CALCULUS 1

By
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 CALCULUS 1
Course Syllabus
• Lecturer: Assoc. Prof. Mai Duc Thanh Office: Room A2.610
Phone: 0901 323 899 E-mail: mdthanh@hcmiu.edu.vn
• Contents
1. Functions, Limit and Continuity
2. Derivatives
3. Applications of Derivatives
4. Integrals
5. Applications of Integrals
• Grading
1. Assignments: 20%
2. Midterm Exam: 30%
3. Final Exam: 50%
• Textbook: J. Stewart, Calculus, Brook Cole, 7th ed.

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Course Grading

Final Exam
10%

10% Midterm
Exam
50%
Homework
30%

Quizzes

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 Assignments
• Homework: submit to Blackboard
• Quizzes will be given in the class, not informed in advance.
• Class-works: solving exercises on board gets Extra marks
E up to E=20 marks. Rule:
– Averaged HWs/Quizes + E = Assignment Score

Example: Nam has the average of HW/Quizzes: 85

He gets extra marks: 12
His Assignment Score = 85 + 12 = 𝟗𝟕 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠

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Chapter 1: Functions, Limits, and
Continuity

Lecture 1: Functions
 Outline
1. Four ways to Represent a Function
2. Mathematical Models: A Catalog of Essential
Functions
3. New Functions from Old Functions

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 1. Four ways to Represent a Function
Definition. A function f is a rule that assigns to each
element x in a set A exactly one element y=f(x) in a set B

▪A is the domain of f
▪ The range of f is the set R={f(a), a  A}
▪If y = f(x), then x is the independent variable, y is the
dependent variable
▪Domain: set of all possible inputs; Range: set of all
possible outputs
▪Usually, A and B are sets of real numbers
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 Machine diagram for a function ƒ

x f f(x)
(input) (output)

x
y=f(x)
a
Arrow diagram for ƒ b=f(a)

f
A B

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 Example
• Find the domain of the function

f ( x) = x + 2
• Solution: The square root of a negative number is
not defined
• The domain of f consists of all values of x such that
x + 2  0  x  −2
 The domain is the interval [−2, )

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 Graph of a Function
The most common method for visualizing a function
is its graph.
If f is a function with domain D, then its graph
is the set of ordered pairs
{(x,f(x)) | x  D}

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Example. The graph of the function
f(x)=x2

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 Representing a Function
1. Verbally (by a description in words)
2. Numerically (by a table of values)
3. Visually (by a graph)
4. Algebraically (by an explicit formula)

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Example. The average CO2 level in the atmosphere is
a function of time given by the following table

Year CO2(in
370

ppm) 365

1980 338.5 360

1982 341.0
355
350
1984 344.3
345
1986 347.0
340
1988 351.3
335
1990 354.0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1992 356.3
1994 358.9 Graph of CO2 level function
1996 362.7
1998 366.7
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 Graphs and Curves
• The graph of a function can be a curve in the
xy-plane
• Question: Which curves in the xy-plane are
graphs of functions?

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 Vertical Line Test
Vertical Line Test: A curve in xy-plane is the graph
of a function if and only if no vertical line intersects
the curve more than once.

It is crossed
more than
once.

Function Calculus1
Not a Function 15
 Piecewise Defined Function
Several formulas to define a single function.

Use when x values

1 − x if x  1 are less than or
Ex. f ( x) =  2 equal to 1
 x if x  1
Notice Use when x values
f (−1) = 1 − (−1) = 2 are greater than 1
f (1) = 1 − 1 = 0
f (2) = 22 = 4
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 Sketching a Piecewise Function
2 − x if − 2  x  1
f ( x) =  2
 x +1 if 1  x  2
Sketch the
portion of the
formula on its
domain

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 Symmetry
A function f is said to be even if 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 , ∀𝑥

Example: f ( x) = x 2 is an even function

A function f is said to be odd if 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 , ∀𝑥

Example: f ( x) = x 3 is an odd function

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 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

❖ A function f is increasing on an interval I  R if

x < y, then f(x) < f(y)
❖ A function f is decreasing on an interval I  R if
x < y, then f(x) > f(y)
Example: The function
f ( x) = x 2
is decreasing on the interval (−, 0]
and increasing on the interval [0, )
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 2. Mathematical Models: A Catalog of
Essential Functions

A mathematical model is a mathematical description (often by

means of a function or an equation) of a real-world phenomenon

• The modeling process:

Real-world Formulate Mathematical
Problem Model

Solve
Test

Real-world Mathematical
Predictions Conclusion
Interpret
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 Linear Models
• We say that y is a linear function of x if the
graph of the function is a line
• We can use the slope-intercept form of the
equation of a line to write a formula for linear
function as
y = f ( x) = mx + b

where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept

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 Polynomials
• A function P is called a polynomial if
n −1
P( x) = an x + an −1 x
n
+ ... + a1 x + a0
where n  0 is an integer,
a0 , a1 ,..., an are constants and called coefficients of P( x)
an  0 : degree of polynomial is n
n = 1: P( x) = mx + b is a linear function
n = 2 : P( x) = ax 2 + bx + c is a quadratic function
n = 3 : P( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d is a cubic function
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 Powers Functions
• A function of the form
f ( x) = x a , where a = const.,
is called a power function
• If a=n is integer, then the power function
f ( x) = x n , n = 1, 2,3,...

is merely a polynomial with only one term

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 Root Functions
• A power function of the form

f ( x) = x
1/ n
= n x , where n  0 is integer
is called a root function
• n=2, the square root function
f ( x) = x is defined on [0, )
• n=3, the cube root function
f ( x) = 3 x is defined on
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 Rational Functions
• A rational function f is a ratio of two
polynomials
P( x)
f ( x) =
Q( x)

where P and Q are polynomials

• The domain consists all x such that Q(x)≠0
• Example: 2 x3 − 3x 2 + 2 x + 1
f ( x) =
x2 −1

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 Algebraic Functions
• A function f is called an algebraic function if it
can be constructed using algebraic operations
(such as addition, multiplication, division, and
taking roots) starting with polynomials
• Example:
– Polynomials, rational functions
– Other examples:
x 2
− 2x + x + 2 +1
f ( x) = x + 1, g ( x) =
2
+ 4x −1
x + x +1
3

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 Trigonometric Functions
• Trigonometric functions for the general angle
θ:
y r
sin  = , csc  =
r y
x r
cos  = , sec  =
r x
y x
tan  = , cot  =
x y

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 Trigonometry Identities

Pythagorean Identities: Tangent/Cotangent Identities:

sin x
sin2 x+ cos2x=1 tan x =
cos x
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x cos x
1 + cot2 x = csc2 x cot x =
sin x
Reciprocal Identities: Cofunction Identities:
1 1    
sin x = csc x = sin  − x  = cos x csc  − x  = sec x
csc x sin x 2  2 
cos x =
1
sec x =
1    
cos  − x  = sin x sec − x  = csc x
sec x cos x 2  2 
1 1    
tan x = cot x = tan  − x  = cot x cot − x  = tan x
cot x tan x 2  2 
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 Trigonometric Identities

Negative Angle Identities Periodic properties

sin ( − ) = − sin  sin ( + 2 ) = sin 

cos ( − ) = cos cos ( + 2 ) = cos

Addition formulas

sin (a ± b) = sin a cos b ± cos a sin b

cos (a ± b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b
tan x  tan y
tan( x  y ) =
1 tan x tan y
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 Trigonometric Identities

Double-angle formulas

sin 2 x = 2sin x cos x

cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x = 2 cos 2 x − 1 = 1 − 2sin 2 x

Half-angle formulas

1 + cos 2 x
cos x =
2

2
1 − cos 2 x
sin x =
2

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 Exponential Functions
• Exponential functions have the form
f ( x) = a x , a  0 is constant
The domain is (-, ) and the range is (0,)

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 The
number
e

There is a number e so that the slope of the

tangent line to y= ex at (0, 1) is exactly 1
e  2.718281828459045

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3. New Functions from Old
Functions
Transformations
of Functions

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Stretching and Reflecting

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Stretching and Shrinking: Illustration

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 Combinations of Functions
Let f and g be functions with domains A and B. Then
the functions f+g, f –g , fg and f/g are defined as
follows:
( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) domain = AB
( f − g )( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) domain = AB
( fg )( x) = f ( x) g ( x) domain = AB
f f ( x)
 ( x) = domain = {xAB /g(x)0}
g g ( x)

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 Composition of Functions

Machine diagram for fog The composition of a

function f and a function g is
the composite function fog
defined by
fog(x) = f(g(x))
A: domain of f, and B: domain of g

Domain of f o g:
x ∈ 𝐵, such that 𝑔(𝑥) ∈ 𝐴

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Example. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x – 3 are functions
from R to R.

Find the compositions fog and gof

Solution.
(fog)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x – 3) = (x –3)2
(gof)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x2) = x2 – 3
This shows that in general: fog  gof

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 Composition of three or more functions
𝑓°𝑔°ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 )
Example:

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 Homework of Chapter 1
Textbook: James Stewart, Calculus, 7th edition, 2012
• Section 1.1: 7, 9, 44, 45, 50
• Section 1.2: 8, 10
• Section 1.3: 9, 21, 33
• Section 1.6: 16, 24, 29
• Section 1.8: 4, 18, 26
• Section 6.1: 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 24, 26
• Section 10.1: 2, 4, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16

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