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Functions: y X F y X F

The document defines and provides examples of common types of functions, including their forms, graphs, domains, and ranges. It discusses constant, linear, quadratic, polynomial, rational, radical, piecewise, and other function types such as absolute value, greatest integer, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. The document also provides exercises asking to determine the domain and range and sketch graphs of various functions.

Uploaded by

Anne Julia Agustin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
34 views

Functions: y X F y X F

The document defines and provides examples of common types of functions, including their forms, graphs, domains, and ranges. It discusses constant, linear, quadratic, polynomial, rational, radical, piecewise, and other function types such as absolute value, greatest integer, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions. The document also provides exercises asking to determine the domain and range and sketch graphs of various functions.

Uploaded by

Anne Julia Agustin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS

1. FUNCTIONS
A function f from a set X to a set Y is a rule of correspondence that pairs to
each element x of X exactly one element y of Y. This correspondence can be
denoted by

Definition:

f :xy

or

f (x ) = y .

HISTORY
The idea of a function goes back to Sharaf al-Dn al-Ts, a Persian mathematician in the 12th century.
However, it was Gottfried Leibniz who coined term function in a 1673 letter to describe a quantity related
to a curve. The function described by Leibniz is now known as the differentiable function. This function
includes the concepts of limits and derivatives, which are the basis of calculus. During the mid-18th
century, the word function was used by Leonhard Euler to describe an expression or formula involving
various arguments.

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION


The domain of the function f, denoted by dom f or D f , is the whole set of permissible values of x. While
its range, denoted by ran f or R f , is the set of corresponding elements of y.

COMMON TYPES OF FUNCTIONS


The following is a list of common functions, describing their forms, graph, domain, and range.
1. Constant Function
Form:
Graph:
Domain:
Range:

where c
f (x ) = c ,
Horizontal line with y-intercept c
Set of real numbers, denoted as {x x }

{y y = c}

2. Linear Function
Form:
Graph:
Domain:

Range:

where m, b , m 0
f (x ) = mx + b ,
Line with slope m and y-intercept b
{x x }

{y y }

33 | Page

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


3. Quadratic Function
Form:
Graph:

Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , where a , b, c , a 0
Vertical parabola with the following properties
concave upward if a > 0 , or concave downward if a < 0
b 4ac b2
vertex at the point V ,

4a
2a
x-intercepts are the real zeroes or roots of the quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , and y-intercept is c
{x x }
{y y y - component of the vertex} if the parabola is concave upward

{y y y - component of the vertex} if the parabola is concave downward

4. Polynomial Function of Degree n

Form:
Graph:
Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = an x n + an1 x n1 + L + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 , where a0 , a1 ,K , an , an 0
Vary from polynomial function to polynomial function
{x x }
Vary from polynomial function to polynomial function

5. Rational Function

Form:

Graph:
Domain:
Range:

f (x ) =

g (x )
,
h(x )

where f ( x ) and h(x ) are not constant functions, g (x ) and

h( x ) are polynomial functions, and h(x ) 0


Vary from rational function to rational function
asymptotic or has holes at the real zeroes of the denominator
The set of real numbers except the zeroes of h( x )
Vary from rational function to rational function

6. Radical Function

Form:
Graph:
Domain:
Range:

where n Z + , n 2
f (x ) = n g (x ) ,
Vary from radical function to radical function
{x x } if g(x ) is a polynomial function and n is odd
{x g(x ) 0} if g(x ) is a polynomial function and n is even
Vary from radical function to radical function

34 | Page

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


7. Piecewise Function

Form:

Graph:
Domain:

Range:

g1 (x ) , x I1
g (x ) , x I
2
2
,
where I1 , I2 ,K , In are disjoint intervals of x
f (x ) =
M
M
gn ( x ) , x In
Vary from piecewise function to piecewise function
The union of the I1 , I2 ,K , In intervals, except the numbers at which any of the
functions g1 (x ), g2 (x ),K,gn ( x ) is undefined with respect to Ii , where i = 1,2,K, n
Vary from piecewise function to piecewise function

MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTIONS
1. Absolute Value Function
g (x ) , g( x ) 0
f (x ) = g( x ) =
m g ( x ) , g ( x ) < 0
Graph:
V-shaped, if linear, and opens upward if f (x ) = g(x ) , or opens downward if
f (x ) = g (x )
Domain:
{x x }
Range:
{y y y - value of the "corner"} if it is linear and opens upward
{y y y - value of the " corner"} if it is linear and opens downward
2. Greatest Integer Function

Form:

Form:
Graph:
Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = x = {the greatest integer x}


Step-like
{x x }
{y y Z}

3. Trigonometric Functions
Function
y = sin x

y = cos x
y = tan x
y = cot x
y = sec x
y = csc x

Domain

Range

{x x }
{x x }

{y 1 y 1}
{y 1 y 1}

x x k + , k Z
2

{y y }

{x x k , k Z}

{y y }

x x k + , k Z
2

{x x k , k Z}

{y y 1 or y 1}
{y y 1 or y 1}
35 | Page

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


4. Natural Exponential Function and Other Exponential Functions
Form:
Graph:

Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = e x = exp( x )

f (x ) = a x
Has the following characteristics
has a horizontal asymptote at y = 0
y-intercept is 1
increasing if a > 1 or decreasing if 0 < a < 1
{x x }

{y y > 0}

5. Natural Logarithmic Funciton and Other Logarithmic Functions

Form:
Graph:

Domain:
Range:

f (x ) = ln(x )
f (x ) = log a x
Has the following characteristics
has a vertical asymptote at x = 0
x-intercept is 1
increasing if a > 1 or decreasing if 0 < a < 1
{x x > 0}

{y y }

36 | Page

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


EXERCISES
Determine the domain and range of the following functions. Sketch their graphs.
1. f (x ) = 2 x 4

6. p(x ) =

x 2 2x 3
x 3

2. y = 8 2 x x 2

7. r (x ) =

x3 4x
x 2

3. y = ( x + 2)3

8. h(x ) =

x2
x2 1

4. y =

1
x

5. g( x ) =

9. y = 4 x 2

x 1
x +2

10. q (x ) = x 2 9

37 | Page

LIMITS AND CONTINUITY OF FUNCTIONS


11. f ( x ) = 3 x + 1

16. f (x ) = 9 x 2

12. g( x ) = x 2 + 4

17. y = x + 3 1

13. h(x ) =

x
x 1

18. y = x + 2

1 , x < 0

14. sgn( x ) = 0 , x = 0
1 , x >0

19. y =

1 x
15. y =
x 2

x2 4

20. f (x ) = x + 2
4x

, x <2
, x 2

x
x

x < 2

, 2 < x 2
,

x >2

38 | Page

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