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8 Exponential Functions

The document provides information about exponential functions including: - Exponential functions can be written as f(x)=bx where b is the base and x is the exponent. - The domain of exponential functions is all real numbers and the range is positive real numbers. - Examples of graphs of exponential functions y=2x, y=3x, and y=4x are shown along with their properties. - Transformations of exponential graphs including reflections in the x and y axes are discussed. - The natural exponential function f(x)=ex is introduced along with examples of its graph.

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Prin Cess
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views

8 Exponential Functions

The document provides information about exponential functions including: - Exponential functions can be written as f(x)=bx where b is the base and x is the exponent. - The domain of exponential functions is all real numbers and the range is positive real numbers. - Examples of graphs of exponential functions y=2x, y=3x, and y=4x are shown along with their properties. - Transformations of exponential graphs including reflections in the x and y axes are discussed. - The natural exponential function f(x)=ex is introduced along with examples of its graph.

Uploaded by

Prin Cess
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exponential

Functions
Lesson Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students must be
able to:
• define exponential function;
• find the domain and range of an exponential
function through table of values; and
• graph exponential functions.
Exponential Function
An exponential function can be written as
f (x) = bˣ

where b > 0, b ≠ 1, and x is any real number

In the equation f(x) = bˣ, b is a constant called


the base and x is an independent variable
called the exponent.
Here are some examples of exponential
functions.

The following are not exponential functions.


Zero as an Exponent
• If a ≠ 0, then a⁰ = 1

Illustration:
To evaluate 3⁰ ∙ 3², we have
3⁰ ∙ 3² = 3⁰⁺² = 3² = 9 or
3⁰ ∙ 3² = 1 ∙ 3² = 1 ∙ 9 = 9
Negative Exponent
• If n is any integer, and a and b are not equal to
zero, then
n n n
n 1 1 a b
a     n and    
a a b a
• Illustration
2-3 = =

Note: The negative exponent does not make the


answer negative
Properties of Exponential Functions and
Their Graphs
Let f(x) = bˣ, b > 1, and b ≠ 1.

1. The domain is the set of real numbers, (-∞, ∞).


2. The range is the set of positive real numbers, (0, ∞).
3. If b > 1, f is an increasing exponential function. If 0 <
b < 1, f is a decreasing exponential function
4. The function passes through the point (0,1) because
f(0) = b⁰ = 1.
5. The graph approaches but does not reach the x-axis.
The x-axis is the horizontal asymptote.
Example 1
Sketch the graph of y = 2ˣ, y = 3ˣ, and y = 4ˣ in
one plane. Describe the significance of the
constant b in the equation y = bˣ
Solution to Example 1
Compute some function values and list the results
in a table.
Example 2
Sketch the graph of y = 2ˣ, y = 2ˣ⁻¹ in one plane.
Describe the graph
Solution to Example 2
Compute some function values and list the results
in a table.
Example 3
Sketch the graph of y = 2ˣ, y = 2ˣ-1, and y = 2ˣ - 2
in one plane.
Describe the graphs.
Solution to Example 3
Compute some function values and list the results
in a table.
Example 8
Graph each group of functions in one plane.
Describe the graphs.
a. y = 2ˣ and y = -2ˣ
b. y = 2ˣ and y = 2⁻ˣ
c. y = 2ˣ, y = 2 (2ˣ), and y = 3(2ˣ)
d. y = 2ˣ and y = ½ (2ˣ)
Solution to Example 8
Solution to Example 8
Solution to Example 8
Solution to Example 8
Transformations Involving Exponential
Functions
Reflections in the Coordinate Axes
Reflections in the coordinate axes of the graph y
= f(x) are represented as follows:

1. Reflection in the x-axis: f(x) = -f(x)

2. Reflection in the y-axis: f(x) = f(-x)


Example 9
Use equation 1 to describe the transformation
that yields the graph of equation 2.
Solution to Example 9
Example 10

Graph: x = 2ʸ.
Solution to Example 10
The Euler’s number e is called the natural
number. The function f(x) = eˣ is called the
natural exponential junction. For the
exponential function f(x) = eˣ, e is the constant
2.71828183…, whereas x is the variable.
Example 11
Use a calculator to calculate the expression.
a. e⁰∙⁰¹
b. e.⁰∙⁵
c. e. ⁰∙¹
d. e²
Solution to Example 11
Example 12

Sketch the graph: y = eˣ and y = e⁻ˣ.


Solution to Example 12
a. Construct the table of values. Plot the points and
connect with smooth curve.
Solution to Example 12
b. Construct the table of values. Plot the points and
connect with smooth curve.
Example 13

Sketch the graph of each natural exponential


function.
a. f(x) = 2e⁻⁰∙²⁴ˣ
b. g(x) = 1 e⁰∙⁵⁸ˣ
2
Solution to Example 13
To sketch the two graphs, use a calculator to construct a
table of values as shown below. After constructing the
table, plot the points and connect them with smooth
curve.
Example 14

Find the base of the exponential function whose


graph contains the given points.
a. (1, 4)
b. (2/3 , 4)
Solution to Example 14
Exercise A
Evaluate the following for the indicated value(s) of x.
1
1. f(x) = 3x; x = 1, x= 3
1
2. f(x) = 4 - 3x; x = 4, x =2
1
3. g(x) = 3ˣ; x = , x = 4 2
2x
1 1
 
4. h(x) =  3 ; x = , 2x = -1

5. f(x) = 3ˣ⁻¹; x = 2, x = -2
Exercise B
Make a table of coordinates then graph each
function.
1. f(x) = 5ˣ 6. g(x) = 4⁻ˣ⁺²
x
2. f(x) = 6⁻ˣ 7. h(x) =  2 
 3
3. g(x) = -5ˣ x
4. f(x) = 3ˣ⁻² 8. f(x) =  1 
 
 x 1
 3
5. f(x) =  
1
2
Exercise C
Find the base of the exponential function whose
graph contains the given points.
1
1. (2, 16) 5. (4, )
625
2. (1, 10)
3
3. (3, 64) 6. ( , 27)
1 2
4. (3, )
343

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