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Chapter 1: Funtions and Graphs

Course Name: Mathematics for Engineering

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Content

1. Review of Functions

2. Basic Classes of Functions

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Content

1. Review of Functions

2. Basic Classes of Functions

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Function

A function f is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set D exactly

one element, called f (x), in a set E .
The set D is called the domain of the function f .
The range of f is of all possible values of f (x) as x varies
throughout the domain.

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Function

Example 1

f : D −→ E
x 7→ y = f (x) = x 2

We refer to x as the independent variable and y as the dependent

variable, because it depends on x.
The domain is the set of all real numbers.
The range is the set of nonnegative real numbers.

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Function

Example 1

f : D −→ E
x 7→ y = f (x) = x 2

We refer to x as the independent variable and y as the dependent

variable, because it depends on x.
The domain is the set of all real numbers.
The range is the set of nonnegative real numbers.

Example 2
√
For the function f (x) = 3x 2 + 2x − 1, evaluate: f (−2), f ( 2)?

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Function

Example 3
For each of the following functions, determine the domain and range

1) f (x) = (x − 4)2 + 5
√
2) f (x) = 3x + 2 − 2

3
3) f (x) = x−2

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Graph

The graph of f is the set of all points (x, y ) in the coordinate plane
such that y = f (x) and x is in the domain of f .

The graph of f also allows us to picture:

The domain of f on the x−axis.
Its range on the y −axis.

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Graph

Example 4
The graph of a function f is shown.

Find the values of f (1) and f (5). What is the domain and range of f ?

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Graph

Example 4
The graph of a function f is shown.

Find the values of f (1) and f (5). What is the domain and range of f ?
f (1) = 3; f (5) = −0.7; D = [0, 7]; Range(f ) = [−2, 4]

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Representing Functions

There are four possible ways to represent a function:

Algebraically (by an explicit formula)
Visually (by a graph)
Numerically (by a table of values)
Verbally (by a description in words)

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Representing Functions

The human population of the world P depends on the time t.

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Representing Functions

When you turn on a hot-water faucet, the temperature T of the water

depends on how long the water has been running.

Draw a rough graph of T as a function of the time t that has elapsed

since the faucet was turned on.

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Increasing and decreasing functions

Definition
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if for all x1 , x2 ∈ I :

f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2 ) when x1 < x2

We say f is strictly increasing on the interval I if for all x1 , x2 ∈ I :

f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) when x1 < x2

For example, the function f (x) = 3x is increasing on the interval

(−∞, ∞).

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Increasing and decreasing functions

Definition
A function f is called decreasing on the interval I if for all x1 , x2 ∈ I :

f (x1 ) ≥ f (x2 ) when x1 < x2

We say f is strictly decreasing on the interval I if for all x1 , x2 ∈ I :

f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) when x1 < x2

For example, the function f (x) = −x 3 is decreasing on the interval

(−∞, ∞).

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Even Function
Definition
If a function f satisfies:

f (−x) = f (x), for all x in D

then f is called an even function.

The geometric significance of an even function is that its graph is sym-

metric with respect to the y −axis. For example: y = x 2

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Odd Function
Definition
If a function f satisfies:

f (−x) = −f (x), for all x in D

then f is called an odd function.

The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin. For example:
y = x3

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Combining Functions

Two functions f and g can be combined to form new functions:

(f + g )(x) = f (x) + g (x)
(f − g )(x) = f (x) − g (x)
(f .g )(x) = f (x)g (x)
f (x)
( gf )(x) = g (x) , g (x) ̸= 0
(fo g )(x) = f (g (x))

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Quiz Questions

1) Let h(x) = f (g (x)).

If g (x) = x − 1 and h(x) = 3x + 2 then f (x) is:
a. 3x + 3 b. 3x + 4 c. 3x + 1 d. None of them

If h(x) = 3x + 2 and f (x) = x − 1 then g (x) is:

a. 3x + 3 b. 3x + 4 c.3x + 1 d. None of them

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Quiz Questions

2) If f and g are functions, then fo g = go f

a. True b. False

3)

(fo g )(2) is
a. 5 b. 1 c. 2 d. None of the others
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Question 1

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Question 2

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Question 3

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Question 4

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Question 5

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Question 6

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Question 7

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Content

1. Review of Functions

2. Basic Classes of Functions

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Linear Functions

When we say that y is a linear function of x, we mean that the graph

of the function is a line.
So, we can use the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line
to write a formula for the function as

y = f (x) = mx + b,

where m is the slope of the line and b is the y −intercept.

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Basic Classes of Functions

Power Functions
A function of the form f (x) = x a , where a is constant, is called a power
function.

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Basic Classes of Functions

Power Functions
A function of the form f (x) = x a , where a is constant, is called a power
function.

Polynomials
A function P is called a polynomial if

P(x) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + . . . + a2 x 2 + a1 x + a0

where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , an are

constants called the coefficients of the polynomial.

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Rational Functions

A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials

P(x)
f (x) =
Q(x)

where P and Q are polynomials.

The domain consists of all values of x such that Q(x) ̸= 0.

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Trigonometric Functions

f (x) = sinx
g (x) = cosx
sin(x + k2π) = sinx; cos(x + k2π) = cosx, k ∈ Z
D = (−∞, ∞); R = [−1; 1]

sinx π 3π
tan x = , x ̸= ± , ± , ...
cosx 2 2
tan(x + kπ) = tanx, k ∈ Z
R = (−∞, ∞)

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Exponential Functions

The exponential functions are the functions of the form y = f (x) =

ax , where a is a positive constant. D = (−∞, ∞); R = (0, ∞).

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Logarithmic Functions

The logarithmic functions f (x) = loga x, where a is a positive constant,

are the inverse functions of the exponential functions.

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Piecewise-Defined Functions

Example:

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Tranformations of Function

Suppose c > 0
To obtain the graph of y = f (x) + c, shift the graph of y = f (x)
a distance c units upward.
To obtain the graph of y = f (x) − c, shift the graph of y = f (x)
a distance c units downward.
To obtain the graph of y = f (x − c), shift the graph of y = f (x)
a distance c units to the right.
To obtain the graph of y = f (x + c), shift the graph of y = f (x)
a distance c units to the left.

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Tranformations of Function

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Tranformations of Function

Suppose c > 1
To obtain the graph of y = cf (x), stretch the graph of y = f (x)
vertically by a factor of c.
To obtain the graph of y = (1/c)f (x), compress the graph of
y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c.
To obtain the graph of y = f (cx), compress the graph of
y = f (x) horizontally by a factor of c.
To obtain the graph of y = f (x/c), stretch the graph of y = f (x)
horizontally by a factor of c.
To obtain the graph of y = −f (x), reflect the graph of y = f (x)
about the x−axis.
To obtain the graph of y = f (−x), reflect the graph of y = f (x)
about the y −axis.

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Tranformations of Function

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Question 1

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Question 2

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Question 3

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Question 4

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Question 5

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