Analytic Geometry with Calculus

Functions

MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology

Analytic Geometry with Calculus

Relations and
Functions
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 Relations and
Functions
Objectives:
https://hindscc.instructure.com/courses/182666/files/13659549?module_item_id=3494941

Introduction to Functions
Example

Determine the domain and range of the relation {(4,9), (–4,9), (2,3),
(10, –5)}

• Domain is the set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pairs: {4,
–4, 2, 10}

• Range is the set of all the second coordinates of the ordered pairs:
{9, 3, –5}
 Example
Find the domain and range of the following relation.

•Input (Animal) •Output (Life Span)

•Polar Bear • 20
•Cow
•Chimpanzee • 15
•Giraffe
•Gorilla • 10
•Kangaroo
•Red Fox • 7
 Example (cont)

Domain is {Polar Bear, Cow, Chimpanzee, Giraffe, Gorilla,

Kangaroo, Red Fox}

Range is {20, 15, 10, 7}

Functions
Some relations are also functions.

A function is a relation in which each first component in the ordered

pairs corresponds to exactly one second component.
Example
Is the relation{(4,9), (–4,9), (2,3), (10, –5)}, also a function?

Since each element of the domain is paired with only one element
of the range, it is a function.

Note: It’s okay for a y-value to be assigned to more than one x-

value, but an x-value cannot be assigned to more than one y-value
(has to be assigned to ONLY one y-value).
 Example
Is the relation y = x2 – 2x a function?

Since each element of the domain (the

x-values) would produce only one element of the range
(the y-values), it is a function.
Vertical Line Test

Graphs can be used to determine if a relation is a function.

Vertical Line Test

If no vertical line can be drawn so that it intersects a graph more than once,
the graph is not the graph of a function.
 Example
y
Use the vertical line test to
determine whether the
graph to the right is the
graph of a function.

x
Since no vertical line will
intersect this graph more
than once, it is the graph of
a function.
 Example
y
Use the vertical line test to
determine whether the
graph to the right is the
graph of a function.

x
Since no vertical line will
intersect this graph more
than once, it is the graph of
a function.
 Example
y
Use the vertical line test to
determine whether the
graph to the right is the
graph of a function.

Since vertical lines can be x

drawn that intersect the
graph in two points, it is
NOT the graph of a
function.
 Vertical Line Test
Since the graph of a linear equation is a line, all linear equations
are functions, except those whose graph is a vertical line

Note: An equation of the form y = c is a horizontal line and IS a

function.
An equation of the form x = c is a vertical line and IS NOT a
function.
 Example
y
Find the domain and range
of the function graphed to Domain
the right. Use interval
notation.

x
Range
Domain is [–3, 4]
Range is [–4, 2]
 Example
y
Find the domain and range
of the function graphed to
the right. Use interval
notation. Range

Domain is (– , )
Range is [– 2, ) Domain
Helpful Hint
Note that f(x) is a special symbol in mathematics used to denote a
function. The symbol f(x) is read “f of x.” It does not mean f • x (f
times x).
 Example

Find each function value.

a. If f(x) = 4x – 1, find f(2).
f(2) = 4(2) – 1 = 7

b. If g(x) = x2 – 2x, find g(–3).

g(–3) = (–3)2 – 2(–3) = 9 – (–6) = 15
 Example
y
Given the graph of the
following function, find each
function value by inspecting
the graph.
f(x)
f(5) = 8
x
f(4) = 3
f(−5) = −1
f(−6) = −7
Analytic Geometry with Calculus

OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student are expected to:
• identify the different operations on functions
• enumerate the steps on how to perform the different operations on
functions
• perform the indicated operations of the given functions; and
• manifest the value of patience, and analytical and critical thinking skills
• In this lesson, the different operations on functions are to be
discussed. These are the Sum, the Difference, the Product, the
Quotient, and the Product of a Constant and a Function.

• The process on how we perform the different

operations on algebraic expressions are to applied
in order to perform the said operations.
Definition. Given two functions f and g, the sum of two
functions, f + g, is defined by the equation,

(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)

Find the sum of the given functions given
the following:
Given f(x) = 6x – 1.
g(x) = x + 5
P(x) = x² + 3x + 2
h(x) = x²- 5x + 4
Equation:
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)

Substitute the given functions to the equation:

(f + g) (x) = 6x – 1 +x + 5
Simplify:
(f + g) (x) = 7x + 4
Therefore, the sum of the functions f and g is 7x + 4.
Equation:
(g + P) (x) = g(x) + P(x)

Solution the given functions to the equation:

(g + P) (x) = x + 5 + x²+ 3x + 2

Simplify:
(g + P) (x) = x² + 4x + 7
Therefore, the sum of the functions g and P is x² + 4x + 7.
Equation:
(f + h) (x) = f(x) + h(x)

Substitute the given functions to the equation:

(f + h) = 6x – 1 + x² - 5x + 4

Simplify:
(f + h) (x) = x² + x + 3
Therefore, the sum of the functions f and h is x² + x + 3.
In finding the sum of the functions, the following steps will be
applied:

1. Write the equation based on the given functions.

2. Substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.

3. Simplify the values to get the final answer.

Definition: Given two functions, f and g, the difference of two
functions, f – g, is defined by the equation,

(f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x)

Find the difference of the given functions given the following:
Given:
f(x) = 6x – 1
g(x) = x + 5
P(x) = x² + 3x + 2
h(x) =x² - 5x + 4
Equation:
(f – g) (x) = f(x) –g(x)
Substitute the given functions to the equation:
(f – g) (x) = 6x – 1 – (x + 5)
Distribute the negative sign to the quantities in the parenthesis:
(f – g) (x) = 6x – 1 – x – 5
Simplify:
(f – g) (x) = 5x – 6
Therefore, the difference of the functions f and g is 5x – 6.
Equation:
(g – P) (x) = g(x) – P(x)
Substitute the given functions to the equation:
(g – P) (x) = x + 5 – (x² + 3x + 2)
Distribute the negative sign to the quantities in the parenthesis:
(g – P) (x) = x + 5 – x² – 3x – 2
Simplify:
(g – P) (x) = -x² – 2x + 3
Therefore, the difference of the functions g and P is –x² – 2x + 3.
Equation:
(f – h) (x) = f(x) – h(x)
Substitute the given functions to the equation:
(f – h) (x) = 6x – 1 – (x² -5x + 4)
Distribute the negative signs to the quantities in the parenthesis:
(f – h) (x) = 6x – 1 – x² + 5x – 4
Simplify:
(f – h) (x) = -x² + 11x – 5
Therefore, the difference of the functions f and h is –x² + 11x – 5.
In finding the difference of two functions, the following steps
will be applied:
1. write the equation based on the given functions.
2. substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.
3. distribute the negative or minus sign on the quantities inside
the parenthesis.
4. simplify the values to get the final answer.
Definition: Given two functions, f and g, the product of two
functions, f and g, is defined by the equation,

(f . g) (x) = f(x) . g(x)

Find the products of the following functions given:
Given:
f(x) = x – 1
g(x) = x + 5
P(x) = x² + 3x + 2
h(x) = x² – 5x + 4
G(x) = 2x
Equation:
(G. f) (x) = G(x) . f(x)

Substitute the given functions to the equation:

(G . f) (x) = 2x (x – 1)

Multiply the quantities by applying the Law of Exponents:

(G . f) (x) = 2x² – 2x

Therefore, the product of the functions G and f is 2x² – 2x.

Equation:
(f . g) (x) = f(x) . g(x)
Substitute the given functions to the equations:
(f . g) (x) = (x – 1) (x + 5)
Multiply the quantities by applying the Laws of Exponents
horizontally or vertically:
(f . g) (x) = x² + 5x – x – 5
Simplify
(f . g) (x) = x² + 4x – 5
Therefore, the product of the functions g and h is x² + 4x – 5.
Equation:
(g . h) (x) = g(x) . h(x)

Substitute the given functions to the equation:

(g . h) (x) = (x + 5) (x² -5x + 4)
Multiply the quantities by applying the Laws of Exponents
horizontally or vertically:

(g . h) (x) = x³ – 5x² + 4x + 5x² – 25x + 20

Simplify
(g . h) (x) = x³ – 21x + 20

Therefore, the product of the functions g and h is x³ – 21x + 20.

In finding the product of two functions, the following steps will
be applied:
1. write the equation based on the given functions.

2. substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.

3. Multiply the given functions horizontally and vertically by

applying the laws of exponents.

4. simplify the values to get the final answer.

Definition: Given two functions, f and g, such that 𝑔 ≠ 0, the
quotient of two functions, 𝑓/𝑔, is defined by the equation,

(𝑓/𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑔(𝑥)

Given:
f(x) = x – 1
g(x) = x + 5
P(x) = x² – 2x + 1
h(x) = x² + 10x + 25
G(x) = 2x – 2
Equation:
(𝑓/𝑔) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) / 𝑔(𝑥)
Substitute the given functions to the equation:
(𝑓/𝑔) (𝑥) = (𝑥 – 1) / (𝑥 – 5)
Since x – 1 is not divisible by x + 5, the quotient of
f and g is (𝑥 – 1) / (𝑥 + 5).
Equation:
(𝐺/𝑓) (𝑥) = 𝐺(𝑥) / 𝑓(𝑥)
Substitute the given functions to the
equation:
(𝐺/𝑓) (𝑥) = (2𝑥 – 2) / (𝑥 – 1)
Divide the numerator by the denominator or apply the different
kinds of factoring:
(𝐺/𝑓) (𝑥) = 2(𝑥 – 1) / (𝑥 – 1)
Simplify:
(𝐺/𝑓) (𝑥) = 2

Therefore the quotient of the functions

G and f is 2.
Equation:
(𝑔/ℎ) (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) / ℎ(𝑥)
Substitute the given functions to the equation

(𝑔/ℎ) (𝑥) = (𝑥 + 5) / (𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 25)

Divide the numerator by the denominator or apply the different
kinds of factoring:
(𝑔/ℎ) (𝑥) = (𝑥 + 5) / ( 𝑥 + 5 ) ( 𝑥 + 5 )
Simplify:
(𝑔/ℎ) (𝑥) = 1 / (𝑥 + 5)
Therefore the quotient of the functions
1
g and h is 𝑥+5 .
In finding the quotient of two functions, the following steps will
be applied:
1. write the equation based on the given functions.

2. substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.

3. divide the numerator by the denominator or apply the

different kinds of factoring.

4. simplify the value to get the final answer.

Definition: Given the constant c and the function f, the product
of a constant and a function, (c . f) (x),is defined by the
equation,
(𝑐 . 𝑓) (𝑥) = 𝑐 . 𝑓(𝑥)
Find the sum of the given functions given the following:

Given:
f(x) = 6x – 1
P(x) = x² + 3x + 2
h(x) = x² – 5x + 4
g(x) = x + 5
Equation:
(4 . 𝑔) (𝑥) = 4 . 𝑔 (𝑥)
Substitute the given functions to the equation:
4 . 𝑔 𝑥 = 4 (𝑥 + 5)
Distribute the constant to the quantities inside the parenthesis
and simplify:
(4 . 𝑔) (𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 20
Therefore, the product of the constant 4 and the function g is
4𝑥 + 20.
Equation:
(−2 . 𝑃) (𝑥) = −2 . 𝑃 (𝑥)
Substitute the given functions to the equation:
(−2 . 𝑝) (𝑥) = −2 (𝑥² + 3𝑥 + 2)
Distribute the constant to the quantities inside the parenthesis
and simplify:
(−2 . 𝑃) (𝑥) = −2𝑥² – 6𝑥 – 4
Therefore, the product of the constant -2 and the function P is -
2𝑥² – 6𝑥 – 4.
Equation:
(−3 . ℎ) (𝑥) = −3 . ℎ (𝑥)
Substitute the given functions to the equation:
(−3 . ℎ) (𝑥) = −3 (𝑥² – 5𝑥 + 4)
Distribute the constant to the quantities inside the
parenthesis and simplify:
(−3 . ℎ) (𝑥) = 3𝑥² + 15𝑥 – 12
Therefore, the product of the constant -3 and the
function h is (−3 . ℎ) (𝑥) = −3𝑥² + 15𝑥 – 12.
In finding the product of a constant and a function, the
following steps will be applied:

1. write the equation based on the given functions.

2. substitute the given values of the functions to the equation.

3. distribute the constant to the quantities in the parenthesis

and simplify.
 Analytic Geometry with Calculus

Domain and Range

MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology

 Domain and Range

Objective:
• Determine the domain and the range of a
function
 It has been introduced in the former part of this module
about the domain and the range of some relations given points.
Now, we try to understand more about these terms and solve
for some examples and how to state its values in a given
function.
Suppose, we are given a function from X into Y.
Recall, for each element x in X there is exactly one
corresponding element 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in Y.
This element 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in Y we call the image of x.
The domain of a function is the set X. That is a collection of all
possible x-values.
The range of a function is the set of all images as x varies
throughout the domain.
Learn how to find the domain of a variety of functions. The type of function will determine
the best method for finding a domain. Here are the basics that you need to know about each
type of function, which will be explained in the next section:
A polynomial function without radicals or variables in the denominator. For this type of
function, the domain is all real numbers.
A function with a fraction with a variable in the denominator. To find the domain of this
type of function, set the bottom equal to zero and exclude the x value you find when you solve
the equation.
A function with a variable inside a radical sign. To find the domain of this type of function,
just set the terms inside the radical sign to >0 and solve to find the values that would work for x.
A function using the natural log (ln). Just set the terms in the parentheses to >0 and solve.
A graph. Check out the graph to see which values work for x.
A relation. This will be a list of x and y coordinates. Your domain will simply be a list of x
coordinates.
The proper notation for the domain is easy to learn, but it is important that you write it
correctly to express the correct answer and get full points on assignments and tests.
Here are a few things you need to know about writing the domain of a function:The
format for expressing the domain is an open bracket/parenthesis, followed by the 2
endpoints of the domain separated by a comma, followed by a closed
bracket/parenthesis.
• For example, [-1,5). This means that the domain goes from -1 to 5.
Use brackets such as [ and ] to indicate that a number is included in the domain.
• So in the example, [-1,5), the domain includes -1.
Use parentheses such as ( and ) to indicate that a number is not included in the
domain.
• So in the example, [-1,5), 5 is not included in the domain. The domain stops
arbitrarily short of 5, i.e. 4.999…
Use “U” (meaning "union") to connect parts of the domain that are
separated by a gap.'
• For example, [-1,5) U (5,10]. This means that the domain goes from -1 to
10, inclusive, but that there is a gap in the domain at 5. This could be the
result of, for example, a function with “x - 5” in the denominator.
• You can use as many "U" symbols as necessary if the domain has multiple
gaps in it.
Use infinity and negative infinity signs to express that the domain goes on
infinitely in either direction.
• Always use ( ), not [ ], with infinity symbols.
In dealing with the Range of a Function, the same procedure is
to be used for all cases but with the idea that we have to isolate
𝑥 in terms of 𝑦 and used the methods to restrict 𝑦.

The same concepts are true in stating the range of the function.
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏
𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 ≔ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ≔ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

This is because 𝑓 is a polynomial function.

 𝒙+𝟐
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙−𝟓
Since this is a rational function, we have to restrict that the denominator should be nonzero,
5 𝟓 𝟓
that is, 3𝑥 − 5 ≠ 0 ↔ 𝑥 ≠ 3. This is our domain. 𝑫𝒐 ≔ 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ −∞, 𝟑 ∪ 𝟑 , +∞ .
𝑥+2
For the range, we set 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 so that 𝑦 = 3𝑥−5 . We now isolate 𝑥 in the function as follows:
𝑦 3𝑥 − 5 = 𝑥 + 2
3𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 = 5𝑦 + 2
𝑥 3𝑦 − 1 = 5𝑦 + 2
5𝑦 + 2
𝑥=
3𝑦 − 1
1
Restrict 𝑦 in the denominator as 3𝑦 − 1 ≠ 0 ↔ 𝑦 ≠ 3. This is our range.
𝟏 𝟏
𝑹𝒂 ≔ 𝒚 𝒚 ∈ −∞, 𝟑 ∪ 𝟑 , +∞ .
3. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟗 − 𝒙𝟐
This is a radical function and since the radical is a square root,
note that the value inside the radical should be nonnegative,
that is, 9 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 0. So,
9 − 𝑥2 ≥ 0 ↔ 𝑥2 ≤ 9
𝑥 ≤3
𝑥 ≤ 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ −3 ↔ −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑥 ∈ [−3,3]
𝑫𝒐 ≔ 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ −𝟑, 𝟑
For the range, set 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 9 − 𝑥 2 and solve for 𝑥 in
terms of 𝑦, that is, 𝑦 = 9 − 𝑥 2 . Square both sides to get
𝑦2 = 9 − 𝑥2 ↔ 𝑥2 = 9 − 𝑦2
𝑥 = 9 − 𝑦2
and restrict 𝑦 to be 9 − 𝑦 2 ≥ 0. Similarly, we get 𝑦 ∈ −3,3
and thus the range of 𝑓 now is

𝑹𝒂 ≔ 𝒚 𝒚 ∈ −𝟑, 𝟑
Stewart, J. (2016). Calculus: Early Trancendentals (8th Edition). Cengage Learning.
Larson, Ron and Bruce H. Edwards (2014). Calculus. Ninth Edition. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd
Anton, Howard, Bivens Irl C., and Davis, Stephen (2010). Calculus: Early Transcendental, Combined,
Ninth Edition. John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd
Stewart, James (2003). Calculus, 5th edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning.
Ron Larson, Robert P. Hostetler (2014). Precalculus A Concise Course, Cengage Learning

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