Chapter 2: Derivatives

Lecture 2

By
Assoc.Prof. Mai Duc Thanh
 Outline
1. Differentiation Formulas
2. The Chain Rule
3. Implicit Differentiation
4. Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
5. Hyperbolic Functions

Calculus1
1. Differentiation Formulas
 d
Derivative of a (c) = 0 ( c a constant )
constant function: dx

d 
The Power Rule: ( x ) =  x −1  
dx

Example 1 g ( x) = x 2 g ( x ) = 2 x

1 −1/ 3 1 −4 / 3
Example 2
f ( x) = 3 = x f ( x) = − x
x 3
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 Constant d d
( cf ( x) ) = c ( f ( x) ) ( c a constant )
Multiple dx dx
Rule Ex f ( x ) = 3 x 8

. ( )
f ( x) = 3 8 x 7 = 24 x 7

Sum and Difference Rules

d d d
 f ( x )  g ( x ) =  f ( x)   g ( x)
dx dx dx
Example. f ( x) = 7 x + x
2 12

f ( x) = 14 x + 12 x11
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 Exponential functions
Given the exponential function f ( x) = a x
f ( x + h) − f ( x ) a x+h − a x
f '( x) = lim = lim
h →0 h h →0 h
a xah − a x a x (a h − 1) ( a h
− 1)
= lim = lim = a x lim
h →0 h h →0 h h →0 h
(a h − 1)
Note that lim = f '(0)
h →0 h
f '( x) = f '(0)a x = f '(0) f ( x)
Rate of change of any exponential function is proportional to
the function itself. (The slope is proportional to the height.)
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 2h − 1
The For a = 2, f '(0) = lim
h →0 h
 0.69

3h − 1
number e For a = 3, f '(0) = lim
h →0 h
 1.10

eh − 1
Definition: e is the number such that lim =1
h →0 h

Derivative of natural d x
exponential function: dx (e ) = e
x

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 The Product Rule
d
 f ( x )  g ( x ) = f ( x) g ( x) + f ( x) g ( x)
dx

The Quotient Rule

d  f ( x )  f ( x) g ( x) − f ( x) g ( x)
 =
dx  g ( x)   g ( x) 2

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Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x) = − sin x
dx
d 1
(tan x) = 2
= sec 2
x
dx cos x
d −1
(cot x) = 2
= − csc 2
x
dx sin x

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 2. The Chain Rule
• If y=f(u) and u=g(x) are both differentiable, then
the composite function F(x)=f(g(x)) is also
differentiable and

F '( x) = f '( g ( x)) g '( x) F '( x) = f '(u )u '( x)

• Or, in Leiniz notation:

dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
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 Sketch of Proof
• Consider the changes
u = g ( x + x) − g ( x), y = f (u + u ) − f (u)

• Then
y y u
=
x u x
y y u y u
lim = lim = lim lim
x →0 x x →0 u x x →0 u x →0 x

y u dy du
= lim lim =
u →0 u x →0 x du dx
Calculus1
Power Rule combined with Chain Rule
For u = u ( x) :

d   −1 du
u =  u  
dx dx
d   d
( )
12
Ex. 3x + 4 x =
2
3x + 4 x
2
dx   dx

( )
1 −1 2
= 3x + 4 x
2
( 6x + 4)
2
3x + 2
=
3x 2 + 4 x Calculus1
 Chain Rule Example
Ex. y = u
, u = 7 x + 3x
52 8 2

dy dy du
= 
dx du dx
5 32
(
= u  56 x7 + 6 x
2
) Sub in for u

5
( ) ( )
32
= 7 x + 3x
8 2
 56 x7 + 6 x
2
( + 15 x )( 7 x + 3x )
32
= 140 x 7 8 2

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 Derivative of Exponential Functions
We write
a x = (eln a ) x = e(ln a ) x = eu = f (u ), u = (ln a ) x
Chain rule gives
d x d u deu du
( a ) = (e ) = = eu ln a
dx dx du dx
= e(ln a ) x .ln a = a x ln a

d x d u( x)
(a ) = a ln a
x
(a ) = a u ( x ) (ln a )u '( x )
dx dx
2/15/2024
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 Derivatives of Exponential
Functions
x2 + 2 x
Ex. Find the derivative of f ( x) = 7 .

f ( x ) = 7 x 2 +2 x
(
(ln 7) x 2 + 2 x ' )
= (ln 7)7 x 2 +2 x
(2x + 2)

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 Tangents To Parametric Curves
• Let a parametric curve be given by the equations
x = x(t ), y = y (t ), t  [a, b]
Equation of tangent line at x0 = x(t0 ), y0 = y (t0 ) :

dy( x0 )
y = y0 + ( x − x0 )
dx
dy dy dx
The Chain Rule gives =
dt dx dt
dy (t0 )
dy ( x0 ) dx(t0 )
= dt if 0
dx dx(t0 ) dt
dt
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 Example
• Consider the parametric curve
x = t cos t , y = t sin t , t  [0, 2 ]
• Find the tangent line at a point on this curve
corresponding to t=3π/4

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Example x = t cos t , y = t sin t , t  [0, 2 ]

x0 = x (3 / 4) = −3 2 / 8, y0 = y (3 / 4) = 3 2 / 8
Tangent point: ( x0 , y0 ) = ( −3 2 / 8, 3 2 / 8)
− 2 3
x = t cos t  x ' = cos t − t sin t  x '(3 / 4) = (1 + ),
2 4
2 3
y = t sin t  y ' = sin t + t cos t  y '(3 / 4) = (1 − ),
2 4
2 3
(1 − )
Slope of tangent line =
dy ( x0 ) y '(t0 )
= = 2 4 = −4 + 3
dx x '(t0 ) − 2 3 4 + 3
(1 + )
2 4
3
Equation of tangent line at t0 = :
4
−4 + 3
y = y0 +
dy ( x0 )
dx
( x − x0 ) = 3 2 / 8 +
4 + 3
(x + 3 2 / 8 )
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3. Implicit Differentiation
y = 3x − 4 x + 17
3

y is explicitly a function of x.

y + xy = 3x + 1
3

y is implicitly a function of x.

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 Implicit Differentiation (cont.)
y + xy = 3x + 1
3

To differentiate the implicit case we use the chain rule

where y is a function of x:
dy dy
3y 2
+ y+x =3
dx dx
dy
dy
dx
( )
3y + x = 3 − y
2 Solve for
dx

dy 3− y
= 2
dx 3 y + x
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 Tangent Line to Implicit Curve
Ex. Find the equation of the tangent line to
x
the curve y + ln y =
3
at the point (2, 1).
2
d 3
dx
( y + ln y ) =
d x
 
dx  2  3y 2 dy 1 dy 1
+ =
dx y dx 2
dy dy 1
x=2, y=1 3 +1 =
dx dx 2
1
Tangent line: y − 1 = ( x − 2 )
dy 1
=
dx 8 8
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4. Derivatives of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
 d −1 1
(sin x) =
dx 1 − x2
Proof: Applying implicit sin 2 y + cos2 y = 1
differentiation
cos2 y = 1 − sin 2 y
y = sin −1 x sin y = x
cos y =  1 − sin 2 y
d d
sin y = x
dx dx  
But −  y
dy dy 1 2 2
cos y =1 =
dx dx 1 − sin 2 y so cos y is positive.
dy 1
= dy 1
dx cos y =  cos y = 1 − sin 2 y
dx 1 − x2
Calculus1
 Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions
d −1 1 d 1
(sin x) = −1
(csc x) = −
dx 1 − x2 dx x x2 −1
d −1 −1 d 1
(cos x) = −1
(sec x) =
dx 1 − x2 dx x x2 −1
d −1 1 d 1
(tan x) = −1
(cot x) = −
dx 1 + x2 dx 1 + x2

1 1
csc x = sec x =
sin x cos x

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5. Hyperbolic Functions

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Calculus1 26
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

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 Exercises
1. Find the derivative of the functions:
a) y = sin(sin(sin x)), b) y = x+ x+ x
2. Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve
at the given point
a) y = cos(cos x), ( / 2,1), b) y = x3 2−2 x , (1,1/ 4)
3. Find dy/dx by implicit differentiation
x2 y + xy 2 = 5x + 1, x cos y + y cos x = 1
4. Find an equation of tangent line to the curve at
the given point x 2 y 2
− = 1, (−5,9 / 4)
16 9
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 Homework Chapter 2
• Section 2.5 (The Chain Rule): 6, 8, 17, 20
• Section 2.6 (Implicit Differentiation): 6, 10, 30
• Section 6.4 (Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions): 7, 12,
24
• Section 2.8 (Related Rates): 3, 6, 8, 10
• Section 2.9 (Linear Approximations and Differentials): 8,
16

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