Alignment

Course Manual

IHRDC
GRADUATE ENGINEER
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
MECHANICAL DISCIPLINE

ALIGNMENT

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Total Pages: (63)

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Alignment
Graduate Development Programme

Module (M 02 )5D

This Module is designed for AFPC existing Mechanical Graduates, provide

hands-on experience to perform both methods of shaft alignment using dial
indicators.

This Module focuses on the preparations required prior to alignment job, the
procedure to perform both methods and corrections for thermal growth.

Preparation for alignment.

Face and rim alignment using graph.
Reverse alignment using graph.
Performing alignment using formulas.
Correction for thermal growth.

Audience
Prerequisites
Location
Format

:
:
:
:

Mechanical Graduates.
English comprehension and communication.
AFPC Training Center, D. Z.
Lecture, discussion and OJT workshop practices.

This module is one of thirteen modules, which together cover the theoretical
aspect of the Technical Training for the AFPC Mechanical Graduates
Development Programme. This programme has been developed specifically for
AFPC Graduate Development to enhance the dynamic Nationalisation drive
adopted by the company.

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Course Contents
Page

IHRDC

1- Objectives.

2- Course Outline.

3- Equipment/ Resources.

4- Course Manual (Hands Out for Participants).

5- Training Aids.

44

6- Lesson Plan.

45

7- Course Final Assessment.

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1- Course Objectives:
Upon completion of this course, the employee should be able to :Lesson One: Preparation for Alignment:

Understand the orientation upon performing alignment.

Demonstrate pipe strain correction.
Perform soft foot.
Explain run out readings.
Understand thermal growth methods.
Explain how to set the face gap.
Demonstrate mechanical center.
Demonstrate magnetic center.
Perform bar sag.

Lesson Two:- Rim and Face Alignment (Vertical Plane)

Understand the measurement procedures.

Understand the graphing procedure for alignment.
Understand formula to correct misalignment.
Understand graphing thermal growth to correct misalignment.
Understand formula for thermal growth.
Explain graphing procedure (Horizontal Pane).
Explain how to carry out alignment using the formula.

Lesson Three:- Reverse Alignment Method (Vertical Plane)

Understand measurement procedures.

Understand graphing procedures for alignment.
Explain how to use the formula for alignment.
Explain how to correct misalignment due to thermal growth.
Explain graphing procedure for horizontal alignment.
Explain formula method for horizontal alignment.

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2- Course Out Line:- This course is designed for AFPC existing Mechanical Technicians to provide
hands on experience in alignment.
- Duration of this course is five working days (30 Hrs).
- The course is to be conducted at AFPC Training center classroom and Mechanical
assembly workshop.
- Course time plan shall be as follows:- Instruction Time 8 Hrs.
- Workshop Time 16 Hrs.
- Final Test Time 6 Hrs.
Course program shall be conducted as follows:Day 1 (6.0 Hrs)
Time Hrs

3.30
0.30

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Activities
Lesson 1- Preparation for Alignment
1.1 Definitions.
1.1.1 Alignment orientation.
1.2 Equipment Preparations
1.2.1 Pipe Strain.
1.2.2 Soft Foot.
1.2.3 Run Out Reading.
1.2.4 Thermal Growth.
1.2.5 Face gap.
1.2.6 Magnetic Center.
1.2.7 Mechanical Center
Same Topics
Assessment

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Location

Classroom

W/ S
W/ S

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Day 2 (6 Hrs)
Time Hrs

1.30

4
0.30

Activities
Lesson 2:- Rim and Face Alignment
A. Vertical Plane
2.1 Measuring Procedure.
2.2 Graphing Vertical Plane Misalignment.
2.2.1 Graphing Procedure.
2.3 Using formula.
2.4 Graphing Thermal Growth.
2.4.1 Graphing Procedure.
2.4.2 Graphing and Correcting Vertical Plane
Misalignment.
2.4.3 Calculation Using Formula.
B. Performing Rim and face Alignment
C. Assessment

Location

Classroom

W/ S
W/ S

Day 3 (6 Hrs)
Time Hrs
2
0.30

1
0.30

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Activities
Lesson 2 Rime and face Alignment
Horizontal Plane
2.5 Graphing.
2.5.1 Graphing procedure.
2.5.2 Calculations using Formula.
Assessment
Lesson 3 Reverse Alignment
3.1 Vertical Alignment.
3.1.1 Introduction.
3.1.2 Measurements.
3.1.3 Dial Indicator Readings.
3.1.4 Graphing procedure.
3.1.5 Cold Alignment Graph.
3.1.6 Formula Method.
3.1.7 Graphing Thermal Growth.
3.1.8 thermal Growth Calculation.
Performing Reverse Alignment
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W/ S
W/ S

Classroom

W/ S
W/ S

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Day 4 (6 Hrs)
Time Hrs
0.30
5
0.30

Activities
Lesson 3 Reverse Alignment
3.2 Horizontal Plane.
3.2.1 Graphing procedure.
3.2.2 Correcting Misalignment using Graph.
3.2.3 Formula method.
Performing Reverse Alignment
Assessment

Location
Classroom
W/ S
W/ S

Day 5 (6 Hrs)
Time Hrs
Activities
1
Final Assessment
5
Final Assessment (Practical)

Location
Classroom
W/ S

3- Equipment and Resource

1- A motor and pump on a skid at W/ S.
2- Two clamps.
3- Two dial indicators.
4- Shims.
5- Video and Monitor.
6- Projector.

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4- Course Manual

(Hand out For Participants)

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SHAFT ALIGNMENT
1-Preparations for Alignment
1.1 Definitions:
Alignment: The relationship between the position of one shaft with another.
Shaft alignment: The proper positioning of equipment shafts so that the centrelines of
the two shafts are colinear.
Parallel misalignment: A misalignment situation in which the centrelines of two
shafts are offset so that they are not colinear, although they are parallel.
Angular misalignment: A misalignment situation in which the centrelines of two
shafts intersect each other at an angle.
Colinear alignment: Alignment in which the centrelines of shafts are in the same line.
Combined misalignment: A combination of parallel and angular misalignment in both
the horizontal and vertical planes.
1.1.1 Alignment Orientation
The person performing a shaft alignment should orient himself properly in relation to
the equipment. The fixed component should be on the left, and the movable
component should be on the right.
There is another part of the orientation that must be considered. This can be
explained by looking at the hub of the fixed component. The hub of the fixed
component can be thought of as the face of a clock. The vertical plane is represented
by 12 oclock and 6 o'clock, which are above and below the shaft. The horizontal
plane is represented by 9 o'clock and 3 o'clock, which are to the left and right of the
shaft.
1.2 Equipment Preparation
One of the first shaft alignment preparations is making sure that the pump and motor
are isolated and tagged out. If equipment is accidentally started up while an
alignment is being performed, serious injuries can occur.

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Alignment Orientation

Hub of the fixed component as a clock face

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Another important preparation is inspecting the foundation, or bedplate, that supports

the pump and the motor. The foundation should be checked with a bubble level to
ensure that it is level.
1.2.1 Pipe Strain
Another part of preparing for an alignment is checking the fixed component for pipe
strain. Pipe strain is the force exerted on the fixed component from suction and
discharge piping that is not supported properly. If pipe strain is not corrected, it may
be difficult to align the shafts properly.
One method of measuring pipe strain involves mounting two dial indicators on the
foundation so that their stems contact the rim of the pump's hub. One of the dial
indicators is mounted at 12 o'clock, and the other is mounted at either 3 o'clock or 9
o'clock. Attaching the dial indicators in this manner allows pipe strain to be measured
in both the vertical and horizontal planes. After each dial indicator is securely
mounted, both are adjusted for a zero reading. Then the bolts for the suction and
discharge pipe flanges are loosened, and the flanges are separated. This will relieve
any pipe strain that may have been present. The dial indicators are then checked. Any
reading, other than zero on either dial indicator means that the pump moved because
of pipe strain.
A facility usually has set limits for the amount of pipe strain that is allowable. In
some facilities, any difference in dial indicator readings of more than 2 mils must be
corrected.
To correct pipe strain, adjustments must be made in the piping supports. These
adjustments may require that pipe hangers and supports be moved according to plant
procedures. After the adjustments have been made, the procedure list described
should be repeated to make sure that the pipe strain had been corrected.
1.2.2 Soft Foot Conditions
Another preparation that should be made before performing - an alignment is
checking for a "soft foot" condition. A soft foot condition exists when one or more of
the movable component's feet are in different planes. When this condition is present,
the motor housing twists when the support bolts are torqued down. This twisting can
make it difficult to properly align the shafts.
The first step in checking for a soft foot condition is to tighten down all of the
support bolts on the movable component. Then, a dial indicator is mounted to
indicate vertical movement of one of the feet. The dial indicator is adjusted to a zero
reading.
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Next, the support bolt on the foot is loosened, and the dial indicator reading is
recorded. Any reading other than zero indicates a soft foot. Facilities generally have
set limits for the amount of movement that allowable. In many facilities, any soft foot
condition of more than 2 mils must be corrected.
To correct the soft foot, a shim that is the same size as the dial indicator reading must
be inserted under the soft foot. The support bolt is then retightened.
The steps just described must be repeated for each of the remaining, feet. The
number of soft feet can vary. In some cases, it may only be necessary to shim one
foot. In other cases, two or three feet may have to be shimmed. After each foot has
been checked and shimmed, if necessary, each foot should be rechecked to verify that
the soft foot condition has been corrected.
1.2.3Taking Runout Readings
Another preparation that should be made is taking runout readings on both the fixed
component and movable component. Runout readings measure how much the hub or
shaft is out of round. Excessive runout can make it difficult to properly align shafts.
To obtain runout readings, a dial indicator is mounted so that its stem contacts the
rim of the hub.
After the dial indicator is adjusted for a zero reading, the shaft is rotated slowly while
the dial indicator is observed. Any movement of the dial indicator needle indicates
runout.
Facilities generally specify the amount of runout that is allowable. Reading in excess
of the allowable limit indicate a bent shaft or a misbored hub. Which component is at
fault can be determined by taking another set of runout readings with the dial
indicator stem contacting the shaft. Excessive runout under these conditions indicates
a bent shaft, which will require replacement of the shaft. Readings within tolerance
on the shaft indicate a misbored hub, which requires the hub to be replaced.
1.2.4

Measuring Thermal Growth: Method 1

One method of measuring thermal growth involves mounting dial indicators so that
their stems are in contact with the two shafts while the components are at operating
temperature, and then waiting for the components to reach ambient (room)
temperature. The dial indicator readings at ambient temperature indicate how much
movement has occurred.

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Dial indicators are mounted so that their stems contact the shaft of each component at
6 o'clock, so they will measure vertical movement. Both dial indicators are zeroed
while the equipment is still at operating temperature. It is necessary to mount the
base used for each dial to the foundation or some other place that will not be affected
by thermal growth.
1.2.5 Measuring Thermal Growth: Method 2
This method involves using a Pyrometer to measure the ambient and operating
temperatures of the components. These temperature values are then factored into a
formula that uses the thermal expansion coefficient of steel to determine the amount
of thermal growth. This method uses a Pyrometer to measure both the ambient
temperature and the operating temperature of the component.
The ambient temperature is recorded. The distance between the base plate and the
centreline of the component's shaft is also measured and recorded.
Next, the component is started up and allowed to reach normal operating
temperature. Then the temperature is again measured.
Next, the ambient temperature is subtracted from the average operating temperature
at the inboard feet. The result of this subtraction is then multiplied by the distance
between the base plate and the centreline of the shaft.
Next, the product of this multiplication is multiplied by the therma1 expansion
coefficient for iron and steel, which has a value of .0000063. The final result
indicates the actual amount of movement that will occur due to thermal growth
1.2.6 Setting the Face Gap
Most couplings are designed to operate with a specified amount of space between the
hubs. This space, called the face gap prevents damage to the hubs and the coupling
from axial movement of the shafts. Axial movement refers to the amount of
movement, back and forth along the axis of a shaft, that is allowed by the bearings
that support the shaft. If the face gap is too narrow, axial movement may cause the
two hubs to contact each other and become damaged. If the face gap is too wide, the
coupling may separate and be damaged.
In order to set the face gap, the motor must be moved into position. A feeler gauge
the size of the ideal face gap specification is then inserted between the hubs.
The feeler gauge should just fit between the two hubs. Many mechanics use a
straightedge and a feeler gauge to get the two shafts close to proper alignment.

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The face gap should be rechecked after any motor movement. When the face gap is
set, the motor support bolts should be tightened.
Setting the face gap for a pump and motor that use anti-friction (ball or roller)
bearings can be accomplished with this procedure. However, when large components
are involved, particularly components that have sliding surface bearings, some
additional steps are required.
1.3 Determining Mechanical Centre
In equipment that uses anti-friction bearings, the amount of axial movement may be
insignificant, on the order of 2 mils or less. However, when sliding surface bearings
are used in rotating equipment, the amount of axial movement may be significantly
higher. In these situations, it is necessary to determine the mechanical centre of the
component before adjusting the face gap.
The mechanical centre can be defined as the normal operating position of a shaft.
Usually, it is equal to one half of the total axial shaft movement. The mechanical
centre can be determined by measuring the total amount of axial movement with a
dial indicator and then dividing that value by 2.
To determine the mechanical centre of a piece of equipment, the shaft of the
equipment is forced inward as far as it will go. Then, a dial indicator is mounted so
that its stem contacts the face of the hub. The dial indicator is then adjusted for a zero
reading.
The shaft is then forced outward as far as it will go. The reading on the dial indicator
at this point is the total amount of axial shaft movement.
To determine the mechanical centre, the total amount of axial shaft movement is
divided by 2. The shaft is then moved back inward until the dial indicator reads half
of the total movement. At this point, the shaft is set to its mechanical centre.
1.4 Determining Magnetic Centre
Axial movement is present in motors, as in other types of rotating equipment.
However, because of the magnetic field that is created by a motor's field windings,
the rotor is held in the same position each time the motor operates. This position is
referred to as the motor's magnetic centre. With some motors, the magnetic centre
must be determined before the coupling face gap is adjusted.
After the motor is started, the shaft should be sprayed with layout dye. A mark will
be made in the dye to indicate the motor's magnetic centre.

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When the motor reaches normal operating speed, a line is lightly scratched into the
dye on the shaft using the end bell or similar part of the motor as a reference point.
The motor is then shut off. The mark on the shaft when lined up with the reference
point indicates that the shaft is at magnetic centre.
After the fixed component has been set to the mechanical centre and the motor has
been set to the magnetic centre, the face gap can be set to the ideal specification.
Setting the face gap to the ideal specification should allow axial movement to occur
without damaging the hubs or the coupling.
1.5 Measuring Bar sag
Summary Checklist
The following are the major steps involved in measuring bar sag.
(1) Measure the height and distance between the brackets.
(2) Mark the shafts along at least one edge of each bracket so that the
brackets can be reinstalled in the same place after the amount of bar
sag has been determined.
(3) Mount the dial indicators and brackets on a test fixture.
(4) With the dial indicators at the 12 o'clock position, adjust the "P" dial
indicator to a zero reading,
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

Rotate the test fixture to the 6 o'clock position.

Take a reading on the "P" dial indicator.
Divide the reading by 2 and record the value on a data sheet.
Reinstall the brackets and the dial indicators on the shafts of the
equipment to be aligned.

Bar Sag Causing Negative and Positive Readings

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2. Rim and Face Alignment

(A) Vertical Plane
2.1 Measurement Procedures
The following, are the major steps that should be followed when using the rim and
face method to measure misalignment in the vertical plane.
(1) Determine the swing diameter. Measure the distance between the centerline of
the shaft and the centerline of the "A" dial indicator's stem. Multiply the
measurement by 2, and record this value on the
data sheet in the area labeled D.
(2) Measure the horizontal distance from the target of the A dial indicator to the
centerline of the support bolt for the motor foot that is nearest to the hub. Record the
value of this measurement on the data sheet in the area labeled X.
(3) Measure the horizontal distance from the target of the A dial indicator to the
centerline of the support bolt for the motor foot that is farthest from the hub. Record
the value of this measurement on the data sheet in the area labeled "Y."
(4) Rotate both shafts so that the brackets are at the 12 o'clock position.
(5) Rotate the face of each dial indicator so that a reading of zero is obtained.
(6) Rotate both shafts one complete revolution to make sure that the brackets and the
dial indicators are securely fastened.
(7)

Observe the dial indicators while rotating both shafts to the 6 o'clock position.

(8)

Record the "P dial indicator reading on the data sheet.

(9)

Record the "A" dial indicator reading on the data sheet.

(10) Check for accuracy by repeating the above steps. Compare the first set of
readings with the second set, making sure that they match. If not, make the
necessary adjustments and take the readings again.

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Tape Measurements

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Rim and Face Alignment

Vertical Plane
2.2 Graphing Vertical Plane Misalignment
2.2.1 Graphing Procedure
The following are the steps involved in graphing and correcting, for misalignment in
the vertical plane.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

Choose a point of reference, or base point, on the left side of the

graph paper.
Draw a line, called the base line, from the base point to the right
side of the graph.
Plot "D" from the data sheet by starting at the base point and
moving along the base line the value of "D."
Plot "X" from the data sheet by starting at point "D" and moving
along the base 'line the value of X".
Plot "Y" from the data sheet by starting at point "D" and moving
along the base line the value of "Y."
Plot "AV" from the data sheet, starting at the base point and moving
up if the value is positive or moving down if the value is negative.
Draw a line, called a "reference line," from point "AV through
Point D
Plot "XA on the reference line by starting at point "X" on the base
line and moving straight up or down to the reference line.
Plot "YA on the reference line by starting at point "Y" on the base
line and moving straight up or down to the reference line.

(10) Plot the value of "PV" from the data sheet. Starting at point "XA.
Move up if the value is positive or down if the value is negative.
Label the resulting point XAP
(11) Repeat Step 10, starting at point YA and label the resulting,
point YAP.
(12) Draw a dashed line that intersects points "XAP and "YAP." This
line represents the combined angular and parallel misalignment in
the vertical plane.

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Calculation for Parallel Misalignment

in the vertical plane

Value for angular misalignment in

in the vertical plane

Graphing an correcting vertical plane misalignment

Increments between points X and XAP and between points Y and YAP

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2-3 Using Formulas

Thermal growth for motor and pump are equal (or no thermal growth).
Instead of graphs, formulas can be used to determine how much to move the motor to
correct for both angular and parallel misalignment in the vertical plane. One formula
is for the inboard feet and the other is for the outboard feet. The formula for the
inboard feet is as follows:
X
Inboard =

x AV - PV

D
This formula is used when the thermal growth values for the movable component
and the fixed component are equal. The values for this formula are obtained from
the data sheet. With the values from the example in Figure F-1, the formula reads:
12
Inboard =
x (+ 6) - (- 6.5)
10
Working through the math gives an answer of +13.7 mils, which can be rounded off
to +14 mils. When formulas are used, a negative answer indicates that the motor feet
must be moved down to bring the shafts into alignment. A positive answer indicates
that the motor feet must be moved up to bring shafts into alignment. An answer of
+14 mils indicates that the inboard feet should be moved up by adding 14 mils of
shims.
The formula for the outboard feet is as follows:
Y
Outboard =
x A V- PV
D
Again, this formula is used when the thermal growth values for the movable
component and the fixed component are equal. The values for this formula are also
obtained from the data sheet. With the values shown, the formula reads:
24
Outboard =

X (+6) -(- 6.5)

10
Working through the math gives an answer of +20.9 mils, which can be rounded off
to +21 mils. This means that the outboard feet must be moved up by adding 21 mils
of shims.
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2.4 Graphing Thermal Growth

2.4.1 Graphing vertical plane misalignment (Continued item 2.2.1) Graphing
Procedure.
(13) Move the base line and/or the dashed line to account for thermal
growth indicated on the data sheet.
(14) Count the increments between points "X" and "XAP' and between
points "Y" and YAP to determine how much to adjust the inboard
feet and the outboard feet.
(15) Move the motor up, by adding shims under the motor feet, if the
dashed line is below the base line. Move the motor down, by
removing shims from under the motor feet, if the dashed line is above
the base line.

Increments between points X and XAP and between points Y and YAP

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Data Sheets
Data Sheets showing different thermal growth characteristics

Graphing Thermal Groth

Graph modified for thermal growth

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2.4.2 Graphing and Correcting Vertical Plane Misalignment (Thermal Growth).

When graphing thermal growth characteristic values, it is necessary to consider the
signs of the values. As shown on the data sheet, the pump has a thermal growth value
of -2 mils. This means that the pump shaft is actually 2 mils lower at operating
temperature than it is at ambient temperature. This is typical for pumps that move
cold liquids.
Earlier, it was stated that the base line of the graph (the line containing points
X" and "Y") represents the position to which, the movable component must be
moved in order to align the shafts. Since the movable component's shaft is to be
aligned to the fixed component's shaft, the base line can also represent the fixed
component's shaft. This representation can be used to graph the fixed component's
thermal growth characteristics. Basically, it involves creating, a new base line that
includes the thermal growth characteristics of the fixed component. If the fixed
component has a positive thermal growth value, the new base line must be drawn
above the existing base line. If the fixed component's thermal growth value is
negative, the new base line is drawn below the existing base line. In the example, the
fixed component has a thermal growth value of -2 mils. Therefore, the correct
procedure is to move down 2 mils from the existing base line and draw a new base
line that represents the fixed component's shaft at operating, temperature.
The shaft of a motor is generally higher at operating temperature than it is at ambient
temperature, because motors generate heat, which causes their casings to expand
slightly. In this example, the motor has a thermal growth value of +2 mils, so the
motor shaft is 2 mils higher at operating temperature.
The thermal growth value for the movable component can be graphed in a manner
similar to that described for the fixed component. However, the dashed line (the line
containing points XAP and "YAP) must be used instead of the base line, since the
dashed line represents the movable component's shaft. A positive thermal growth
value requires a new dashed line to be drawn above the existing one. A negative
thermal growth value requires a new dashed line to be drawn below the existing one.
Since this example involves a thermal growth value of +2 mils, a new dashed line
must be drawn 2 increments above the existing one. This line, then, represents the
angular and parallel misalignment with thermal growth factored in.
After the base line and the dashed line have been replotted to account for thermal
growth the increments are counted between points X and "XAP, and points "Y"
and "YAP," in their new positions. The number of increments represents the distance
that the motor must be moved to correct for angular and parallel misalignment and
thermal growth in the vertical plane. It is important to remember that when the motor
is moved by the amount indicated on the graph, the shafts will be misaligned while
the components are at ambient temperatures.
However, the two shafts will be aligned at operating, temperatures.

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2.4.3 Calculations of vertical plane misalignment using the formula for the
Combined thermal growth
If components have different thermal growth characteristics, the thermal growth
values must be used to determine how much to move the motor to correct for
misalignment in the vertical plane when the components have reached their operating
temperatures. In order to account for the movement that takes place due to thermal
growth, the thermal growth value for the movable component must be subtracted
from the value for the fixed component. This operation can be expressed as the
following formula:
Thermal Growth
Fixed

Thermal Growth
=
Movable

Combined
Thermal Growth

Assuming that the pump has a thermal growth value of -2 mils and the motor has a
value of +2 mils, the formula reads:
- 2 mils - (+2 mils) = - 4 mils

The combined thermal growth value is added to the formulas used to determine the
amount of movement needed for the inboard and outboard feet to correct for vertical
misalignment. The formula for the inboard feet is as follows:
X
Inboard =

Combined Thermal
x AV ) - PV

Growth

With the values determined previously, the formula reads:

12
Inboard =

x (+ 6)) (-6.5) +

(- 4)

10

Working through the math gives an answer of +9.7 mils, which can be rounded off to
+10 mils. An answer of +10 mils indicates that the inboard feet should be moved up
by adding 10 mils of shims. A negative answer indicates that the motor feet must be
moved down.
The formula for the outboard feet, when thermal growth is a factor, is as follows:
Y
Outboard = (

Combined Thermal
x AV) PV ) +

Growth

With the values determined previously, the formula reads:

24
Outboard = (

X (+ 6)) - (- 6.5) + (- 4)
10

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Working through the math gives an answer of +16.9 mils, which can be rounded off
to + 17 mils. This means that the outboard feet must be moved up by adding 17 mils
of shims.
It is important to remember that when thermal growth is factored into the formulas
and the motor is moved by the amount indicated by the answers, the shafts will be
misaligned while the components are at ambient temperatures. However, the two
shafts will be aligned at operating temperatures.

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2- Rim and Face Alignment

(B)Horizontal Plane
2.5 Graphing horizontal plane misalignment
2.5.1 Graphing procedure
The following are steps involved in measuring, graphing, and correcting for
misalignment in the horizontal plane.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

Rotate both shafts so that the dial indicator brackets are at the 3 o'clock
position.
Rotate the face of each dial indicator so that a reading of zero is obtained.
Rotate both shafts one full revolution to make sure that the brackets
and dial indicators are securely fastened.
Observe the dial indicators as the shafts are rotated to the 9 o'clock
position. Take readings on both dial indicators and record the values
on the data sheet.
Repeat the procedure to take another set of readings. Compare them
with the previous set to make sure that they are consistent.
Perform the calculations required by the data sheet and enter values
"PH and "AH."
To begin graphing horizontal misalignment, establish the base point.
draw the base line, and plot the values of "D," "X," and "Y" from the
data sheet.
Plot the value of "AH on the graph by starting at the base point and
moving up if the value is positive and down if the value is negative.
Establish the reference line by drawing a straight line from point
"AH" through point "D."

(10) Plot point XA by starting at point "X" on the base line and moving up
or down to the reference line.
(11) Plot point "YA by starting at point "Y" on the base line and moving up or
down to the reference line.
(12) Starting at point XA," move the value of "PH," up if positive and down
if negative. Label the resulting point "XAP."
(13) Starting at point YA, move the value of PH, " up if positive and down
if negative. Label the resulting point "YAP."
(14) Draw a dashed line that intersects points "XAP and "YAP." This line
represents the combined angular and parallel misalignment in the
horizontal plane.
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(15) To determine how much the motor has to be moved in order to bring the
shafts into horizontal alignment, count the increments between points "X"
and "XAP and between points "Y" and "YAP." The motor should be
moved toward 3 o'clock if the dashed line is below the base line. The
motor should be moved towards 9 o'clock if the dashed line is above the
base line.
(16) Before actually moving the mtor to correct for horizontal
misalignment, mount a dial indicator on both an inboard foot and an
outboard foot in order to determine when the proper amount of
movement has been made. Set each dial indicator for the amount of
movement that is required.
(17) Loosen the support bolts and shift the motor until the dial indicators read
zero.
(18) Retighten each support bolt and check the dial indicators to make sure
that the motor did not shift.
(19) Take a final set of dial indicator readings to verify that the alignment is
within the tolerances specified for the equipment. Record the final set of
readings on the data sheet.

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Graphing Horizontal Misalignment

PH and AH values on data Sheet

Horizontal Misalignment

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Rim and Face Alignment

Horizontal Plane
2.5.2 Calculations for Horizontal Plane Misalignment
Using Formulas
As was done for the vertical plane, two formulas can be used to determine how much
to move the motor to correct for angular and parallel misalignment in the horizontal
plane. One formula is for the inboard feet and the other is for the outboard feet. The
formula for the inboard feet is as follows:
X
Inboard =

x AH - PH
D

The values for this formula are obtained from the data sheet. With the values from
the example, the formula reads
12
Inboard =

x (-5) - (+4)
10

Working through the math gives an answer of - 10 mils. When formulas are used, a
positive answer indicates that the motor must be moved towards 3 o'clock. A negative
answer indicates that the motor must be moved towards 9 o'clock. In this example,
the inboard feet must be moved 10 mils towards 9 o'clock.
The formula for the outboard feet is as follows:
Y
Outboard =

x AH

- PH

The values for this formula are also obtained from the data sheet. With the values
from the example, the formula reads
24
Outboard =

x (-5)

- (+4)

10

Working through the math gives an answer of -16 mils. This means that the outboard
feet must be moved 16 mils towards 9 o'clock.

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3- Reverse Alignment Method

3.1 Vertical Plane
3.1.1 Measuring and Correcting Vertical Plane Misalignment
It is possible to measure misalignment in the vertical plane and the horizontal plane
and then correct all the misalignments at the same time. If this is done, however, the
movable component could be shifted accidentally in the horizontal plane while the
vertical plane misalignment is being corrected. This type of shift would make the
adjustments inaccurate. To minimise this possibility, many mechanics find it easier
to align one plane at a time. This section of the program covers vertical plane
alignment, which is typically done first.
3.1.2 Measurements
The first measurement is the horizontal distance between the stems of the two dial
indicators.The second measurement is the horizontal distance between the "F" dial
indicator stem and the centerline of the support bolt for the movable component's
inboard foot.The third measurement is the horizontal distance between the F" dial
indicator stem and the centerline of the support bolt for the movable component's
outboard foot. The measurements are all made parallel to the shafts.
The tape measurements must be as accurate as a tape measure will allow, and they
should be recorded on the data sheet. In the example under discussion, the first
measurement is 6 inches; it is recorded on the data sheet as "D1. The second
measurement, labeled "D2 is 12 inches. The third measurement, labeled "D3 is 24
inches. After the tape measurements are taken and recorded, the pre-alignment
procedures for this job are completed.

3.1.3
Data Sheet: Tap Measurements Recorded

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Tape Measurements

F Dial Indicator at 12 Oclock M Dial Indicator at 6 Oclock

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3.1.3 Dial Indicator Readings

Readings are taken from both dial indicators and recorded on the data sheet
A- On the data sheet the "F" indicator reading is recorded at the 6 o'clock position.
For this example, the reading on the "F" dial indicator is -6 mils.
The reading is divided by 2 to account for the misalignment that was negated when
the dial indicator was zeroed: (-6) 2 = -3

Data Sheet F and M Dial Indicators Value and Calculation

To account for the bar sag measured earlier, the bar sag value of -1 must be
subtracted. Subtracting a negative number is the same as adding a positive number:
(-3) - (-1) = -2
The result of the subtraction is recorded in the box labeled Fv. Fv represents the
amount of vertical misalignment measured by the "F" dial indicator.
B- The reading on the M dial indicator is recorded at the 12 o'clock position on the
data sheet In this example, the reading is -16 mils. First, -16 is divided by 2 to get -8.
Then, subtracting the bar sag value +1 leaves -9. This value is recorded in the box
labeled Mv. Mv represents the amount of vertical misalignment measured by the
"M" dial indicator.

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3.1 4 Graphing procedure (Reverse Alignment)

The following are steps involved in measuring, graphing, and correcting vertical
plane misalignment.
(1) Complete the necessary pre-alignment preparations.
(2)
Rotate the F" dial indicator to the 12 o'clock position and the 'M' dial
indicator to the 6 o'clock position; zero both dial indicators.
(3) Rotate both dial indicators 360 degrees; double-check for zero readings.
(4)
Rotate both dial indicators 180 degrees from their starting positions; record
the readings on the data sheet.
(5) Take another set of dial indicator readings (repeat step 4) to confirm that the
first set is accurate.
(6) Perform the necessary calculations on the data sheet.
(7) Plot a base point, F," near the left side of the graph.
(8) Plot point M by starting at F and moving to the right the value of D 1"
(from the data sheet).
(9)
Plot point X by starting at "F" and moving to the right the value of D 2
(from the data sheet).
(10) Plot point "Y" by starting at "F" and moving to the right the value of D 3
(from the data sheet).
(11) Plot the value of "Fv" from the data sheet. Starting at point "F," move up if the
value is positive or down if the value is negative. Label this point "Fv."
(12) Plot the value of "Mv" from the data sheet. Starting at point "M," move up if
the value is positive or down if the value is negative. Label this point "Mv."
(13) Draw a line through Fv and Mv On this line, plot point "Xv" by moving
straight up or down from "X." Plot point "Yv" by moving straight up or down
from "Y."
(14) Factor in thermal growth, if necessary.
(15) Count the number of increments between X and "Xv" to determine how
much to raise or lower the inboard feet. If "Xv" is below "X," raise the inboard feet
by adding shims under the motor feet. if Xv is above "X," lower the inboard feet
by removing shims.
(16) Count the number of increments between "Y" and "Yv" to determine how
much to raise or lower the outboard feet. If "Yv" is below "Y raise the
outboard feet by adding shims under the motor feet. If "Yv" is above "Y,"
lower the outboard feet by removing shims.

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3.1.5 The Graph (Cold Alignment)

To determine how much the motor must be moved to correct the vertical plane
misalignment, begin at point "X" and move straight down the graph to the line that
represents the centerline of the movable component's shaft. At this intersection, a
point is made and labeled "Xv". Then the same thing is done beginning at point "Y"
on the graph. The point on the centerline of the movable component's shaft that is
directly below point "Y" is plotted and labeled Yv.

XV and YV plotted on Graph

The number of increments between points "X" and "Xv" indicates how much the
inboard feet of the motor should be moved. With this type of graph, when point "Xv"
is below the horizontal line (the line representing the centerline of the fixed
component's shaft) the inboard feet of the motor are raised. If "Xv" is above the
horizontal line, the inboard feet are lowered. Also, the number of increments, and,
therefore, the amount of corrective movement indicated on the graph, will apply to
both (or all, if there are more than two) of the motor's inboard feet.
The number of increments between points "Y" and "Yv" indicates how much the
outboard feet should be moved. With this type of graph, when point "Yv" is below
the horizontal line, the outboard feet should be raised. If "Yv" is above the horizontal
line, the outboard feet should be lowered. The amount of corrective movement
needed is the same for all of the motors outboard feet. In this example, to correct for
misalignment in the vertical plane, the inboard feet must be raised 16 mils, and the
outboard feet must be raised 30 mils.

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3.1.6 Formula Method For Reverse, Cold Alignment:

Another way to determine vertical plane corrections is to calculate the corrections
mathematically using formulas. The calculations involve signed numbers
Two formulas are used together to determine how much to move the motor to correct
for misalignment in the vertical plane. One formula is for the inboard feet of the
motor, and the other is for the outboard feet. The formula for the inboard feet is as
follows:
Inboard (Mv - Fv) x

D2
Fv
D1

The values for this formula are obtained from the data sheet. For this example, the
12
(-2)
6
(-7) x 2 (-2)

Inboard (- 9 - - 2) x

(-14) (-2)
- 16 mils

formula reads
With this formula method, a negative answer indicates that the inboard feet of the
motor should be raised to correct for misalignment in the vertical plane. A positive
answer indicates that the inboard feet should be lowered. In this case, the inboard feet
of the motor should be raised 16 mils to correct for vertical plane misalignment.
The formula for the outboard feet of the motor is as follows:
Outboard (Mv - Fv) x

D3
Fv
D1

Plugging in the values from the data sheet, the formula reads
24
Outboard = (-9 ( -2))
+ (-2)
6
6
= (-7) 4 + (-2)
= (-28) + (-2)
= -30 mils
The formula for the outboard feet is similar to the formula for the inboard feet. A
negative answer means that the feet should be raised, and a positive answer means
that the feet should be lowered. In this example, the outboard feet of the motor
should be raised 30 mils to correct for vertical plane misalignment.

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Reverse Dial Alignment Vertical Plane

3.1.7 Graphing Thermal Groth:
Thermal Growth Procedures
When determining how to factor thermal growth into an alignment, it is necessary to
consider the signs of the thermal growth values. As shown on the data sheet, the
pump has a thermal growth value of +5 mils. This means that the pump shaft is
actually 5 mils higher at operating temperature than it is at ambient temperature. In
this example, the motor has a thermal growth value of +2 mils, so the motor shaft is 2
mils higher at operating temperature than it is at ambient temperature.

Data Sheet showing Thermal Growth Values

Accounting for thermal growth involves adding or removing shims so that when the
components reach their normal operating temperature, the two shafts will be aligned.
There are two basic methods of determining the required thermal growth
corrections: by using a graph or by using formulas.

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A- Cold Alignment Graph:

The graph can be used to illustrate how to begin graphing thermal growth
corrections. In general terms, the two lines already plotted are redrawn to allow for
the thermal growth values.

Cold Alignment Graph showing Vertical Plane Misalignment

B- Thermal Growth on Fixed Equipment Shaft:
First, the line representing the centerline of the fixed component (the line containing
points "F," M "X," and "Y") is replotted. If the fixed component has a positive
thermal growth value, the new line must be drawn above the existing one. If the fixed
component has a negative thermal growth value, the new line is drawn below the
existing one. In this example, the pump has a thermal growth value of +5 mils.
Therefore, the new line for the fixed component is drawn 5 mils above the existing
line to represent the position of the pump's shaft at operating temperature.

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Thermal Growth centerline of Fixed Components Shaft

C- Thermal Growth on Movable Equipment Shaft:
The next step is to plot the centerline of the movable component's shaft with the
thermal growth value factored in. The thermal growth value of the motor in this
example is +2 mils. Therefore, the new centerline is plotted by moving it 2
increments above the existing one (If the motor's thermal growth value were
negative, the new line would be plotted below the existing one.) This new line
represents the centerline of the movable component's shaft with thermal growth
factored in.

Thermal growth Centerline of Movable Components Shaft

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D- Correcting Misalignment Due To Thermal Growth:

To determine how much to raise or lower the inboard feet of the motor to allow for
thermal growth, the increments between points "Xv" and "X" are counted. With this
type of graph, if point "Xv" is below point "X," the motor feet have to be raised. If
"Xv" is above "X," the motor feet have to be lowered. In this example, there are 19
increments between Xv and "X," so the inboard feet of the motor should be raised
19 mils.
To determine how much to raise or lower the outboard feet of the motor to allow for
thermal growth, the increments between points "Yv" and "Y" are counted. (If "Yv" is
below Y the motor is raised; if "Yv" is above Y the motor is lowered.) In this
case, the outboard feet of the motor should be raised 33 mils to account for thermal
growth.
In this example, raising the inboard feet of the motor 19 mils and the outboard feet
of the motor 33 mils will account for both the misalignment in the vertical plane
and the thermal growth characteristics of the pump and motor.
NOTE: When thermal growth is allowed for, the pump and motor shafts will be
misaligned at ambient temperature; however, when the two components reach their
normal operating temperatures, their shafts will be aligned.
3.1.8 Thermal Growth Calculations:
Instead of plotting a graph, the necessary thermal growth corrections can also be
determined mathematically. This can be done in two basic steps:
(1)

Subtract the thermal growth value for the movable component from
the thermal growth value for the fixed component. In this example,
(+5 mils) - (+2 mils) = +3 mils.

(2)

Subtract the result of Step 1 from the cold alignment corrections.

In this example, for the inboard feet, (-16 mils) - (+3 mils) = -19 mils.
For the outboard feet, (-30 mils) - (+3 mils) = -33 mils.

As noted earlier, with this formula method, a negative answer means that the motor
feet should be raised; a positive answer means that the motor feet should be lowered.

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3. Reverse Alignment Method

3.2 Horizontal Plane
3.2.1 Graphing procedures
The following steps are involved in measuring, graphing, and correcting horizontal
plane misalignment.
(1)

Measure and correct the vertical plane misalignment.

(2)

Rotate the "F" dial indicator to the 3 o'clock position and the "M"
dial indicator to the 9 o'clock position; zero both dial indicators.

(3)

Rotate both dial indicators 360 degrees, double-check for zero

readings.

(4)

Rotate both dial indicators 180 degrees from their starting positions;
record the readings on the data sheet.

(5)

Take another set of dial indicator readings (repeat step 4) to confirm

that the first set is accurate.

(6)

Perform the necessary calculations on the data sheet.

(7)

Plot a base point, "F," near the left side of a graph. Draw a straight
line across from F

(8)

Plot point "M" by starting at "F" and moving to the right the value of
"D1 (from the data sheet).

(9)

Plot point X by starting at "F" and moving to the right the value of
D2 (from the data sheet).

(11) Plot point "Y" by starting at "F" and moving to the right the value of D 3
(from the data sheet).
(11) Plot the value of Fh from the data sheet. Starting at point "F," move up
if the value is positive or down if the value is negative. Label this point
Fh.

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(12) Plot the value of "Mh" from the data sheet. Starting at point "M," move up
if the value is positive or down if the value is negative. Label this point
"Mh".
(13) Draw a line through "Fh and "Mh." On this line, plot point "Xh" by
moving straight up or down from "X." Plot point "Yh" by moving straight
up or down from "Y."
(14)Count the number of increments between X and "Xh" to determine how
far to shift the inboard feet of the motor in the horizontal plane.
(15)If "Xh" is above "X," move the inboard feet of the motor toward 9 o'clock;
if "Xh" is below "X," move toward 3 o'clock.
(16)Count the number of increments between Y and "Yh" to determine how
far to move the outboard feet of the motor in the horizontal plane. If "Yh" is
above "Y," move the outboard feet toward 9 o'clock; if "Yh" is below "Y" move
toward 3 o'clock.

Xh and Yh Plotted on Graph

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3.2.2 Correcting The Misalignment using The Graph:

To determine how much the motor must be moved to correct the horizontal plane
misalignment, it is necessary to move straight up from point "X" and mark a point on
the line just drawn. This point is labeled "Xh." A similar mark is then placed on the
line moving up from point Y". This point is labeled "Yh.. The motor's
movement is determined by counting the increments between "X" and "Xh" and
between "Y" and "Yh." "Xh has a value of 28 mils, and "Yh" has a value of 36 mils.
To correct for the horizontal plane misalignment, the motor's feet are moved toward
the 3 o'clock or 9 o'clock position. With the type of graph shown in values below the
horizontal line represent the amount of movement needed toward the 3 'clock
position. Values above the horizontal line represent the amount of movement needed
toward the 9 o'clock position. The distance between "X" and "Xh" is the amount of
movement needed for the inboard feet, and the distance between Y and Yh is the
amount of movement needed for the outboard feet. In this example, to correct for the
horizontal misalignment, the inboard feet must be moved 28 mils toward the 9
o'clock position, and the outboard feet must be moved 36 mils toward the 9 o'clock
position.
3.2.3 Formula Method:
To calculate mathematically how much to move the motor to correct for
misalignment in the horizontal plane, two formulas are used together. One formula is
for the inboard feet of the motor, and the other is for the outboard feet. The formula
for the inboard feet is as follows:
Inboard (Mh - Fh) x

D2
Fh
D1

The values for this formula are obtained from the data sheet. For this example, the
formula reads:

Inboard ( 24 - ( 20)) x

12
( 20)
6

= (+ 4) x (+2) + (+20)
= (+8) + (+20)
= +28 mils

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With this formula method, a positive answer indicates that the feet of the motor
should be moved toward the 9 o'clock position; a negative answsr indicates that the
feet should be moved toward the 3 o'clock position. In this example, the inboard feet
of the motor should be moved 28 mils toward the 9 o'clock position.
The formula for the outboard feet of the motor is as follows:

Outboard (Mh - Fh) x

D3
Fh
D1

Plugging in the values from the data sheet, the formula reads:
Outboard ( 24 - 25 ( 20)) x

24
( 20)
6

= (+4) x (+4 + (+20)

= (+16) + (+20)
= +36 mils
Once again, a positive answer means that the motor feet should be moved toward the
9 o'clock position; a negative answer means that the motor feet should be moved
toward the 3 o'clock position. In this example, then, the outboard feet of the motor
should be moved 36 mils toward the 9 o'clock position.

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5- Training Aids
1- Video tape (Shaft Alignment- 1)
2- White Board.
3- Transperencies

IHRDC

Description Transperencies

T1

Course Objectives

T2

Alignment Orientation

10

T3

Reading Measurements

17

T4

Graphing Vertical Plane (Rim & Face)

T5

Graphing Thermal Growth (Rim & Face)

21

T6

Graphing and Thermal Growth (Rim & Face)

22

T7

Graphing Horizontal Plane (Rim & Face)

28

T8

Measurements for Reverse Alignment

31

T9

Dial Indicator Readings (Reverse A.)

32

T10

Cold Alignment Graph (Reverse A.)

34

T11

Graphing Thermal Growth (Cold Graph)

37

T12

Graphing Thermal Growth (Fixed Equipment)

38

T13

Graphing Thermal Growth (Movable Equipment)

38

T14

Graphing Horizontal Misalignment (Reverse)

41

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6- Lesson Plan

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Lesson Plan
Lesson One (6 Hrs)
Objectives:

Understand orientation upon performing alignment.

Demonstrate pipe strain correction.
Perform soft foot.
Explain run out reading.
Understand thermal growth.
Ex-plain setting the face gap.
Demonstrate mechanical centre.
Demonstrate magnetic centre.
Perform bar sag.
Content

Activity

Introduction

Instructor.

Participants.

Course objectives.
Lesson 1- Preparation for Alignment
A. 1.1- Definition.
1.1.1 Alignment Orientation.
1.2 Equipment Preparation.
1.2.1 Pipe strain.
1.2.2 Soft foot condition.
1.2.3 Taking run out reading.
1.2.4 Measuring thermal growth
1.2.5 Setting the face gap.
1.3 Determine Mechanical Center.
1.4 Determine magnetic centre.
1.5 Measuring bar sag.
B. Guide the participants to W/S for
demonstration.
C. Free discussion.
D. Assessment.

IHRDC

Show T1 for course objectives.

Explain on the white board.

Show T2 for orientation.

Show Video tape for Shaft Alignment

(One hour)

Allow for 4 hours in W/S.

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Lesson One Assessment

1- What is the first preparation for a shaft alignment job, as a safety procedure?
2- How can you make sure that the foundation that supports the pump and the motor
is level?
3- What is the pipe strain?
4- Define the soft foot?
5- What is the thermal growth?
6- Why is it necessary to have a gap between the face of the hubs?
7- What is the axial movement?
8- What is the magnetic center in a motor?

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Lesson Plan
Lesson Two (9 Hrs)
Objectives:

Understand the measurement procedure (vertical plane).

Understand the graphing procedure.
Understand using formulas.
Understand graphing thermal growth.
Understand using formula for thermal growth.
Explain graphing procedure (horizontal plane).
Explain horizontal alignment using formula.

Content
Lesson 2: Rim and face alignment.
* Vertical Plane.
A. 2.1 Measurement procedures.
2.2 Graphing vertical plane
misalignment.
2.2.1 Graphing procedures.
2.3 Using formula.
2.4 Graphing thermal growth.
2.4.1 Graphing procedures.
2.4.2 Graphing and correcting
vertical plane misalignment
(thermal growth)
2.4.3 Calculation of vertical plane
misalignment using formula.
* Horizontal Plane.
2.5 Graphing horizontal plane
misalignment.
2.5.1 Graphing procedure.
2.5.2 calculation for horizontal
plane misalignment using formula.
B. Guide the participants to W/ S to
demonstrate and perform Rim and
face alignment.
C. Free discussion.
D. Assessment.
E. Housekeeping.

IHRDC

Activity

Show T3 for readings and

measurements.
Show T4
Show T5 , T6

Show T7
Show video tape (Shaft Alignment
one hour)
Allow for 6 hours in the W/S

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Lesson Two Assessment

1- What is the effect of equal thermal growth for fixed and movable equipments
when graphing misalignment?
2- What does the base line on an alignment graph represent?
3- What does the graduation on a typical alignment graph represent on the vertical
and horizontal lines?
4- On the graph below, what does the dashed line XAP YAP represent?

5- How do you for correct misalignment in the vertical plane of a movable

equipment?
6- What is the effect of a bar sag, during the performance of a misalignment in the
horizontal plane.

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7- What do you do to correct the horizontal misalignment?

8- How many increments are needed to move the motor shaft to be aligned on the
graph above?
9- Why is it important to take a final set dial indicator reading after an alignment is
completed?
10- Use values from data sheets pages 22 & 28 Determine how much and in what
direction to move the motor feet in order to correct for both angular and parallel
misalignment in the vertical and horizontal planes. Correct for thermal growth.

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Lesson Plan
Lesson Three (9 Hrs)
Objectives:

Understand measurement procedures.

Understand graphing procedures.
Explain using formula the alignment.
Explain correcting misalignment due to the thermal growth.
Explain graphing procedure for horizontal alignment.
Explain formula method for horizontal alignment.

Content
Lesson3 : Reverse Alignment Method.
A. 3.1 Vertical Alignment.
3.1.1 Introduction.
3.1.2 Measurements.
3.1.3 Dial Indicator Readings.
3.1.4 Graphing procedures.
3.1.5 the cold alignment graph.
3.1.6 Formula method.
3.1.7 Graphing thermal growth.
3.1.8 thermal growth calculations.
3.2 Horizontal Plane.
3.2.1 Graphing procedures.
3.2.2 Correcting misalignment
using the graph.
3.2.3 Formula method.
B. Guide the participants to the W/S
to demonstrate and perform.
C. Free Discussion.
D. Assessment.
E. Housekeeping.

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Activity

Show T8 & T9
Show T10
Show T11 & T12 & T13
Show T14

Allow for 6 hours at the W/S

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Alignment
Lesson Three Assessment
1- What are the initial positions for F & M dial indicators on reverse alignment?

2- On the graph above, answer the following:

a. Define the distance between M & Mv.
b. Define the distance between F & Fv.
c. Define the distance between X & Xv.
d. Define the distance between Y & Yv.
e. Define the distance between X & F.

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3-On the graph above.

How many mils does the inboard foot of the motor have to move in order to align
with the pump?
4- How can you correct for vertical plane misalignment for the board foot on the
graph?
5- Calculate the following:
a. (-6) (-9) =
b. (+9) (-19) =
c. (10) (+1) =
d. (+13) - (21) =
e. (-94) (-5) =
6- What is the thermal growth for the rotating equipment?

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7- On the graph below, answer the following questions:a. Measure the distance between points F & Fh?
b. Measure the distance between points Y & F?
c. Measure the distance between points M & Mh?
d. Measure the distance between points X & Xh?
e. Measure the distance between pints UY & yh?
8- a) What do the values below the horizontal line represent?
b) What do the values above the horizontal line represent and in what direction
are they?
9- What is the line between points Fh & Yh represent?
10-

Correct the horizontal lane misalignment on the graph.

11- Where would you graph point Fh = +20 mils? (mention only below or above
pint F)
12- Given the data sheet next page, determine how much and in what direction to
move the motor feet in order to correct for both angular and parallel misalignment
in the vertical and horizontal planes?
Correct for thermal growth.

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Answers
Lesson One Answers:
12345678-

Making sure that the equipment being aligned is isolated and tagged out.
By using bubble level at different point on the skid.
The force exerted on a component from a bent shaft or a mis board hub.
A condition exists when one or more of the movable components feet are in
different planes.
The physical movement that occur as a piece of rotating equipment reaches
its normal operating temperature.
To allow a room for axial movement of the shaft without damaging the hub
and coupling.
The amount of shaft movement back and forth along the axis of the shaft.
The position of the motor shaft caused by the magnetic field during
operation.

Lesson Two Answers:

1- No effect.
2- The position to which the movable component must be moved in order to
eliminate misalignment.
3- Vertical graduation one mils, Horizontal graduation one inch.
4- Angular and parallel misalignment in the vertical plane.
5- Add or remove shims under the feet of the movable component.
6- No effect.
7- To move the motor towards 3 or 9 oclock.
8- In board 11 mils, out board 17 mils towards 9 oclock.
9- The final set of reading is needed to make sure that the alignment is within
specified tolerances.
10- Solution on page 57.

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Answers
Lesson Three Answers:
1- F dial indicator at 12 oclock, M dial indicator at 6 oclock.
2- a. The amount of vertical misalignment measured by the M dial indicator.
b. The amount of vertical misalignment measured by the F dial indicator.
c. The amount to move the in board foot of a motor to correct for vertical
plane misalignment.
d. The amount to move the out board foot of the motor to correct for
vertical plane misalignment.
e. the distance between the stem of the F dial indicator and the centerline
of the support bolt for the in board foot of the motor.
3- Remove 11 mils shims.
4- Remove 17 mils shims.
5- a) +3 , b) +38 , c) 11 , d) 8 , e) 89.
6- The movement that occurs as rotating equipment reaches its normal
operating temperature.
7- a) 10 mils, b) 26 inches, c) 12 mils , d) 15 mils , e) 1`9 mils.
8- a movement needed towards 9 oclock position.
b. Movement needed towards 3 oclock position.
9- The center line of the movable component shaft.
10- Move in board foot 15 mils towards 9 oclock position and out board
foot 19 mils towards 9 oclock position.
11- Above.
12- Solution on page 59.

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Final Assessment (Classroom)

Determine how much and what direction to move the motor feet in order to
correct both angular and parallel misalignment in the vertical and horizontal planesuse graph and formula. Correct for thermal growth in the given data sheet for:1- Reverse alignment.
2- Face and rim alignment.

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Final Assessment (Practical)

Perform alignment using Rim and Face methods. Use graphing and
formula.
Perform alignment using reverse alignment method. Use graph and
formula.

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