APFC Panel

Content
Type of Capacitor Bank as per Its Application:

1.
Fixed type capacitor banks
2.
Automatic type capacitor banks
3.
Types of APFC Automatic Power Factor Correction
Type of Capacitor as per Construction
Selecting Size of Capacitor Bank
Selection of Capacitor as per Non Liner Load
Configuration of Capacitor:
1.
Star-Solidly Grounded
2.
Star-Ungrounded
3.
Delta-connected Banks
Effect of series and Parallel Connection of capacitor:
1.
Parallel Connection
2.
Series Connection
Type of Capacitor Bank as per Its Application

1. Fixed type capacitor banks
The reactive power supplied by the fixed capacitor bank is constant irrespective of any variations
in the power factor and the load of the receivers. These capacitor banks are switched on
either manually (circuit breaker / switch) or semi automatically by a remote-controlled contactor.
This arrangement uses one or more capacitor to provide a constant level of compensation.
These capacitors are applied at the terminals of inductive loads (mainly motors), at bus bars.
Disadvantages:
Manual ON/OFF operation.

Not meet the require kvar under varying loads.
Penalty by electricity authority.
Power factor also varies as a function of the load requirements so it is difficult to maintain a
consistent power factor by use of Fixed Compensation i.e. fixed capacitors.
Fixed Capacitor may provide leading power factor under light load conditions, Due to this
result in overvoltages, saturation of transformers, mal-operation of diesel generating sets,
penalties by electric supply authorities.
Application:
Where the load factor is reasonably constant.

Electrical installations with constant load operating 24 hours a day
Reactive compensation of transformers.
Individual compensation of motors.
Where the kvar rating of the capacitors is less than, or equal to 15% of the supply
transformer rating, a fixed value of compensation is appropriate.
Size of Fixed Capacitor bank Qc 15% kVA transformer
2. Automatic type capacitor banks

The reactive power supplied by the capacitor bank can be adjusted according to variations in the
power factor and the load of the receivers.
These capacitor banks are made up of a combination of capacitor steps (step = capacitor +
contactor) connected in parallel. Switching on and off of all or part of the capacitor bank is
controlled by an integrated power factor controller.
The equipment is applied at points in an installation where the active-power or reactive power
variations are relatively large, for example:
At the bus bars of a main distribution switch-board,

At the terminals of a heavily-loaded feeder cable.
Where the kvar rating of the capacitors is less than, or equal to 15% of the supply transformer
rating, a fixed value of compensation is appropriate.
Above the 15% level, it is advisable to install an automatically-controlled bank of
capacitors.
Control is usually provided by contactors. For compensation of highly fluctuating loads, fast and
highly repetitive connection of capacitors is necessary, and static switches must be used.
Types of APFC Automatic Power Factor Correction

Automatic Power Factor correction equipment is divided into three major categories:
1.
2.
3.
Standard = Capacitor + Fuse + Contactor + Controller

De tuned = Capacitor + De tuning Reactor + Fuse + Contactor + Controller
Filtered = Capacitor + Filter Reactor + Fuse + Contactor + Controller.
Advantages:
Consistently high power factor under fluctuating loads.

Prevention of leading power factor.
Eliminate power factor penalty.
Lower energy consumption by reducing losses.
Continuously sense and monitor load.
Automatically switch on/off relevant capacitors steps for consistent power factor.
Ensures easy user interface.
Automatically variation, without manual intervention, the compensation to suit the load
requirements.
Application:
Variable load electrical installations.

Compensation of main LV distribution boards or major outgoing lines.
Above the 15% level, it is advisable to install an automatically-controlled bank of
capacitors.
Size of Automatic Capacitor bank Qc > 15% kVA transformer.
Method
Advantages
Disadvantages
Individual capacitors Most technically efficient, most flexible Higher installation & maintenance
cost
Fixed bank
Most economical, fewer installations
Less flexible, requires switches

and/or circuit breakers
Automatic bank
Best for variable loads, prevents over

voltages, low installation cost
Higher equipment cost
Most practical for larger numbers of

motors
Least flexible
Combination
Type of Capacitor as per Construction

1. Standard duty Capacitor
Construction: Rectangular and Cylindrical (Resin filled / Resin coated-Dry)
Application:
1.
2.
3.
Steady inductive load.

Non linear up to 10%.
For Agriculture duty.
2. Heavy-duty
Construction: Rectangular and Cylindrical (Resin filled / Resin coated-Dry/oil/gas)
Application:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Suitable for fluctuating load.

Suitable for APFC Panel.
Harmonic filtering
3. LT Capacitor
Application:
Suitable for fluctuating load.

Suitable for APFC Panel & Harmonic filter application.
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Selecting Size of Capacitor Bank

The size of the inductive load is large enough to select the minimum size of capacitors that is
practical.
For HT capacitors the minimum ratings that are practical are as follows:
System Voltage
Minimum rating of capacitor bank
3.3 KV , 6.6KV
75 Kvar
11 KV
200 Kvar
22 KV
400 Kvar
33 KV
600 Kvar
Unit sizes lower than above is not practical and economical to manufacture.
When capacitors are connected directly across motors it must be ensured that the rated current
of the capacitor bank should not exceed 90% of the no-load current of the motor to avoid selfexcitation of the motor and also over compensation.
Precaution must be taken to ensure the live parts of the equipment to be compensated should not
be handled for 10 minutes (in case of HT equipment) after disconnection of supply.
Crane motors or like, where the motors can be rotated by mechanical load and motors with
electrical braking systems, should never be compensated by capacitors directly across motor
terminals.
For direct compensation across transformers the capacitor rating should not exceed 90 %
of the no-load KVA of the motor.
Selection of Capacitor as per Non Liner Load

For power Factor correction it is need to first decide which type of capacitor is used.
Selection of Capacitor is depending upon many factor i.e. operating life, Number of Operation,
Peak Inrush current withstand capacity.
For selection of Capacitor we have to calculate Total Non-Liner Load like: UPS, Rectifier,
Arc/Induction Furnace, AC/DC Drives, Computer, CFL Blubs, and CNC Machines.
Calculation of Non liner Load, Example: Transformer Rating 1MVA,Non Liner Load 100KVA
% of non Liner Load = (Non Liner Load/Transformer Capacity) x100 = (100/1000)
x100=10%.
According to Non Linear Load Select Capacitor as per Following Table.
% Non Liner Load

<=10%
Type of Capacitor
Standard Duty
Up to 15%
Heavy Duty
Up to 20%
Super Heavy Duty
Up to 25%
Capacitor +Reactor (Detuned)
Above 30%
Configuration of Capacitor
Power factor correction capacitor banks can be configured in the following ways:
1. Delta connected Bank.
2. Star-Solidly Grounded Bank.
3. Star-Ungrounded Bank.
1. Star-Solidly Grounded
Initial cost of the bank may be lower since the neutral does not have to be insulated from
ground.
Capacitor switch recovery voltages are reduced
High inrush currents may occur in the station ground system.
The grounded-Star arrangement provides a low-impedance fault path which may require
revision to the existing system ground protection scheme.
Typically not applied to ungrounded systems. When applied to resistance-grounded
systems, difficulty in coordination between capacitor fuses and upstream ground protection
relays (consider coordination of 40 A fuses with a 400 A grounded system).
Application: Typical for smaller installations (since auxiliary equipment is not required)
2. Star-Ungrounded
Industrial and commercial capacitor banks are normally connected ungrounded Star, with
paralleled units to make up the total kvar.
It is recommended that a minimum of 4 paralleled units to be applied to limit the over voltage on
the remaining units when one is removed from the circuit.
If only one unit is needed to make the total kvar, the units in the other phases will not be
overloaded if it fails.
In industrial or commercial power systems the capacitors are not grounded for a variety of
reasons. Industrial systems are often resistance grounded. A grounded Star connection on the
capacitor bank would provide a path for zero sequence currents and the possibility of a false
operation of ground fault relays.
Also, the protective relay scheme would be sensitive to system line-to-ground voltage
Unbalance, which could also result in false relay tripping.
Application: In Industrial and Commercial.
3. Delta-connected Banks
Delta-connected banks are generally used only at distributions voltages and are configured with
a Single series group of capacitors rated at line-to-line voltage. With only one series group of
units no overvoltage occurs across the remaining capacitor units from the isolation of a faulted
capacitor unit.
Therefore, unbalance detection is not required for protection and they are not treated further in this
paper.
Application: In Distribution System.
Effect of series and Parallel Connection of capacitor

Parallel Connection
This is the most popular method of connection. The capacitor is connected in parallel to the
unit. The voltage rating of the capacitor is usually the same as or a little higher than the system
voltage.
Series Connection
This method of connection is not much common. Even though the voltage regulation is much
high in this method,
It has many disadvantages.
One is that because of the series connection, in a short circuit condition the capacitor should be
able to withstand the high current. The other is that due to the series connection due to
the inductivity of the line there can be a resonance occurring at a certain capacitive value.
This will lead to very low impedance and may cause very high currents to flow through the
lines.

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Content

Type of Capacitor Bank as per Its Application:

Type of Capacitor Bank as per Its Application

Manual ON/OFF operation.

Where the load factor is reasonably constant.

2. Automatic type capacitor banks

At the bus bars of a main distribution switch-board,

Types of APFC Automatic Power Factor Correction

Standard = Capacitor + Fuse + Contactor + Controller

Consistently high power factor under fluctuating loads.

Variable load electrical installations.

Most economical, fewer installations

Less flexible, requires switches

Best for variable loads, prevents over

Higher equipment cost

Most practical for larger numbers of

Type of Capacitor as per Construction

Steady inductive load.

Suitable for fluctuating load.

Suitable for fluctuating load.

Selecting Size of Capacitor Bank

Minimum rating of capacitor bank

Selection of Capacitor as per Non Liner Load

% Non Liner Load

Super Heavy Duty

Capacitor +Reactor (Detuned)

Effect of series and Parallel Connection of capacitor

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