

3000

6000

1.6004

0.59556

0.98666

0.603612

-0.000142

-153.36

7.08543

0.06063

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