Functions & Graphs CHAPTER 5

Topics Outline :

5.1 Functions & Graphs

5.2 Composite Functions
5.3 Inverse Functions

5.1 FUNCTIONS & GRAPHS

Objective :
At the end of this topic, students will be able to :
a) Define a function.
b) Use the vertical line test to determine whether a graph represent a function.
c) Use the algebraic approach or horizontal line test to determine whether a function is one-to-one.

A : Define a function

Input FUNCTION : Output

x = 0,1,2,3 y = 0,1,8,27
y = x3
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NOTES!!!
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 A function f is a relation from set X to set Y such that each element in set X corresponds to one
and only one element in set Y
 Set X is called the domain, the set of all corresponding elements in set Y is called the range.

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 Functions :
a) One to one relation
b) Many to one relation
 Onto : For every element in codomain there exists an element in the domain which maps to it.
 a) One to one and onto
b) One to one and not onto

Example 1

Indicate whether each of the following sets defines a function. Find the domain and range of each
function.

a) { (-1, 4), (0, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1) }

b) { (1, -1), (2, -2), (0, 0), (3, 2), (1, 1) }
c) { (0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 2) }

FUNCTION NOTATIONS

The symbol f (x) “f of x” or “the value of f at x” represent the number in the range of the function f to
which the domain value x is paired.

f : y = 2x rule of correspondence
f : {(x, y) | y = 2x } set of ordered pairs
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f (x) = 2x function notation

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B : Use the vertical line test to determine whether a graph represent a function

• Step 1 : Draw a vertical line parallel to the y-axis

• Step 2 : Check if the vertical line cuts at one point only…
Then , the graph is a function.

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Example 2

Does this graph pass the vertical line test?

C : Use the algebraic approach or horizontal line test to determine whether a function is one-to-one

 y = k intersects the graph at one point only  f is one-to-one

 y = k intersects the graph at two points.  f is not one-to-one

Example 3

Determine whether f (x) is a one-to-one function by algebraic approach or horizontal line test.

a) f (x) = 7x + 9
b) f (x) = 3 – 4x2
c) f (x) = x2 – 2x + 3.
d) f (x) = |x - 3|
e) f (x) = x 2 – 4, x ≥ 0
f) f (x) = |x| + 2, x ≥ 0
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Objective :
At the end of this topic, students will be able to :
d) Sketch the graph of a function.
e) State the domain and range of a function.

D : Sketch the graph of a function

E : State the domain and range of a function

DOMAIN : A set of numbers that the function is operating on

RANGE : The set of numbers that is mapped onto from the domain

Domain & Range can be identified by using :

1. Graphical approach
2. Algebraic approach

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Summary on Basic Shape of Graph

No Type of Functions Functions Basic Shape of graph

1. Power function f x   x n

f x   kx0  k
a. Constant function *where k is a
constant

b. Linear function f  x   x1

c. Quadratic function f x   x 2

d. Cubic function f x   x 3

2. Absolute function f x   x

f x  
1
3. Rational function
x

4. Surd function f x   x

f x   e x
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5. Exponential function
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6. Logarithmic function f x  ln x

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Type of Domain /
No Functions Graphical Approach Algebraic Approach
Functions Range
The domain f (x) is defined for all
Constant
f x   kx0  k is R values of x.
1 *where k is a k
function
constant The range f (x) only takes the
is {k } value k.
The domain f (x) is defined for all
is R values of x.

Linear f (x) = ax + b , ax  f ( x)  b
2
function a≠0 x
f ( x)  b
a
The range x is defined for all
is R values of f (x).
The domain f (x) is defined for all
is R values of x.

Transform f (x) by
f (x) = ax 2 + bx + c,
completing the
a≠0
square into the form
f (x) = a (x – h) 2 + k

The range If a > 0, f (x) has a

3 Quadratic
is [k, ) minimum value k.
function
The domain f (x) is defined for all
is R values of x.

Transform f (x) by
2
f (x) = ax + bx + c, completing the
a≠0 square into the form
f (x) = a (x – h) 2 + k

The range If a < 0, f (x) has a

is (-, k ] maximum value k.

f (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 +
cx + d,
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a≠0 The domain f (x) is defined for all

Cubic is R values of x.
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function
The range f (x) takes all values
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f (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + is R of real numbers.

cx + d,

a≠0

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Type of Graphical Algebraic

No Functions Domain / Range
Functions Approach Approach
The domain is R f (x) is defined for
all values of x.
Absolute
5 f (x) = |x – a|
function
The range is [0, ) f (x) = |x – a| ≥ 0

The domain is f (x) is defined for

1  b b  all values of x
f ( x)    ,    ,   b
ax  b  a a  except x 
a

Rational
6
function ax  b  1
f ( x)

f ( x) 
1 The range is x  1a  1 b 
 ,0  0, 
f ( x)
ax  b x is defined for all
values of f(x)
except f (x) = 0
The domain is [a, ) f (x) is defined if
x–a≥0
x≥a

The range is [0, ) xa 0

f ( x)   x  a The domain is [a, ) f (x) is defined if
x–a≥0
x≥a

The range is (-, 0]  ax 0

7 Surd function
The domain is (-,a] f (x) is defined if
a–x≥0
x≤a

The range is [0, ) xa 0

f ( x)   a  x f (x) is defined if
The domain is (-,a]
a–x≥0
x≤a
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The range is (-, 0]  ax 0

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Example 4

Sketch the graphs of the following functions and determine the domains and ranges :

a) f (x) = x 2 – 6x + 8
b) f (x) = -x 2 + 12x – 35
c) g (x) = |x + 2|
d) g (x) = |3 – 3x| + 2
e) g (x) = 5 - |x|
f) h( x)  x  4
g) h( x)  x  3
h) h( x)  1  x  1
1
i) w( x) 
5 x
 x, x  1
 2
j) f ( x)   x , 0 x3
 x  1, x  3


Example 5

Use algebraic approach to find the domain and range for each of the following functions.
a) f (x) = x 2 – 6x + 8
b) g (x) = |3 – 3x| + 2
c) h( x)  1  x  1
1
d) w( x) 
5 x

BASIC OPERATIONS WITH FUNCTIONS

a) (f + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x)

b) (f – g)(x) = f (x) – g (x)
c) (fg)(x) = f (x) g (x)
f f ( x)
d)  ( x) 
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, g ( x)  0
g g ( x)
The domain of the resulting function is Df  Dg .
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Example 6
x6
1. f ( x)  and g ( x)   x 2  2. Find
x

a) (f + g)(3)

b) (fg)(-2)

2. Find the domain of ( f  g )( x), ( f  g )( x), ( fg)( x) if

1
a) f ( x)  and g ( x)  x 2  25
x2
1
b) f ( x)  and g ( x)  x  1
x 1

Exercises

1) Determine the domain and range for each of the following functions.
x 1
a) f ( x) 
3x  2
b) f ( x)  4  3x
8
c) f ( x) 
x 3

2) Sketch the graphs of the following functions and determine the domains and ranges:

 4  x, x  0


f ( x)  1  x 2 , 0  x  4
 15, x4



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Objective :
At the end of this topic, students will be able to :
f) To determine the relationship of exponential and logarithmic functions by algebraic and graphical
approaches.
g) To find the domain and range of exponential and logarithmic functions.

NOTES!!!

Exponential function is defined by f (x) = a x , where x R, a > 0 and a ≠ 1.

Graph of Exponential Functions

a) f (x) = a x , a > 1
x
3
Example : Sketch the graphs of f ( x)    , g ( x)  e x and h( x)  3 x.  e  2.718281828 ...
2

b) f (x) = a x , 0 < a < 1

x x x
2 1 1
Example : Sketch the graphs of f ( x)    , g ( x)    and h( x)   
3 e  3

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Basic properties of exponential function f (x) = a x :

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Notice that :
x
1
The graphs of y     2  x and y  2 x are symmetric with respect to the y - axis.
2


The graphs of y  2 x and y  2 x and graphs of y  2  x and y  2  x 
are simmetric with respect to the x - axis.

Example 1 : Find the domain and range for each of the following functions and sketch the graphs.

a) f (x) = e x
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x
5
b) f ( x)   
8
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x
1
c) f ( x)   
4
d) f (x) = e x + 5
e) f (x) = 4 – 2 x
f) f (x) = – 3-x – 1

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NOTES!!!

Logarithmic function is defined by f (x) = loga x, where x R +, a > 0 and a ≠ 1.

Graph of Logarithmic Functions

a) f (x) = loga x, a > 1

Example : Sketch the graph of f ( x)  log 10 x.

b) f (x) = logax , 0 < a < 1

Example : Sketch the graph of g ( x)  log 1 x.

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Notice that :

The graphs of y  log 1 x  log 0.1 x and y  log 10 x are symmetric with respect to the x - axis.
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The graphs of y  log 10 x and y  log 10 ( x) and graphs of y  log 0.1 x and y  log 0.1 ( x) 
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are symmetric with respect to the y - axis.

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Example 2: Find the domain and range for each of the following functions, and sketch the graphs.

a) f (x) = ln( 3x – 1 )

b) f (x) = lnx + 3

c) f (x) = 2 – lnx

d) f (x) = log3 (–x)

e) f ( x)  log 1 ( 2  x)
4

f) f (x) = log2 (– x – 3) – 5

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Type of Algebraic
No Functions Graphical Approach Domain / Range
Functions Approach

f (x) is defined
f x   e x The domain is R
for all values of
x.

Since e x  0
f x   e  x
The range is
(0, )  f x   0

Exponential
8
function f (x) is defined
f x   e x The domain is R for all values of
x.

Since e x  0
f x   e  x
The range is
(-, 0)  f x   0

The domain is f (x) is defined

(0, ) if x > 0
f x  ln x f (x) takes all
The range is R values of real
numbers.
The domain is f (x) is defined
(0, ) if x > 0
f x  ln  x f (x) takes all
The range is R values of real
numbers.
Logarithmic
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function The domain is f (x) is defined
(-, 0) if x < 0 © 2016

f x   ln x f (x) takes all

The range is R values of real
numbers.
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The domain is f (x) is defined

(-, 0) if x < 0

f x   ln  x f (x) takes all

The range is R
values of real
numbers.
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USING ‘STAR FUNCTION’ TO IDENTIFY DOMAIN

Exercises : Find domain and range for each of the following functions, and sketch the graphs.

a) f (x) = log(x + 1) b) f ( x)  log 1 x

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5.2 : COMPOSITE FUNCTION

Objectives:
At the end of this topic, students should be able :
a. To represent a composite function by an arrow diagram.
b. To find composite function
c. To find one of the functions when the other composite functions are given.

Given functions f and g , then f  g is called as their

composite function and is defined by the equation

( f  g )(x)  f g ( x)

g f
x g(x) f g (x)

fg

Example 1:

Given that
f   (1,2), (1,4), (2,1) 
g   (0,1), (1,2), (3,1) 
h   (4,1), (2,0), (3,3) 

a) Find the composite functions f  g and g  h .

b) Determine wether ( f  g )  h  f  ( g  h) .
2x
c) Given that f ( x)  , g ( x )  1  x and h( x)  x 2 , find f  g  h as a function of x.
x 1 © 2016

Example 2:

If f ( x)  2 x  1 and g ( x)  x 3 , evaluate :
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a) ( g  f )(3)
b) ( f  g )(3)
c) f 2 (3)

d)  f (3)2
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Example 3:

Find ( f  g )( x ) and ( g  f )( x )

a) If f ( x)  x and g ( x)  x 3  1
b) If f ( x)  4 x  3 and g ( x)  x2

Exercise 1:

1. Functions f and g are defined by f(x) = 2x-1 and g ( x)  x

a) Find fg(x) and gf(x)
b) Evaluate fg(4) and gf(4)
2. Given that f(x)= ax+b and g(x) = bx+a , and that a and b are constants, find a relation between a
and b for which fg(x) = gf(x).

Example 4:

Find ( f  g )( x ) , ( g  f )( x) and ( f  g 2 )( x)
a) If f ( x)  1  x 2 and g ( x)  2  x
1
b) If f ( x)  x  1 and g ( x) 
x

Example 5:

Given that f ( x)  x , g ( x )  x  1 and h( x)  e x . Determine the composite function f  g  h and

g h f .

Example 6:

Given that f ( x)  2  x 2 . Find g(x) if

a) ( f  g )( x)  2 x 2  1
1
b) ( g  f )( x) 
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x2

Example 7:
a) Given that f : x  x  1 . Find the function g if f  g : x  6 x  11 .
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b) Given that f : x  2 x  1 . Find the function g if g  f : x  , x  1.
x 1

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Example 8:

The functions f and g are defined by:

f : x  ex , x 
g : x  x  2 , x 

Find the composite function :

a) f  g
b) g  f

Example 9:

The functions f , g and h are defined as follows:

f : x  2x 2 , x  
g : x  2x  8 , x  
h : x  ln x , x  0, x   f

Find the composite function of :

a) f  h
b) g  h
c) h  g
d) g  f  h

POP-QUIZ
If ( f  g )( x)  4 x 2  2 x  1 and g ( x)  2 x  1 . Find the composite function ( g  f )( x ) .
Hence, find the values of x that satisfy ( f  g )( x)  ( g  f )( x) .

Exercise 2:

1. Function f and g are defined by f : x  x and g : x  x 2  4 . Find the composite

functions of g  f , f  g and f  g 2 . © 2016

2. Given that the function g ( x)  2 x  3 . Find the function f(x) if

a) g f ( x)  4 x 2  1
b) f g ( x)  x 2  3
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5.3 INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Objective:
At the end of this topic, students will be able to:
a) Determine the inverse of a function
b) Determine whether a function has an inverse ,hence find its inverse and domain and range.
c) Sketching function and its inverse on the same axes (symmetry property).
d) Finding inverse functions with restricted domain.
e) Finding inverse of non-linear function(Exponential and Logarithmic Function)
f) Verifying inverse functions

A : Determine the inverse of a function

Taking a set X and mapping into a Set Y. An inverse function would reverse that process and map from
Set Y into Set X

Example 1:

Consider the following set X and set Y, state the domain and range of function f and g.

a)

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b)

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B : Determine whether a function has an inverse ,hence find its inverse and domain and range

One to one Functions

 Definition: A function f is called a one-to-one function if it never takes on the same value twice.
 Determined by graphical approach or algebraic approach.

Linear and non linear inverse functions

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Finding inverse of linear function Finding inverse of non-linear function

if f ( x )  1  2 x if f ( x)  e x
 
f f 1  x  
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f f 1  x
1  2 f 1 x   x e f x  x
1

x 1 1  x
f 1 x    f 1 x   ln x
2 2

D f  R f 1 and R f  D f 1 D f  R f 1 and R f  D f 1

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Example 2:

Determine whether the following function has an inverse. Hence find f -1 and its domain and range.

a) f ( x)  3 x  2, x  
b) g ( x)  x 2  4 x  1, x  
c) h( x)  x  2 , x  2
d) p( x)   x 3  5,
2
e) q( x)  , x   \ {0}
x

C : Sketching function and its inverse on the same axes

Symmetry Property for the Graph of f and f -1

The graph of y = f (x) and y = f -1(x) are symmetric with respect to the line y = x.

Example 3: © 2016

Continued from Example 2, sketch the graphs of f and f -1 in the same coordinate system:

a) f ( x)  3 x  2, x  
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b) g ( x)  x 2  4 x  1, x  
c) h( x)  x  2 , x  2
d) p( x)   x 3  5
2
e) q( x)  , x   \ {0}
x
2
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D : Finding inverse function with restricted domain

If the function is not one-to-one function, restrict the domain of the function and find the inverse function.

f(x) = x3 f(x) = x2

It is one – one function It is not one – one funtion

D f   ,   Restricted Domain:

D f   ,0 or D f  0,  

Example 4:

Graph each function, and use the graph to determine if the function is one-to-one. If the function is not
one-to-one, restrict the domain of the function and find the inverse function. Graph the function and its
inverse in the same coordinate system.

a) f ( x)  x  2

f ( x)  x 2  2 x  2
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b)
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E : Finding inverse of non-linear function (Exponential and Logarithmic Function)

Example 5:

For the following function:

a) f ( x)  2 x1  3
b) f ( x)  3e 2 x  5
c) f ( x)  log 3 (2 x  1)  1
d) f ( x)  ln 1  x

(i) Show that f (x) is one-to-one, and find f -1(x).

(ii) State the domain and range of f -1(x) and

(iii) Hence, sketch the graphs of f and f -1 in the same coordinate system.
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F : Verifying Inverse Functions

If f  g ( x)  g  f ( x) , therefore
x f and g are inverse to each other.

Example 6 :

Find f  g (x) and g  f (x) . How they are related?

a) f ( x)  3x  6 ; g ( x)  13 x  2
b) f ( x)  x  1 ; g ( x)  x 2  1, x  0

EXERCISE

1. The functions g is defined by g : x  2 x 2 1 , x  0. Determine, stating your reasons, whether

g 1 exists? If the function exists, find g 1 and give its domain and range.

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2. A function g is defined by h( x)  , x  1.
x 1
a) Show that h(x) is one to one function.
b) Hence, find h 1 ( x) and state its domain and range.

3. Given that p( x)  ln x  3 , state the domain and range of p(x) .

a) Find p 1 ( x) .
b) Hence, sketch the graph of p(x) and p 1 ( x) on the same axes.
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Mathematics Unit

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