CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

INDEX:
Theory: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 – 11

Exercise: Practice Questions.………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12 – 24

Answer Keys ……...……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25

Solutions…………...……….……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26 – 49
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

THEORY:

1. CONTINUITY AT A POINT

 A function is said to be continuous at x = a if lim f ( x ) = f ( a ) i.e.

x→a

lim
= f ( x ) lim
= f ( x ) f ( a ) Let us see graphically, the different type of situations which may
x → a− +
x→a

come up at x = a

Note:
● Polynomials are everywhere continuous.
● y = ax is everywhere continuous.
● y = loga x is continuous ∀ x > 0.
● y = [x] is everywhere continuous.
● y = [x] and {x} are continuous everywhere except at
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

π
( 2n + 1) ; n ∈ Z .
x=
2
g ( x) lim f ( x )× g ( x )
lim (1 + f ( x ) ) e x→a
=
x→a

Where lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g ( x ) = ∞

x →∞ x→a

Remark:
● If g(x) is continuous at x = a and f(x) is continuous at g(a) then f(g(x)) is continuous at
x = a.
● If g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then f(g(x)) may or may not be discontinuous at x = a.
● If g(x) is undefined at x = a then f(g(x)) is discontinuous at x = a.

2. CONTINUITY IN AN INTERVAL

(a) y = f(x) is said to be continuous in (a,b) if f(x) is continuous ∀ x ∈ (a,b).

(b) y = f(x) is said to be continuous in [a,b] if :

● its continuous in (a, b)

● lim− f ( x ) = f ( b ) (i.e. left continuous at x = b)
x →b

● lim+ f ( x ) = f ( a ) (i.e. right continuous at x = a)

x→a

It’s continuous in [a, b], though it’s not continuous at x = b.

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

3. TYPES OF DISCONTINUITY

3.1 Removal of discontinuity

lim f ( x ) exists but is not equal to f(a).

x→a

(Also called isolated point (Also called missing point

discontinuity) discontinuity)

3.2 Discontinuity of 1st kind

LHL |a and RHL |aexists but are not equal.

(Also called jump discontinuity)

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

3.3 Discontinuity of 2nd kind

LHL |a and RHL |a does not exist.

 1
sin ; x≠0
Eg: f ( x ) =   x  is essential discontinuous at x = 0.
0 ' x=0


4. INTERMEDIATE VALUE THEOREM

If y = f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and k is any number between f(a) and f(b) then there is at least
one number ‘c’ such that f(c) = k.

Special case:
• If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] then there is at least one value of x say ‘c’ such that
f ( a ) + f (b)
f (c) =
2
• If f(x) is continuous in [a, b] and f(a) × f(b) < 0 then f(x) has at least one root in (a, b).

5. RHD and LHD AT X = A

 For a function y = f(x) its Right Hand Derivative and Left Hand Derivative are defined as:
f ( a + h) − f ( a )
RHD
= |x = a f=
'(a + ) lim
h→0 h
f ( a − h) − f ( a )
LHD
= |x = a f=
'(a − ) lim
h→0 −h
Consider
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

f (a + h) − f (a)
h
is nothing but slope of secant AB.
Now, when we take limit as h → 0:

f (a + h) − f (a)
lim = RHD |a becomes slope of tangent at A, from right.
h→0 h
Similarly, LHD gives slope of tangent at A from left.
Consider, the following graph and observe that RHD and LHD at x = a are different.

6. DIFFERENTIABILITY AT A POINT

A function is said to be differentiable at x = a if:

LHD |a = RHD |a = finite
f ( x) − f (a)
i.e. lim exists
x →0 x−a
Geometrically
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

•LHD = RHD = finite ⇒ there exists a unique tangent at x = a, so the graph is smooth.
•LHD ≠ RHD ⇒ there is a sharp point at x = a.

Remark:-
•Differentiable function is always continuous (vice-versa need not be true).
•If function is discontinuous at x = a then function has to be non-differentiable at x = a.

Note:-
If RHD |a and LHD |a are finite then f(x) is continuous at x = a. even if they are not equal.

Remark:-
If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and g(x) is not differentiable at x = a then f(x) + g(x) is always
non-differentiable at x = a. Nothing can be said about their product and division. Product of two
non-differentiable functions can be differentiable.

7. DIFFERENTIABILITY IN AN INTERVAL

(a) f(x) is said to be differentiable in (a, b) if: it is differentiable ∀ x ∈ (a, b)

(b) f(x) is said to be differentiable in [a, b] if:
i. it is differentiable in (a, b)
ii. RHD |a exists at x = a
iii. LHD |b exists at x = b

8. DIFFERENTIATION

8.1 Product, Quotient and Chain rule

Chain rule:
d ( )
d f ( g ( x )) d ( g ( x ))
dx
( )
f ( g ( x )) =
d ( g ( x ))
.
dx

Observe:
d d ( f ( y ) ) dy
dx
( f ( y )) =
dy
.
dx
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Remark:-
• Derivative of an even differentiable function at x = 0 is zero.
• Derivative of an even differentiable function is an odd function and vice versa.

Note:-
Whenever we have to find derivative of g(x) where g(x) is inverse of y = f(x) then use that:
f(g(x)) then use that: f(g(x)) = x and then differentiate.

8.2 Differentiation of implicit function

 Consider f(x, y) = 0, We can find dy using following methods:
dx

Method: 1 Directly differentiate w.r.t x and collect terms containing dy and hence find dy .
dx dx
∂f
−
dy
Method: 2 = ∂x
dx ∂f
∂y

8.3 Parametric Differentiation

dy f '(t )
 If y = f(t) and x = g(t), then = .
dx g '(t )

8.4 Differentiation of a function with respect to another function

 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example - 1

Find derivatives of: sin 1 − x 2 w.r.t 1 − x 2

Sol.
=u sin 1 − x 2
dy −2 x
= cos 1 − x 2 .
dx 2 1 − x2
dy −x
= cos 1 − x 2 .
dx 1 − x2
v
= 1 − x2
dy 1
= − 2x
dx 2 1 − x 2
dv −x
=
dx 1 − x2
−x
cos 1 − x 2 .
du 1 − x2
=
dv −x
1 − x2
du
= cos 1 − x 2
dv

Logarithmic Differentiation

Example - 2

Find dy if: y = x x
dx

Sol.
Given, y = x x
Taking log on both sides
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

log y = log xx
log y = x log(x)
Differentiating with respect to ‘x’, we get
1 dy 1
= 1.log ( x ) + x.
y dx x
dy
= y (1 + log x )
dx
dy
= x x (1 + log x )
dx

Infinite Series

Example - 3

Find dy if : y = x x
.∞

dx

Sol.
Or y = x y
Taking log on both sides, we get
log y = y log x
Differentiating with respect to ‘x’
1 dy 1 dy
= y. + log x.
y dx x dx
dy  1  y
 − log x  =
dx  y  x
dy y2
=
dx x (1 − y log x )

8.5 Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions

1
(a) d sin −1 x =
dx 1 − x2
−1
(b) d cos −1 x =
dx 1 − x2
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

(c) d tan −1 x = 1
dx 1 + x2

(d) d cot −1 x = −1 2
dx 1+ x
d 1
(e) sec −1 x =
dx x x2 − 1
d −1
(f) cosec −1 x =
dx x x2 − 1

Example - 4

a+x  dy
If y = tan −1   and given ax < 1, then is
 1 − ax  dx

Sol.
 a+x 
y = tan −1  
 1 − ax 
=y tan −1 a + tan −1 x
dy d d
= tan −1 a + tan −1 x
dx dx dx
dy 1
=
dx 1 + x 2

Higher order derivative problem

Example - 4

2
If y = Aemx + Benx show that d 2y − ( m + n ) dy + mny =
0
dx dx
Ex.
Sol.
We have
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

=y Ae mx + Be mx
dy
∴ = Ame mx + Bne mx
dx
d2y
⇒ 2= Am 2 e mx + Bn 2 e nx
dx
d2y dy
∴ 2 − ( m + n ) + mny
dx dx
= ( Am 2 e mx + Bn 2 e mx ) − ( m + n ) ( Ame mx + Bne mx ) + mn ( Ae mx + Be=
mx
) 0

8.6 Newton Leibnitz formula

Ψ( x)
d
f ( t ) dt =f ( Ψ ( x ) ) .Ψ ' ( x ) − f (φ ( x ) ) .φ ' ( x )
dx φ (∫x )
x
d
f ( t ) dt = f ( x )
dx ∫a

Example - 5
sin x
d
∫ t dt =
3

dx x 2

Sol.
Given,
sin x
d
∫ t dt
3

dx x 2

d 3 d
( sin x ) − ( x 2 ) ( x 2 )
( sin x )
3
=
dx dx
= sin 3 x.cos x − x 6 .2 x
= sin 3 x.cos x − 2 x 7
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

EXERCISE: PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. A function f(x) is defined as below

cos ( sin x ) − cos x
=f ( x) , x ≠ 0 and f(0) = a, f(x) is continuous at x = 0 if a equals
x2
(a) 0
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6

ax 2 + bx + c, | x |> 1
2. f ( x) =  . If f(x) is continuous for all values of x, then;
 x + 1, | x |≤ 1
(a) b = 1, a + c = 0
(b) b = 0, a + c = 2
(c) b = 1, a + c = 1
(d) none of these

 (1 + px ) − (1 − px )
 , −1 ≤ x < 0
 x
3. If f ( x) =  is continuous in the interval [-1, 1], then 'p' is
 2x −1
 , 0 ≤ x ≤1
x−2
equal to:
(a) -1
(b) -1/2
(c) 1/2
(d) 1

1 1
4. If y
= = where t , then the number of points of discontinuities of y = f(x), x ∈ R is
t2 + t − 2 x −1
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) infinite
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

1
5. If f ( x=)  x +  [ x ] , where - 2 ≤ x ≤ 2, then
 2
(where [ * ] represents greatest integer function)
(a) f(x) is continuous at x = 2
(b) f(x) is continuous at x = 1
(c) f(x) is continuous at x = -1
(d) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0

6. If f ( x) = x − x + 1 , then indicate the correct alternative(s)

(a) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(b) f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
(c) f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(d) None of these

 x ( 3e1/ x + 4 )
 , x≠0
7. If f ( x) =  2 − e1/ x , then f (x) is
 0 , x=0

(a) Continuous as well differentiable at x = 0
(b) Continuous but not differentiable at x = 0
(c) Neither differentiable at x = 0 nor continuous at x = 0
(d) None of these

8. Let [x] denote the integral part of x ∈ R and g(x) = x - [x]. Let f(x) be any continuous
function with f(0) = f(1) then the function h(x) = f(g(x))
(a) has finitely many discontinuities
(b) is continuous on R
(c) is discontinuous at some x = c
(d) is a constant function.

9. The value of f(0), so that the function,

(a 2
− ax + x 2 ) − (a 2
+ ax + x 2 )
f ( x) ( a > 0 ) becomes continuous for all x, is given by
(a + x) − (a − x)
(a) a a
(b) a
(c) − a
(d) −a a
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

10. If f(x) = [tan2 x] then (where [*] denotes the greatest integer function)
(a) lim f(x) does not exist
x→ 0

(b) f(x) is continuous at x = 0

(c) f(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0
(d) f(0) = 1

11. Consider the function defined on [0, 1] → R, f ( x) = sin x − 2x cos x if x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 0, then the
x
function f(x)
(a) has a removable discontinuity at x = 0
(b) has a non removable finite discontinuity at x = 0
(c) has a non removable infinite discontinuity at x = 0
(d) is continuous at x = 0

12. Let f(x) = | x | for x ≠ 0 & f(0) = 1 then,

sin x
(a) f (x) is continuous & diff. at x = 0
(b) f(x) is continuous & not derivable at x = 0
(c) f (x) is discontinuous & not diff. at x = 0
(d) None of these

13. Suppose that f(0) = 0 and f '(0) = 2, and let g (x) = f(-x + f (f(x))). The value of g'(0) is equal
to
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 6
(d) 8

14. Let f"(x) be continuous at x = 0 and f"(0) = 4 then value of lim 2 f ( x) − 3 f (22 x) + f (4 x) is
x →0 x
(a) 11
(b) 2
(c) 12
(d) None of these
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

 π
 mx + 1, x ≤ 2 π
15. If f ( x) =  is continuous at x = , then
sin x + n, x > π 2
 2
(a) m = 1, n = 0
nπ
(b)=
m +1
2
mπ
(c) n =
2
π
(d) m= n=
2

16. The function given by y = ||x|-1| is differentiable for all real numbers except the points
(a) {0, 1, -1}
(b) ±1
(c) 1
(d) -1
 Ax − B , x ≤1

17. If the function
= f ( x)  3x , 1 < x < 2 be continuous at x = 1 and continuous at x = 2,
 Bx 2 − A , x≥2

then
(a) A = 3 + B, B ≠ 3
(b) A = 3 + B, B = 3
(c) A = 3 + B
(d) none of these

 ax 2 + b , x ≤1
18. If f ( x)  2
= , b ≠ 0. Then f(x) is continuous and differentiable at x = 1 if
bx + ax + c , x > 1
(a) c = 0, a = 2b
(b) a = b, c ∈ R
(c) a = b, c = 0
(d) a = b, c ≠ 0

19. If f(x) = x3 sgn x, then

(a) f is derivable at x = 0
(b) f is continuous, but not derivable at x = 0
(c) LHD at x = 0 is 1
(d) RHD at x = 0 is 0
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

 sin ( 2 x )2
20. If the function f ( x) =  x 2 + e , x ≠ 0 is continuous, then k is
−x

 k, x=0

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5

21. The value of derivative of f(x) = |x - 1| + |x - 3| at x = 2 is

(a) -2
(b) 0
(c) 2
(d) not defined

22. The function f (x) = |sin x| -1 is

(a) continuous everywhere
(b) not differentiable at x = π
3
(c) differentiable at x = 0
(d) differentiable everywhere

 3 x − 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
23. Let f ( x) =  , if f(x) is continuous at x = 2, then λ is
2 x + λ , 2 < x ≤ 3
(a) -1
(b) -2
(c) 2
(d) none of these

24. The function (x2 - 1) |x2 - 3x + 2| is not differentiable at

(a) -1
(b) 0
(c) 1
(d) 2
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

1
25. Let f(x) = ( tan x ) x − π ∀ x ∈ ( 0, π / 2 ) − {π / 4} , then the value of f(π/4) such that f(x) becomes
4

π
continuous at x = , is equal to;
4
(a) e
(b) e
1
(c)
e
(d) e2

26. Let f(x) = [5 + 3 sinx] ∀ x ∈ R. Then total number of points of discontinuity of f(x) in
[0, π] is equal to;
(a) 5
(b) 6
(c) 7
(d) 4

2 f ( x) − 3 f ( 2x) + f ( 4x)
27. Let f (x) be a twice differentiable function and f "(0) = 2 then lim is
x→2 x2
(a) 6
(b) 1
(c) 12
(d) 3

28. The function f(x) = [x]2 - [x2 ] (where [y] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to y),
is discontinuous at
(a) all integers
(b) all integers except 0 and 1
(c) all integers except 0
(d) all integers except 1

 π
,− < x < 0
( )
a /|tan x |
 1 − | tan x | 4
If the function f ( x) =
29.= b ,x 0 is continuous at x = 0, then
 sin 3 x π
e sin 2 x ,0< x<
4
3 3
(a) a =
− ,b=
2 2
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

3
(b)
= , b e3/ 2
a =
2
3
(c) a = e3/ 2
− ,b=
2
(d) None of these

π
30. If f(x) = |cos 2x|, then f '   is equal to
4  
(a) 2
(b) -2
(c) 0
(d) doesn't exist

 sin x 2
 , x≠0
31. The function defined by f ( x) =  x is
 0, x=0

(a) continuous and derivable at x = 0
(b) neither continuous nor derivable at x = 0
(c) continuous but not derivable at x = 0
(d) none of these

32. f ( x) = sin 2 x + 1 is discontinuous at x = .......................... .

sin x − cos x
π
(a)
4

(b) π
3

(c) π
6
π
(d)
2

 log (1 + ax ) − log (1 − bx )
, x≠0
33. If f ( x) =  x and f (x) is continuous at x = 0, the value of k is
 k, x=0

(a) a - b
(b) a + b
(c) log a + log b
(d) none of these
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

34. Let f (x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all x and y. Suppose that f(3) = 3 and f '(0) = 11, then f '(3) is
given by
(a) 22
(b) 44
(c) 28
(d) 33

tan x
35. The function etan x − 1 is discontinuous
e +1
(a) at nπ, n ∈ l
π
(b) at ( 2n + 1) , n ∈ l
2
(c) No where
(d) Every where

 1
x n sin , x ≠ 0
36. Let f ( x) =  x , then f(x) is continuous, but not differentiable at x = 0, if
 0, x=0
(a) n ∈ (0, 1]
(b) n ∈ [1, ∞)
(c) n ∈ (-∞, 0)
(d) n = 0

37. If f ( x)= {| x | − | x − 1|}2 , then f '(x) equals

(a) 0 for all x
(b) 2 {|x|-|x-1|}
0 , x < 0 and x > 1
(c) 
4 (2 x − 1) , 0 < x < 1
0 ,x<0
(d) 
 4 (2 x − 1) , x>0
 a
−π
(1+ | sin x |) |sin x| , <x<0
 6
38.=
If the function f ( x) = b , x 0 , is continuous at x = 0, then
 tan 2 x
 π
e tan 3 x , 0< x<
 6
2
(a) a log
= = e b, a
3
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

2
(b) b log
= = e a, a
3
(c) a = log e b , b = 2
(d) none of these

 πx 
 sin  , x <1
The function f ( x) =   2 
| 2 x − 3 | [ x ] , x ≥ 1

39.
(a) is continuous at x = 1
(b) is differentiable at x = 1
(c) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
(d) none of these
Answer:(c)
πx
Solution: lim sin =1
x →1− 2
lim | 2 x − 3 | [ x ] = lim+ ( 3 − 2 x ) .[ x ] = 1
x →1+ x →1

∴ Continuous at x = 1
 πx
sin , x <1
f ( x) =  2
 3 − 2 x, x ≥ 1

π π
 cos x, x < 1
f '( x) =  2 2
 −2, x ≥1
LHD = 0 and RHD = -2
∴ Not differentiable at x = 1.

 ( 4 x − 1)
3

 , x≠0
  x   x2 
40. The value of p for which the function f ( x) =  sin   ln 1 +  is continuous at x = 0
  p  3

12 ( ln 4 ) ,
3
 x=0
is
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

41. If f ( x) = [ x sin π x ] {where [x] denotes greatest integer function}, then f(x) is
(a) continuous at x = 0
(b) continuous in (-1, 0)
(c) differentiable at x = 1
(d) differentiable in (-1, 1)
Answer:(a)
Solution: f ( x) = [ x sin π x ]
=f ( 0− ) lim
= −
[ x sin π x ] 0
x →0

=f ( 0 ) lim
+
= +
[ x sin π x ] 0
x →0

∴Continuous at x = 0.

42. If f is a real-valued differentiable function satisfying |f(x) - f(y)| ≤ (x - y)2 , x, y ∈ R and f(0)
= 0, then f (1) equals
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) -1

 | x − 3 |, x ≥1
43. The function f ( x) =  x 2 3x 13 then which of the following is not true
 − + , x <1
4 2 4
(a) continuous at x = 1
(b) continuous at x = 3
(c) differentiable at x = 1
(d) differentiable at x = 3

4 − 2 ( f ( x) + f ( y ) )
44. If a differentiable function f satisfies
= f ( x + y) ∀x, y ∈ R, find f(x)
3
(a) 1/7
(b) 2/7
(c) 8/7
(d) 4/7

45. Let f : R → R be a function defined by f(x) = Min {x + 1, |x| + 1}. Then which of the
following is true?
(a) f (x) ≥ 1 for all x ∈ R
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

(b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1

(c) f (x) is differentiable everywhere
(d) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0

46. The expression of dy of the function y = a x

a x ....... ∞
is
dx
y2
(a)
x (1 − y log x )
y 2 log y
(b)
x (1 − y log x )
y 2 log y
(c)
x (1 − y log x log y )
y 2 log y
(d)
x (1 + y log x log y )

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
dy
47. If =
y ( 8 x + 7 ) e x then find
dx

48. If y= ( 4 x 2 − 3x − 7 ) log x then find dy

dx

x
49. If y = e then dy is
cos x dx

50. If y = sin ( −5 x 2 − 8 x + 2 ) then find dy

dx

dy
51. If=y 2 x 1 + x 2 then is
dx

x2
52. If y = then find dy
log (1 − 4 x 2
) dx
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

53. d esin x3
is equal to
dx

54. Find d tan y 2

dx
55.

( ) then find dy
n
If y =1 + x 2 + a 2
dx

dy
56. If=
y x 3 y + y 2 x then find
dx

dy
57. If x 2 + y=
2
tan ( x + y ) then
dx

If x sin
= = θ , y cos 2 θ find
58.

59. If x = e−t , x = sin −1 t 2 find dy

3

dx

60. Find the derivative of cos x 2 with respect to x 2

61. If y = ( sin x ) x then find dy

dx

a−x  dy
62. If y = tan −1   and given ax ≥ 1 then is
 1 + ax  dx

2
63. If y = log ( sin x ) then find d 2y
dx

d2y
64. If=y ae3 x + e 2 x then find 2
dx
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

x2
d
65. et dt is
dx ∫3

x
d
66.
dx ∫3
cos 2 tdt

d2y
a (1 − cos3 θ ) , y =
67. x = a sin 3 θ then find 2
dx

2
68. If y = e tan the prove that (1 + x 2 ) d 2y + ( 2 x − 1) dy =
−1
x
0
dx dx
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

ANSWER KEY

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (d) 35. (b) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (d) 45. (c) 46. (c)
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

SOLUTIONS

1.
 cos ( sin x ) − cos x
 , x≠0
f ( x) =  x2
 a , x=0

for continuity, lim f ( x) = f (0)
x →0

 x − sin x   sin x + x 
2sin   sin  
 2   2 =a
lim 2
x →0 x
 x − sin x   x + sin x 
2sin   sin    x 2 − sin 2 x 
 2 ×  2 ×
lim  =a
x →0  x − sin x   x + sin x   4x2 
   
 2   2 
0
2× = a ⇒ a = 0
4

2.
ax 2 + bx + c, | x |> 1
f ( x) = 
 x + 1, | x |≤ 1
At x = 1, f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2
lim f ( x) = lim ax 2 + bx + c = a + b + c
+
x →1 x →1+

lim f (=
x) lim x =
+1 2
x →1− x →1−

⇒ a+b+c = 2
At x = -1
lim f ( x) =−1 + 1 =0
x →−1+

lim f ( x) = a − b + c
x →−1−

⇒ b = 1; a + c = 1.

3.
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

 (1 + px ) − (1 − px )
 , −1 ≤ x < 0
 x
f ( x) = 
 2x − 1
 , 0 ≤ x ≤1
x−2
Since it is continuous at x = 0 , so
lim− f ( x) = f (0)
x →0

1 + p ( −h ) − 1 − p ( −h ) 1
⇒ lim =
h→0 −h 2

⇒ lim
(1 − ph ) − (1 + ph ) 1
=
h→0
−h { 1 − ph + 1 + ph 2}
2p 1
⇒ =
2 2
1
∴p=
2

4.
1 1
=y =
2
,t
t +t −2 x −1
1
y=
1 1
+ −2
( x − 1) x − 1
2

( x − 1)
2

y=
1 + ( x − 1) − 2 ( x − 1)
2

x2 − 2 x + 1
y=
x − 2 x2 − 2 + 4 x
( x − 1) ( x − 1)
2 2

=y =
−2 x 2 + 4 x + x − 2 −2 x ( x − 2 ) + 1( x − 2 )

( x − 1)
2

y=
( x − 2 ) ( −2 x + 1)
1
by ⇒ x ∈ R − 2,1,  so discontinuous at 1/2 & 2, we also include x = 1 because at x = 1, 't'
 2
is not defined.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

5.
Now defining function
 −2 x − 1 ; −2 ≤ x < −1

 −x − 1 ; −1 ≤ x < 0
 2
 1 
f ( x) =  x +  [ x ] =  0 ; 0 ≤ x <1
 2  1
 x+ ; 1≤ x ≤ 2
 2
 2x + 1 ; 2≤ x<3

By defining the function we can say that f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.

6.
f ( x) = x − x +1
RHL =f (0+ ) =lim+ x − x + 1 =−1
x →0

LHL =f (0− ) =lim− x − x + 1 =−1

x →0

And f(0) = -1
Therefore f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
Now, LHD = f '(0− )
f (0 + h) − f (0)
= lim−
h→0 h
h − h +1 +1
= lim−
h→0 h
i.e., LHD is not defined at x = 0, i.e., f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

7.
 ( 3e1/ x + 4 )
 , x≠0
f ( x) =  x 2 − e1/ x
 0 , x=0


h
( 3e1/ h
+ 4)
−0
f ' ( 0+ ) = lim 2 − e1/ h
h→0 h
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

 1
3 1 +  + 4
h
= lim 
h→0 1
2 −1−
h
7h + 3
= lim = −3
h→0 h − 1

−h
( 3e −1/ h
+ 4)
−0
f ' ( 0− ) = lim− 2 − e −1/ h
h→0 −h
 1
3 1 −  + 4
h
= lim− 
h→0  1
2 − 1 − 
 h
7h − 3
= lim− = −3
h→0 h + 1

So, f(x) is continuous as well as differentiable at x = 0.

8.
g(x) = x - [x]
f(0) = f(1)
h (x) = f(g(x))
Let x = a ∈ I
=h ( a + ) lim
= +
f ( g ( x )) f ( 0)
x→a

=h ( a − ) lim
= −
f ( g ( x ) ) f (1)
x→a

h(a+)= h (a-)
Hence h ( x ) is continuous.

9.
By rationalizing

f ( 0 ) = lim
(a 2
− ax + x 2 ) − ( a 2 + ax + x 2 )
×
( a+x + a−x )
x →0 (a + x) − (a − x) ( a 2 − ax + x 2 + a 2 + ax + x 2 )
−2a 2 a 
=  
2  2a 
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

f ( 0) = − a

10.
f(x) = [tan2 x]
=RHL lim
=  tan 2 x  0
+ 
x →0

LHL lim− =

= tan 2 x  0=
, f ( x) 0
x →0

So continuous at x = 0.

11.
 x3 x5   x2 x4 
 x − + − .....  − x  1 − + + .... 
3! 5! 2! 4!
lim  
2
 
x →0 x
=0
So f (x) is continuous at x = 0.

12.
h
−1
sinh h − sinh
= RHD lim = lim+ →∞
h→0 +
h h→0 h sinh
−h
−1
sinh −h − sinh
= LHD lim = lim− → −∞
h→0 −
h h→0 h sinh
Not differentiable at x = 0.
RHL = 1
LHL = -1
i.e., discontinuous.

13.
g(x) = f (-x + fof(x))
∴ g'(x) = f '(-x + fof(x)) × (-1 + f '(f(x)) f '(x))
⇒ g'(0) = f ' (0) × (-1 + f '(0) . f '(0))
= 2×(-1 + 2.2)
= 2×(4-1)
g'(0) = 6.

14.
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

By using L' Hospital rule

2 f '( x ) − 6 f '( 2x ) + 4 f '( 4x )
lim
x →0 2x
Again using L' Hospital rule
2 f "( x) − 12 f "( 2 x ) + 16 f "( 4 x )
lim
= 12
x →0 2

15.
lim− f ( x) lim
π+
f ( x)
π x→
x→ 2
2

= lim− mx + 1 = lim
π+
sin x + n =1 + n
π x→
x→ 2
2

π
= m +1
2
π
Now, f (x) is cont. at x =
2
π
∴m +1 =1+ n
2
π
⇒m n.
=
2

16.
y = ||x| - 1|

Non-differentiable at x = 1, 0, -1

17.
lim f ( x) = lim− Ax − B = A − B
x →1− x →1

lim 3 x =3 ⇒ A − B =3 .... (i)

x →1+
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

lim 3 x = 6.
x → 2−

lim Bx 2 − A = 4 B − A ⇒ 4 B − A = 6 .... (ii)

x → 2+

Solving equation (i) & (ii) A = 6 & B = 3.

18.
 ax 2 + b ; x ≤1
f ( x) =  2
bx + ax + c ; x > 1
Continuous at x = 1
∴ lim+ bx 2 + ax + c = a + b + c
x →1

& lim− ax 2 + b = a + b ⇒ c = 0.
x →1

Differentiable at x = 1
∴ lim+ 2bx + a = 2b + a
x →1

& lim− 2ax = 2a

x →1

⇒ a = 2b.

19.
f (x) = x3 sgnx
 x3 x < 0

f ( x) =
= 0 x 0
− x3 x < 0

Only point at which f(x) may be discontinuous is at x = 0.
lim− f=
( x) lim+ f=( x) f= (0) 0
x →0 x →0

f (x) is continuous at x = 0
 3x 2 x < 0

f '( x) =
= 0 x 0
−3 x 2 x < 0

f '(0-) = f(0+) = 0
f (x) is differentiable at x = 0.

20.
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

 sin ( 2 x )2 
lim  2
+ e− x 
x →0
 x 
 sin ( 4 x 2 ) 
= lim  .4 + e −x

 ( 4 x )
2
x →0

= 5∴ k = 5

21.
f(x) = |x - 1| + |x - 3|
1 − x + 3 − x ; x <1

Defining f ( x)=  x − 1 + 3 − x ;1≤ x < 3

x −1 + x − 3 ; x≥3
4 − 2 x ; x <1

⇒ f ( x)  2
= ;1≤ x < 3
2 x − 4 ; x≥3

−2 ; x <1

f '( x)  0
⇒= ;1≤ x < 3
 2 ; x≥3

∴ f '(2) =
0

22.
f (x) = | sinx | - 1

∴ continuous everywhere.

23.
lim 3 x − 4 =2
x → 2−
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

lim 2 x + λ = 4 + λ
x → 2+

⇒λ+4=2
⇒λ = -2

24.
f(x) = (x2 - 1) |x2 - 3x + 2|
= (x2 - 1) |x - 1| |x - 2|
Now lim = −
f '( x) lim
= +
f '( x) 0
x →1 x →1

But lim− f '( x) ≠ lim+ f '( x)

x→2 x→2

Hence not differential at x = 2.

25.
π  1
f   = lim ( tan x ) x − π 1∞ form 
 4  x → π4 4

tan x −1
lim
π π
x→ x−
=e
4
4

sec2 x
lim
π 1
[ L' Hospital Rule]
x→
=e 4

= e2

26.
f (x) = [5 + 3 sin x]x ∈ [0, π]
x ∈ [0, π]
⇒ sinx ∈ [0, 1].
⇒ 0 ≤ 3 sin x ≤ 3
⇒ 5 ≤ 5 + 3 sin x ≤ 8
∴ f(x) ∈ {5, 6, 7, 8}
∴ Discontinuity at 4 points.

27.
2 f ( x) − 3 f (2 x) + f ( 4 x )  0 
lim 2  form 
x →0 x 0 
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

2 f '( x ) − 6 f '( 2x ) + 4 f '( 4x )

= lim
x →0 2x
2 f "( x) − 12 f "(2 x) + 16 f "( 4 x )
= lim
x →0 2
4 − 24 + 32 12
= = = 6
2 2

28.
f(x) = [x]2 - [x2 ]
g(x) = [x2 ] is continuous at x = 0 and discontinuous at x = 1.
and h(x) = [x]2 is discontinuous at x = 0 & x = 1
At x = 0
) lim− [ x ] −  x 2=
2
lim− f ( x=  1
x →0 x →0

) lim+ [ x ] −  x 2=
2
lim+ f ( x=  0
x →0 x →0

∴ Discontinuous at x = 0.
At x = 1
lim− f ( x) =[ x ] −  x 2  =0
2

x →1

lim+ f ( x) = [ x ] −  x 2  = 1 − 1 = 0
2

x →1

Hence continuous at x = 1.

29.
Since the function f(x) is continuous at x = 0, therefore,
lim f ( 0 − h=
) f ( 0=) lim f ( 0 + h )
h→0 h→0
sin 3 h

⇒ lim (1− | tan h |)

a /|tan h | sin 2 h
b=
= lim e
h→0 h→0
sin 3 h / 3 h 3
−a .
⇒ lim (1− | tan h |)
−1/|tan h |
 =lim e sin 2 h / 2 h
b= 2
h→0   h→0

3
⇒ e− a =b= e3/ 2 ⇒ a = − and b =e3/ 2
2

30.
f(x) = |cos 2x| ;
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

π
f (x) = - cos 2x; x >
4
f '(x) = 2 sin 2x.
π  π
⇒ f '   = 2sin = 2
4 2

31.
sin x 2 sin x 2
lim = lim .x= 0= f (0)
x →0 x x →0 x2
∴ Continuous at x = 0.
2 x 2 cos x 2 − sin x 2
lim f '( x) = lim
x →0 x →0 x2
 sin x 2 
= lim  2cos ( x 2 ) − 2 
x →0
 x 
=2-1=1
Hence differentiable at x = 0.

32.
sin 2 x + 1
Given the function f ( x) =
sin x − cos x
The function will be undefined when, sin x - cos x = 0
or, tan x = 1
π
or, x = nπ + [n = 0, ± 1, ±2,.....].
4
π
Corresponding to n = 0 we get x = .
4
So this is the point where the function is not defined and hence is not continuous.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

33.
ln (1 + ax ) − ln (1 − bx )
f ( x)= k= lim
x →0 x
a ln (1 + ax ) ln (1 − bx )
= lim − lim ( −b )
x →0 ax x →0 −bx
=a+b
⇒ k = a + b.

34.
Given, f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y), f(3) = 3 and f ' (0) = 11,
f ( x + h) − f ( x)
f '( x) = lim
h→0 h
f ( x ). f ( h ) − f ( x )
= lim
h→0 h
f (h) − 1
= f ( x).lim
h→0 (h)
f (h) − 1
f ' ( 3) = f ( 3) lim
h→0 h
f '(3) = f(3) . f '(0)
f '(3) = 3 × 11 = 33

35.
e tan x − 1 π 3π 5π
tan x
will be discontinuous at x = , , ,
e +1 2 2 2
π
hence, x = ( 2n + 1) , n ∈1
2

36.
 n 1
 x sin , x ≠ 0
f ( x) =  x
 0, x=0
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

 1 
( −h )
n
sin  
f ( −h ) − f ( 0 ) h
 −=  1  1
lim ( −h ) sin   = ( −1)
n −1 n
= lim
LHD = lim lim h n −1 sin  
h→0 −h h→0 −h h → 0
 −h  x →0
h
1
h n sin  
f ( h) − f ( 0)  n  lim h n −1 sin  1 
=RHD lim = lim =  
h→0 h h → 0 h h→0
h
For n < 0, f(x) is not continuous.
Now, n > 1 ; LHD = RHD = 0.
∴ 0 < n ≤ 1 , f (x) is continuous but not differentiable.

37.
 1 ; x<0

) ( 2 x − 1) ; 0 ≤ x < 1
2
f ( x=
 1 ; x ≥1

 0 ; x<0

x) 4 ( 2 x − 1) ; 0 < x < 1
∴ f '(=
 0 ; x >1

[not differentiable on x = 0, 1].

38.
a
lim− (1+ | sin x |) |sin x|
x →0
a
= lim− (1 − sin x )
−
sin x
x →0
 ( − a ) 
lim (1− sin x −1) − 
x → 0−  sin x  a
= e = e= b
⇒ a = log e b
tan 2 x  tan 2 x 3 x 2  2
lim  . . 
lim e = e
tan 3 x x → 0+ 
= e= b
2 x tan 3 x 3  3
x → 0+

2
⇒a=
3

39.
πx
lim− sin =1
x →1 2
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

lim | 2 x − 3 | [ x ] = lim+ ( 3 − 2 x ) .[ x ] = 1
x →1+ x →1

∴ Continuous at x = 1
 πx
sin , x <1
f ( x) =  2
 3 − 2 x, x ≥ 1

π π
 cos x, x < 1
f '( x) =  2 2
 −2, x ≥1
LHD = 0 and RHD = -2
∴ Not differentiable at x = 1.

40.
(4 − 1)
x 3

lim
x →0 x  x2 
sin   ln 1 + 
 p  3
3
 4x − 1 
lim  
=
x →0
 x 
x  x2 
sin   ln 1 + 
 p 1 3 1
lim × .  2 .
x →0 x p x 3
p 3
= (ln 4)3 3p = 12 (ln 4)3
⇒ p = 4.

41.
f ( x) = [ x sin π x ]
=f ( 0− ) lim
= −
[ x sin π x ] 0
x →0

=f ( 0 ) lim
= +
[ x sin π x ] 0
+
x →0

∴Continuous at x = 0.

42.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

| f ( x) − f ( y ) |
≤ ( x − y)
x− y
| f ( x) − f ( y ) |
lim ≤ lim ( x − y )
x→ y x− y x→ y

f '(x) = 0 ⇒ f (x) = C ⇒ f(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0

f (1) = 0

43.
 x 2 3 x 13
 − + ; x <1
 4 2 4
f=( x)  3− x ; 1≤ x < 3
 x−3 ; x>3


1 3 13
f (1− ) = − + = 2
4 2 4
f (1 ) = 3 - 1 = 2
+

∴ Continuous at x = 1.
f (3-) = 3 - 3 = 0
f (3+) = 3 - 3 = 0
∴ Continuous at x = 3.
x 3
2 − 2 x <1

f '( x) =  −1 1 ≤ x < 3
 1 x>3


1 3
f ' (1− ) = − = −1
2 2
f' (1+) = -1
∴ Differentiable at x = 1.
f' (3-) = -1
f' (3+) = 1
∴ Not differentiable at x = 3.

44.
4
Put x = 0, y = 0 ⇒ f(0) =
7
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

Now put y = 0
4 − 2 [ f ( x) + f (0) ]
f ( x) =
3
 4
⇒ 3 f ( x) = 4 − 2  f ( x) + 
 7
4
∴ f ( x) =
7

45.

46.
a x ....
If y = a x
y
Then, y = a x
Applying log to both sides
log y = xy log (a)
Applying again log to both sides
log (log y) = y log x + log (log a)
dy y 2 log y
=
dx x (1 − y log x log y )

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

47.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

y
= (8x + 7 ) e x
dy
=( 8 x + 7 ) e x + 8e x
dx

48.
y= ( 4x 2
− 3 x − 7 ) log x
dy 1
= ( 4 x 2 − 3 x − 7 ) + log x ( 8 x − 3)
dx x
dy 4 x − 3 x − 7 + x log x.( 8 x − 3)
2

=
dx x

49.
ex
If y =
cos x
dy cos x.e x − e x ( − sin x )
=
( cos x )
2
dx
dy e x cos x + e x sin x
=
( cos x )
2
dx

50.
y = sin ( −5 x 2 − 8 x + 2 )
dy
= cos ( −5 x 2 − 8 x + 2 ) .( −10 x − 8 )
dx
dy
=− cos ( −5 x 2 − 8 x + 2 ) (10 x + 8 )
dx

51.
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

=y 2 x 1 + x2
dy 1
= 2x .2 x + 1 + x 2 .2
dx 2 1+ x 2

dy 2 x + (1 + x ) .2
2 2

=
dx 1 + x2
dy 4 x 2 + 2
=
dx 1 + x2

52.
x2
y=
log (1 − 4 x 2 )
1
log (1 − 4 x 2 ) .2 x − x 2 . − 8x
dy 1 − 4x2
=
( log (1 − 4 x ))
2
dx 2

dy (1 − 4 x ) log (1 − 4 x ) 2 x + 8 x
2 2 3

=
(
(1 − 4 x 2 ) log (1 − 4 x 2 ) )
2
dx

53.
d sin x3 x3 1
e = esin .cos x3 . 3x 2
dx 2 x 3

d sin x3 cos x3 .3 x 2 x3
e = .esin
dx 2 x3

54.
d dy
tan y 2 = sec 2 y 2 .2 y
dx dx
d dy
tan y 2 = 2 y.sec 2 y 2
dx dx

55.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

( )
n
y =1 + x 2 + a 2

dy
( 
) 1 
n −1
=n 1 + x 2 + a 2 . .2 x 
dx 2
2 x +a
2


( )
n −1  
dy x
=n 1 + x 2 + a 2 . 
dx 2 2
 x +a 

56.
y x3 y + y 2 x
=
dy dy dy
= x3 + y3x 2 + y 2 + x 2 y
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
− x3 − 2 xy =3 x 2 y + y 2
dx dx dx
dy
dx
(1 − x 3 − 2 xy )= 3 x 2 y + y 2

dy 3x 2 y + y 3
=
dx (1 − x 3 − 2 xy )

57.
x 2 + y=
2
tan ( x + y )
dy  dy 
2x + 2 y = sec 2 ( x + y ) .1 + 
dx  dx 
dy dy
2 x + 2 y = sec 2 ( x + y ) + sec 2 ( x + y )
dx dx

( 2 y − sec2 ( x + y ) ) dy
= sec 2 ( x + y ) − 2 x
dx
dy sec 2 ( x + y ) − 2 x
=
dx ( 2 y − sec 2 ( x + y ) )

58.
x = sin θ
dx
= cosθ
dθ
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

dy
y = cos 2 θ
dx
dy
= −2cosθ sin θ
dθ
dy
dy dθ −2cosθ sin θ
= = = −2sin θ
dx dx cosθ
dθ

59.
3
x = e−t
dx
= e − t ( −1) ( 3t 2 )
3

dt
dx
= −e − t ( 3t 2 )
3

dt
y = sin −1 t 2
dy 1
= 2t
dt
( )
2
1− t2
dy 2t
=
dt 1− t4
dy
dy dt
=
dx dx
dt
2t
dy 4
= −1t 3− t 2
dx e .3t

60.
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

u = cos x 2
du
= − sin x 2 .2 x
dx
v = x2
dv
= 2x
dx
du
du dx − sin x 2 .2 x
= = = − sin x 2
dv dv 2x
dx

61.
y = ( sin x )
x

log y = x log ( sin x )

1 dy 1
= x + log ( sin x )
y dx sin x
dy  x 
= y + log ( sin x ) 
dx  sin x 
dy x x 
= ( sin x )  + log ( sin x ) 
dx  sin x 

62.
 a−x 
y = tan −1  
 1 + ax 
=y tan −1 a − tan −1 x
dy 1 −1
= 0− 2
=2
dx 1+ x 1+ x
dy −1
=
dx 1 + x 2

63.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

y = log ( sin x )
dy 1
= cos x
dx sin x
dy cos x
=
dx sin x
dy
= cot x
dx
d2y
= − cosec 2 x
dx 2

64.
=y ae3 x + e 2 x
dy
= a.3e3 x + 2e 2 x
dx
d2y
= 3a.3e3 x + 2.2e 2 x
dx 2
d2y
= 2
9ae3 x + 4e 2 x
dx

65.
x2
d d d
= ∫
dx 3
et dt e x .x 2 − e3 .3
dx dx
x2
d
∫
dx 3
et dt = 2 xe x

66.
x
d d d
∫
dx 3
cos 2 tdt = cos 2 x .x − cos 2 3. .3 = cos 2 x
dx dx

67.
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

x a (1 − cos3 θ )
=
dx
= a ( −3cos 2 θ ( − sin θ ) )
dθ
= 3a cos 2 θ sin θ
y = a sin 3 θ
dy
= a.3sin 2 θ .cosθ
dθ
dy
= 3a sin 2 θ .cosθ
dθ
dy
= 3a sin 2 θ cosθ
dθ
dy
dy dθ 3a sin 2 θ cosθ
= =
dx dx 3a cos 2 θ sin θ
dθ
dy sin θ
= = tan θ
dx cosθ
d2y
2
= sec 2 θ
dx

68.
−1
y = e tan x

Differentiating with respective x

dy −1 1
= e tan x
dx 1 + x2
1
(1 + x 2 ) .e tan x
−1
tan −1 x
− e .2 x
d2y
=
(1 + x2 )

(1 + x 2 )
2
dx 2
−1 −1
d 2 y e tan x − 2 xe tan x

( ) dx 2 =
1 + x 2

(1 + x 2 )
−1
2 tan x

(1 + x ) ddxy2 = 1e + x 2 (1 − 2 x )
2

d2y dy
(1 + x ) dx 2 =
2
(1 − 2 x )
dx
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

d2y dy
(1 + x ) dx 2 =
2
(1 − 2 x ) =
dx
0

Hence Proved