Prepaid Energy Meter: Visit Us, Choose The Project You Like and Click The Download Button

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PREPAID ENERGY METER
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VISIT US, CHOOSE THE PROJECT YOU LIKE AND
CLICK THE DOWNLOAD BUTTON
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a dedicated task.
One of the most critical needs of an embedded system is to decrease power consumption and
space. Some of the main devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors and
Microcontrollers. Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they
simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output. These microprocessors contain no RAM, no
ROM, and no I/O ports on the chip itself .For this reason, they are commonly referred to as generalpurpose microprocessors. In contrast, a microcontroller has a CPU (microprocessor) in addition to a
fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and a timer all are embedded together on one chip. A
microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with
various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result.
1.2 MICROCONTROLLERS:
1.2.1 INTRODUCTION:
A Micro controller is a computer-on-a-chip or a single-chip computer. Micro
suggests that the device is small and Controller tells that the device might be used to control
objects, processes or events.
The core of many specialized computers is the micro controller. The computers program is
typically stored permanently in semiconductor memory such as ROM or EPROM. The interfaces
between the micro controller and the outside world vary with application, and may include a small
display, a keypad or switches, sensors, relays, motors and so on. These small, special purpose
computers are sometimes called Single Board Computers or SBCs.
A micro controller is similar to the microprocessor inside a personal computer. Examples
are Intels 8086, Zilogs Z80. Both microprocessors and micro controllers contain CPU. The CPU
executes instructions that perform the basic logic, math, and data-moving functions of a computer.
To make a complete computer, a microprocessor requires memory for storing data and programs, and
I/O interfaces for connecting external devices like keyboard and displays. In contrast, micro
controllers are a single-chip computer because it contains memory and I/O interfaces in addition to
the CPU. It tends to limit the amount of memory and interfaces that can fit on single chip, micro
controllers tend to be used in smaller system. Examples of popular micro controllers are Intels 8052,
89C052, AT89s52, Motorolas 68HC11 and Zilogs Z80.
Page 2
Microcontrollers are little more than a carefully designed array of logic gates and
memory cells, but modern fabrication processes allow thousands of these to fit on a single chip. By
using a microcontroller can reduce the number or components and thus the amount of design work
and wiring required for the project.
1.2.2 FEATURES:
Microcontrollers are special purpose computers. These are a number of
common characteristics that define microcontrollers:
Microcontrollers are embedded inside some other device (often a consumer product) so that
they can control the features or actions of the product. Another name for a microcontroller,
therefore, is embedded controller.
Microcontrollers are dedicated to one task and run one specific program. The program is
stored in ROM (Read Only Memory) and generally does not change.
Microcontrollers are often low-power devices. A battery-operated microcontroller might
consume 50 milli watts.
A microcontroller has a dedicated input device and often has a small LED or LCD display for
output. A microcontroller also takes input from the device it is controlling and controls the
device by sending signals to different components in the device.
A microcontroller is often small and low cost. The components are chosen to minimize size
and to be as inexpensive as possible.
Basic functions of microcontroller include performing arithmetic and logic

operations, data moving and program branching functions. Control circuits often require reading or
changing single bits of input or output rather than reading and writing a byte at a time. For example
the MC might use 8 bits of the output is required to switch power to 8 sockets. If each socket must
operate independently of the others, a way is needed to change each bit without affecting the others.
Many microcontrollers use bit manipulation op-codes that allow programs to set, clear, compare,
copy or perform other logic operations on single bits of data, rather than a byte at a time.
1.2.3 ADVANTAGE OF MICROCONTROLLERS

We go for Microcontroller instead of microprocessor because in addition to parts
of microprocessors, microcontroller has ROM, RAM, I/O ports integrated on it. 8051
Microcontroller ATMEL 89s52 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with
8Kbytes of Flash programmable (1000 Write/Erase Cycles) and electrically erasable read only
memory (EEPROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard 8051 instruction set and
pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be quickly reprogrammed using a
nonvolatile memory programmer such as the PG302 (with the ADT87 adapter). By combining an
industry standard 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the 89S52 is a powerful microcomputer
which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.
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1.2.4 APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLERS:

Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products nowadays a
microcontroller inside a device can measure, controls, stores or displays information. The largest use
of microcontroller is engine control and additional systems. In desktop computers we may find
microcontrollers inside keyboards, printers, modems and other peripherals. In test equipment,
microcontrollers make things easier to store measurement, and to display messages and waveforms.
1.3 PREPAID ENERGY SYSTEM:

In this system the user has to purchase an EEPROM based recharge card and it should be
inserted in the slot provided on prepaid energy meter kit. After inserting the recharge card into the
system, the user should press RECHARGE key to start recharge. Then the system will be loaded
with specific units as per the recharge card value. A 16X2 LCD is provided to read units available.
Here the system is connected with lamp loads. Microcontroller counts the pulses from the
optocoupler of the energy meter which depends on the energy consumption. Whenever the count
value reaches specific value which depends on the energy meter constant, 1unit is decremented and
these values are displayed on LCD.
1.4 ORGANIZATION OF PROJECT:

In our project a microcontroller named AT89S52 is used to count the pulses from the
optocoupler, to display message and number of units on LCD, and to trip the relay. An EEPROM
named AT24C02 is provided on the board to store the updated recharge units and energy meter pulse
count. At every instant the count value and units values are stored in EEPROM so that the data will
not be lost even in power failure cases. When 1 unit is decremented from EEPROM the system will
give a beep sound. When the recharged units become zero on power consumption, the system
shutdown all the loads connected to it by giving a continuous beep sound. To use the system again
the user has to reload the units by recharging the EEPROM.
fig 1.1 Block diagram of prepaid energy meter

Page 4
To recharge the system the user has to place the EEPROM based recharge card in slot
provided. After pressing the recharge key, the system will be loaded with the units corresponding to
that recharge value. After successful recharge, the load automatically gets ON.
This system uses 5V regulated power supply for microcontroller, LCD, EEPROM and driver
IC and 12V supply for relay which is supplied form a step down transformer.
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CHAPTER 2
COMPONENTS USED IN THE MODEL
AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER
2.1 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)

2.1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products.
Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed
amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The fixed amount of
on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many
applications in which cost and space are critical.
The Intel 8051 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (C) which was
developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early
1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with 8051compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers
including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products.
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Fig 2.1 AT89S52 Microcontroller

8051 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time.
Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. 8051 is
available in different memory types such as UV-EPROM, Flash and NV-RAM.
The present project is implemented on Keil Vision. In order to program the device, proload
tool has been used to burn the program onto the microcontroller.
The features, pin description of the microcontroller and the software tools used are discussed
in the following sections.
Why AT89S52? :
The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit
micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to implement due to large
number of internal features. They are also faster and more reliable but, the above application is
satisfactorily served by 8-bit micro controller. Using an inexpensive 8-bit Microcontroller will doom
the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place.
Coming to the question of why to use AT89S52 of all the 8-bit Microcontroller available in
the market the main answer would be because it has 64 KB Flash and 1024 bytes of data RAM. . The
Flash program memory supports both parallel programming and in Serial In-System Programming
(ISP). The AT89S52 is also In-Application Programmable (IAP), allowing the Flash program
memory to be reconfigured even while the application is running.
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2.1.2 FEATURES OF AT89S52:
8K Bytes of in-system Programmable Flash Memory.

4V to 5.5V Operating Range.
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock.
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM.
32 Programmable I/O Lines.
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters.
Eight Interrupt Sources.
Fully Duplex UART serial Channel.
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes.
Fast programming time
2.1.3 DESCRIPTION:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes
of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set
and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which
provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
Block diagram of AT89S52 microcontroller is given in fig 2.1 and Pin diagram in fig
2.2
Micro controller has 4 ports namely
1. Port 0
2. Port 1
3. Port 2
4. Port3
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of
RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector twolevel interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry
Page 8
Fig 2.2 Block diagram of 8051 microcontroller
. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency
and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The
Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip
functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
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Fig 2.3 Pin diagram of AT89S52 Microcontroller

VCC:
Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V.
GND:
Pin 20 is the ground.
XTAL1 and XTAL2
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can
be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 11. Either a quartz crystal or
ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be
left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in the below figure. There are no requirements on
the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through
a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage, high and low time specifications
must be observed.
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Fig 2.4 Oscillator Connections

C1, C2 = 30 pF 10 pF for Crystals
= 40 pF 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators
RESET
Pin9 is the reset pin. It is an input and is active high. Upon applying a high pulse to this pin, the
microcontroller will reset and terminate all the activities. This is often referred to as a power-on
reset.
PSEN (Program store enable)
This is an output pin.
ALE (Address latch enable)
This is an output pin and is active high
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Fig 2.5 External Clock Drive Configuration
EA (External access)
Pin 31 is EA. It is an active low signal. It is an input pin and must be connected to either VCC or
GND but it cannot be left unconnected.
The 8051 family members all come with on-chip ROM to store programs. In such cases, the
EA pin is connected to VCC. If the code is stored on an external ROM, the EA pin must be
connected to GND to indicate that the code is stored externally.
Ports 0, 1, 2 and 3
The four ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 each use 8 pins, making them 8-bit ports. All the ports upon
RESET are configured as input, since P0-P3 have value FFH on them.
Port 0(P0)
Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to be used for both address and data. ALE
indicates if P0 has address or data. When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7, but when ALE=1, it has
address A0-A7. Therefore, ALE is used for demultiplexing address and data with the help of an
internal latch.
When there is no external memory connection, the pins of P0 must be connected to a 10Kohm pull-up resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an open drain. With external pull-up resistors
connected to P0, it can be used as a simple I/O, just like P1 and P2. But the ports P1, P2 and P3 do
not need any pull-up resistors since they already have pull-up resistors internally. Upon reset, ports
P1, P2 and P3 are configured as input ports.
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Port 1 and Port 2

With no external memory connection, both P1 and P2 are used as simple I/O. With external memory
connections, port 2 must be used along with P0 to provide the 16-bit address for the external
memory. Port 2 is designated as A8-A15 indicating its dual function. While P0 provides the lower 8
bits via A0-A7, it is the job of P2 to provide bits A8-A15 of the address.
Port 3
Port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins, pins 10 through 17. It can be used as input or output. P3 does not
need any pull-up resistors, the same as port 1 and port 2. Port 3 has an additional function of
providing some extremely important signals such as interrupts.
Table 2.1 Port 3 Alternate Functions

Machine cycle for the 8051
The CPU takes a certain number of clock cycles to execute an instruction. In the 8051 family, these
clock cycles are referred to as machine cycles. The length of the machine cycle depends on the
frequency of the crystal oscillator. The crystal oscillator, along with on-chip circuitry, provides the
clock source for the 8051 CPU.
The frequency can vary from 4 MHz to 30 MHz, depending upon the chip rating and manufacturer.
But the exact frequency of 11.0592 MHz crystal oscillator is used to make the 8051 based system
compatible with the serial port of the IBM PC.
In the original version of 8051, one machine cycle lasts 12 oscillator periods. Therefore, to calculate
the machine cycle for the 8051, the calculation is made as 1/12 of the crystal frequency and its
inverse is taken.
Page 13
The assembly language program is written and this program has to be dumped into the
microcontroller for the hardware kit to function according to the software. The program dumped in
the microcontroller is stored in the Flash memory in the microcontroller. Before that, this Flash
memory has to be programmed and is discussed in the next section.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled
by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the
microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN (Program Store Enable)
It is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S8252 is executing code
from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN
activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP (External Access Enable)
EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program
memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed,
EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program
executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming when 12-volt programming is selected.
Ports 0, 1, 2 and 3
The four ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 each use 8 pins, making them 8-bit ports. All the ports upon
RESET are configured as input, since P0-P3 have value FFH on them.
Port 0(P0)
Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to be used for both address and data. ALE
indicates if P0 has address or data. When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7, but when ALE=1, it has
address A0-A7. Therefore, ALE is used for demultiplexing address and data with the help of an
internal latch.
When there is no external memory connection, the pins of P0 must be connected to a 10K-ohm pullup resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an open drain. With external pull-up resistors connected
to P0, it can be used as a simple I/O, just like P1 and P2. But the ports P1, P2 and P3 do not need any
Page 14
pull-up resistors since they already have pull-up resistors internally. Upon reset, ports P1, P2 and P3
are configured as input ports.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current because of the internal pull-ups.
Some Port 1 pins provide additional functions. P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the
timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX),
respectively. Furthermore, P1.4, P1.5, P1.6, and P1.7 can be configured as the SPI slave port select,
data input/output and shift clock input/output pins. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes
during Flash programming and verification.
Table 2.2 Port1 Alternate functions

Programmable Clock Out:
A 50% duty cycle clock can be programmed to come out on P1.0. This pin, besides being a
regular I/0 pin, has two alternate functions. It can be programmed to input the external clock for
Timer/Counter 2 or to output a 50% duty cycle clock ranging from 61 Hz to 4 MHz (for a 16-MHz
operating frequency).
Port 2
With no external memory connection, P2 are used as simple I/O. With external memory
connections, port 2 must be used along with P0 to provide the 16-bit address for the external
memory. Port 2 is designated as A8-A15 indicating its dual function. While P0 provides the lower 8
bits via A0-A7, it is the job of P2 to provide bits A8-A15 of the address.
Page 15
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming
and verification.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S8252, as shown in
the following table.
Table 2.3 Port 3 Alternate functions
2.2 EEPROM
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION:
EEPROM has several advantages over other memory devices, such as the fact that its method
of erasure is electrical and therefore instant. In addition, in EEPROM one can select which byte to be
erased, in contrast to flash, in which the entire contents of ROM are erased. The main advantage of
EEPROM is that one can program and erase its contents while it is in system board. It does not
require physical removal of the memory chip from its socket. In general, the cost per bit for
EEPROM is much higher when compared to other devices.
This project requires the data such as the total number of available units and the pulse count
to be stored permanently and this data modifies upon the power consumption. Thus this data has to
be stored in such a location where it cannot be erased when power fails and also the data should be
allowed to make changes in it without the system interface i.e., there should be a provision in such a
way that the data should be accessed (or modified) while it is in system board but not external
Page 16
erasure and programming. The flash memory inbuilt in the microcontroller can erase the entire
contents in less than a second and the erasure method is electrical.
Fig2.6 .EEPROM
But the major drawback of Flash memory is that when flash memorys contents are erased, the entire
device will be erased but not a desired section or byte. For this purpose, we prefer EEPROM in our
project. The EEPROM used in this project is 24C04 type.
2.2.2 FEATURES OF 24C04 EEPROM:
1 million erase/write cycles with 40 years data retention.

Single supply voltage:
3v to 5.5v for ST24X04 versions.
Hardware write control versions:

ST24W04 and ST25W04.
Programmable write protection.

Two wire serial interface, fully i2c bus compatible.
Byte and multibyte write (up to 4 bytes).
Page write (up to 8 bytes).
Byte, random and sequential read modes
Self timed programming cycle
Automatic address incrementing
Page 17
Enhanced ESD/Latch up performances
Fig 2.7 Pin diagram and Signal names
Fig 2.8 Logic Diagram
Page 18
2.2.3 DESCRIPTION
The 24C04 is a 4Kbit electrically erasable programmable memory (EEPROM), organized as
2 blocks of 256 x8 bits. They are manufactured in ST Microelectronics Hi-Endurance Advanced
CMOS technology which guarantees an endurance of one million erase/write cycles with data
retention of 40 years. Both Plastic Dual-in-Line and Plastic Small Outline packages are available.
The memories are compatible with the I2C standard, two wire serial interface which uses a bidirectional data bus and serial clock. The memories carry a built-in 4 bit, unique device identification
code (1010) corresponding to the I2C bus definition. This is used together with 2 chip enable inputs
(E2, E1) so that up to 4 x 4K devices may be attached to the I2C bus and selected individually. The
memories behave as a slave device in the I2C protocol with all memory operations synchronized by
the serial clock. Read and write operations are initiated by a START condition generated by the bus
master. The START condition is followed by a stream of 7 bits (identification code 1010), plus one
read/write bit and terminated by an acknowledge bit. When writing data to the memory it responds to
the 8 bits received by asserting an acknowledge bit during the 9th bit time. When data is read by the
bus master, it acknowledges the receipt of the data bytes in the same way. Data transfers are
terminated with a STOP condition.
Power on Reset: VCC locks out write protect.
In order to prevent data corruption and inadvertent write operations during power up, a Power on
Reset (POR) circuit is implemented. Until the VCC voltage has reached the POR threshold value, the
internal reset is active, all operations are disabled and the device will not respond to any command.
In the same way, when VCC drops down from the operating voltage to below the POR threshold
value, all operations are disabled and the device will not respond to any command. A stable VCC
must be applied before applying any logic signal.
SIGNAL DESCRIPTIONS
Serial Clock (SCL).
The SCL input pin is used to synchronize all data in and out of the memory. A resistor can be
connected from the SCL line to VCC to act as a pull up.
Serial Data (SDA).
The SDA pin is bi-directional and is used to transfer data in or out of the memory. It is an open drain
output that may be wire-ORed with other open drain or open collector signals on the bus. A resistor
must be connected from the SDA bus line to VCC to act as pull up.
Chip Enable (E1 - E2).
These chip enable inputs are used to set the 2 least significant bits (b2, b3) of the 7 bit device select
code. These inputs may be driven dynamically or tied to VCC or VSS to establish the device select
code.
Page 19
Protect Enable (PRE).

The PRE input pin, in addition to the status of the Block Address Pointer bit (b2, location 1FFh as in
below figure), sets the PRE write protection active.
Fig: 2.9 Memory Protection

Mode (MODE).
The MODE input is available on pin 7 and may be driven dynamically. It must be at VIL or VIH for
the Byte Write mode, VIH for Multibyte Write mode or VIL for Page Write mode. When
unconnected, the MODE input is internally read as VIH (Multibyte Write mode).
Write Control (WC).
A hardware Write Control feature (WC) is offered only for ST24W04 and ST25W04 versions on pin
7. This feature is useful to protect the contents of the memory from any erroneous erase/write cycle.
The Write Control signal is used to enable (WC = VIH) or disable (WC =VIL) the internal write
protection. When unconnected, the WC input is internally read as VIL and the memory area is not
write protected.
2.3 RELAY
A relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls, automobiles and
appliances.
The relay allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two different voltage
sources i.e., a small amount of voltage current on one side can handle a large amount of voltage
current on the other side but there is no chance that these two voltages mix up.
Page 20
Inductor
Fig: 2.10 Circuit symbol of a relay
2.3.1 OPERATION
When a current flow through the coil, a magnetic field is created around the coil i.e., the coil is
energized. This causes the armature to be attracted to the coil. The armatures contact acts like a
switch and closes or opens the circuit. When the coil is not energized, a spring pulls the armature to
its normal state of open or closed. There are all types of relays for all kinds of applications.
Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage 'spike' produced when the relay
coil is switched off. The above diagram shows how a signal diode (e.g. 1N4148) is connected across
the relay coil to provide this protection. The diode is connected 'backwards' so that it will normally
not conduct. Conduction occurs only when the relay coil is switched off, at this moment the current
tries to flow continuously through the coil and it is safely diverted through the diode. Without the
diode no current could flow and the coil would produce a damaging high voltage 'spike' in its attempt
to keep the current flowing.
Fig: 2.11 Relay Operation and use of protection diodes

In choosing a relay, the following characteristics need to be considered:
Page 21
1. The contacts can be normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC). In the NC type, the contacts are
closed when the coil is not energized. In the NO type, the contacts are closed when the coil is
energized.
2. There can be one or more contacts. i.e. different types like SPST (single pole single throw), SPDT
(single pole double throw) and DPDT (double pole double throw) relays.
3. The voltage and current required to energize the coil. The voltage can vary from a few volts to 50
volts, while the current can be from a few milliamps to 20milliamps. The relay has a minimum
voltage, below which the coil will not be energized. This minimum voltage is called the pull-in
voltage.
4. The minimum DC/AC voltage and current that can be handled by the contacts. This is in the range
of a few volts to hundreds of volts, while the current can be from a few amps to 40A or more,
depending on the relay.
An SPDT relay consists of five pins, two for the magnetic coil, one as the common terminal
and the last pins as normally connected pin and normally closed pin. When the current flows through
this coil, the coil gets energized. Initially when the coil is not energized, there will be a connection
between the common terminal and normally closed pin. But when the coil is energized, this
connection breaks and a new connection between the common terminal and normally open pin will
be established.
Thus when there is an input from the microcontroller to the relay, the relay will be switched
on. Thus when the relay is on, it can drive the loads connected between the common terminal and
normally open pin. Therefore, the relay takes 5V from the microcontroller and drives the loads which
consume high currents. Thus the relay acts as an isolation device.
Digital systems and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the relay. While the
relays coil needs around 10milli amps to be energized, the microcontrollers pin can provide a
maximum of 1-2milli amps current. For this reason, a driver such as a power transistor is placed in
between the microcontroller and the relay.
Page 22
2.3.2 RELAY INTERFACING WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER:
LOAD
AT 89C51
DRIVER
RELAY
CIRCUIT
P1.0
Fig.2.12
The operation of this circuit is as follows:

The input to the base of the transistor is applied from the microcontroller port pin P1.0. The
transistor will be switched on when the base to emitter voltage is greater than 0.7V (cut-in voltage).
Thus when the voltage applied to the pin P1.0 is high i.e., P1.0=1 (>0.7V), the transistor will be
switched on and thus the relay will be ON and the load will be operated.
When the voltage at the pin P1.0 is low i.e., P1.0=0 (<0.7V) the transistor will be in off state
and the relay will be OFF. Thus the transistor acts like a current driver to operate the relay
accordingly.
Page 23
2.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs
(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which
are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task
of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying
the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
These components are specialized for being used with the microcontrollers, which means
that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing different messages on
a miniature LCD.
A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in two lines
with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical
symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user makes up on its own. Automatic
shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance of the pointer, backlight etc. are
considered as useful characteristics.
Page 24
2.4.1 PINS FUNCTIONS

There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background light is
built in). Their function is described in the table below:
Function
Pin
Number
Name
Logic
State
Description
Ground
VSS
0V
Power supply
Vdd
+5V
Contrast
Vee
0 - Vdd
RS
0
1
D0 D7 are interpreted as
commands
D0 D7 are interpreted as data
0
1
Write data (from controller to

LCD)
Read data (from LCD to
controller)
Control of
operating
R/W
0
Access to LCD disabled
1
Normal operating
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred to
0
LCD
D0
0/1
Bit 0 LSB
D1
0/1
Bit 1
D2
0/1
Bit 2
10
D3
0/1
Bit 3
11
D4
0/1
Bit 4
12
D5
0/1
Bit 5
13
D6
0/1
Bit 6
14
D7
0/1
Bit 7 MSB
Data / commands
Page 25
2.4.2 LCD SCREEN:

LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of 5X7 dot
matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages are
displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied on pin marked as
Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions of displays have built in
backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a resistor for current limitation should
be used (like with any LE diode).
2.4.3 LCD BASIC COMMANDS

All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands or as
data, which depends on logic state on pin RS:
RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in processor
addresses built in map of characters and displays corresponding symbols. Displaying position is
determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously defined or the address of
previously transferred character is automatically incremented.
RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode.
I/D 1 = Increment (by 1)
0 = Decrement (by 1)
S 1 = Display shift on
0 = Display shift off
D 1 = Display on
R/L 1 = Shift right

0 = Shift left
DL 1 = 8-bit interface
0 = 4-bit interface
N 1 = Display in two lines
Page 26
0 = Display off
0 = Display in one line
U 1 = Cursor on
F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots
0 = Cursor off
0 = Character format 5x7 dots
B 1 = Cursor blink on
0 = Cursor blink off
D/C 1 = Display shift

0 = Cursor shift
2.4.3 LCD INTERFACING WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER:

To send commands we simply need to select the command register. Everything is same as we
have done in the initialization routine. But we will summarize the common steps and put them in a
single subroutine. Following are the steps:
Move data to LCD port

select command register
select write operation
send enable signal
wait for LCD to process the command
Page 27
Vcc
P2.0
4 (RS)
P2.1
5 (R/W)
P2.2
6(EN)
Gnd
PRESET
(CONTRAST
CONTROL)
LCD
Vcc
Gnd
89C51
P1.0
D0
P1.1
D1
P1.2
FOR
BACKLIGHT
PURPOSE
D2 Commands to LCD
Fig. 2.13 Sending
P1.3
D3
P1.4
D4
P1.5
D5
15
P1.6
D6
16
P1.7
D7
Page 28
2.5 ULN 2003 DRIVER

The relays are interfaced with microcontroller using their respective drivers which are used
for current amplification. The output current of c (500mA) is amplified to 600mA at the output of
the drivers. Thus the driver for relay is ULN2003.
If a number of output devices are being controlled it may be necessary to use a number
of output transistors. In this case it will often be more convenient to use a ULN2003 Darlington
driver IC. This is simply a 16 pin chip that contains 7 Darlington transistors. The chip also
contains internal back emf suppression diodes and so no external 1N4001 diodes are required.
The ULN2001A, ULN2002A, ULN2003
and ULN2004A are high voltage, high current
Darlington arrays each containing seven open
collector Darlington pairs with common emitters.
Each channel is rated at 500mA and can withstand
peak currents of 600mA. They have series input
resistors selected for operation directly with 5v
TTL. These devices will handle numerous interface
needs- particularly those beyond the capabilities of
standard logic buffers.
They are standard Darlington arrays. The outputs are capable of sinking 500mA and
will withstand at least 50v in the OFF state. Outputs may be paralleled for higher load current
capability. These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of load including solenoids,
relays, DC motors, LED displays, filament lamps, and high power buffers. ULN2003 is supplied I 16
pin plastic DIP packages with a copper load frame to reduce thermal resistance.
If a number of output devices are being controlled it may be necessary to use a
number of output transistors. In this case it will often be more convenient to use a ULN2003
Darlington driver IC. This is simply a 16 pin chip that contains 7 Darlington transistors. The chip
also contains internal back emf suppression diodes and so no external 1N4001 diodes are required.
Page 29
Fig 2.15 ULN2003-IC with relay and MC
2.5.1 FEATURES OF ULN2003:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Dual In-line Plastic Package or Small-Outline IC Package.

Seven Darlingtons per package.
Output current 500mA per Driver (800mA PEAK).
Output voltage 50v.
Internal Suppression diodes for inductive loads.
Outputs can be paralleled for higher current.
TTL/CMS/DTL compatible inputs.
Page 30
2.5.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF ULN2003:
Fig 2.16 Pin diagram of ULN2003
2.5.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ULN2003:
Fig 2.17 Block diagram of ULN2003.

Page 31
The Darlington driver IC ULN2003 can be used to provide both the NOT and Darlington driver
circuits. It also contains the back emf suppression diodes so no external diodes are required. The
complete circuit is shown above.
Before programming, there is another pattern to notice in the stepping sequence. Look at
this table, which just shows coil 1 and coil 3.
Table 4.1 Truth Table

Notice the change from step 1 to step 2, just coil 3 changes. Then look at the next change - just
coil 1 change. In fact the two coils take it in turns to change from high to low and back again. This
high-low-high changing can be described as toggling state. This makes the programming very
simple by using the BASIC toggle command.
Page 32
2.6 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

2.6.1 DESCRIPTION
Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use these parts we
need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Usually you start with an unregulated power supply ranging
from 9 volts to 24 volts DC. To make a 5 volt power supply, we use a LM7805 voltage regulator IC.
FIG-2.18 Voltage Regulator-LM7805

The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC
power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the
Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the Output pin.
2.6.2 BASIC POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

Below is the circuit of a basic unregulated dc power supply. A bridge rectifier D1 to D4
rectifies the ac from the transformer secondary, which may also be a block rectifier such as WO4 or
even four individual diodes such as 1N4004 types. (See later re rectifier ratings).
The principal advantage of a bridge rectifier is it does not need a centre tap on the secondary
of the transformer. A further but significant advantage is that the ripple frequency at the output is
twice the line frequency (i.e. 50 Hz or 60 Hz) and makes filtering somewhat easier.
Page 33
BLOCK DIAGRAM
FIG-2.19 Block Diagram of Power Supply
FIG-2.20 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes
D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance
RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1
and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load resistance
Page 34
RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a
bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
FILTER:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load is
maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Page 35
CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
SOFTWARE TOOLS
Softwares used in our project are
1. Kiel vision
2. Pro load
4.1 KEIL SOFTWARE:

Keil compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and compiled.
After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is to be dumped into
the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also supports C language code.
WHAT IS VISION3?
Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile,
and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:
A project manager.
A make facility.
Tool configuration.
Editor.
A powerful debugger.
Page 36
4.1.1 BUILDING AN APPLICATION IN VISION

To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in Vision2, you must:
1. Select Project - (for example, 166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2).
2. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.
Vision2 compiles, assembles, and links the files in your project.
Creating Your Own Application in Vision2
1. Select Project - New Project.
2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.
3. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device from the Device
Database.
4. Create source files to add to the project.
5. Select Project - Targets, Groups, and Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the
source files to the project.
6. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target device from
the Device Database all special options are set automatically. You typically only need to
configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings are
optimal for most applications.
7. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.
4.1.2 SOURCE CODE
1.
2.
3.
Click on the Keil uVision Icon on Desktop

Click on the Project menu from the title bar
Then Click on New Project
Keil u Vision Window 1

Page 37
4.
Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder
keil u vision Window 2

5.
6.
7.
Then Click on Save button above.

Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel
Select AT89C51 as shown below

8.
9.
10.
Then Click on OK
Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO
Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option
Page 38
11.
12.
13.
Click on the file option from menu bar and select new.
Now start writing program in either in C or ASM
For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and for C
based program save it with extension .C

14.
Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source
15.
16.
17.
Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear.
Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file
Click only one time on option ADD
Page 39
18.
Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.
19.
20.
If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.

The new window is as follows
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Then Click OK
Now click on the Peripherals from menu bar.
Drag the port a side and click in the program file.
Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe.
You are running your program successfully
Page 40
4.2 PROLOAD:
Proload is software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is converted into
hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller placed in the programmer kit and
this is done by the Proload. Programmer kit contains a microcontroller on it other than the one which
is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in it written in such a way that it accepts
the hex file from the keil compiler and dumps this hex file into the microcontroller which is to be
programmed. As this programmer kit requires power supply to be operated, this power supply is
given from the power supply circuit designed above. It should be noted that this programmer kit
contains a power supply section in the board itself but in order to switch on that power supply, a
source is required. Thus this is accomplished from the power supply board with an output of 12volts
or from an adapter connected to 230 V AC.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Install the Proload Software in the PC.

Now connect the Programmer kit to the PC (CPU) through serial cable.
Power up the programmer kit from the ac supply through adapter.
Now place the microcontroller in the GIF socket provided in the programmer kit.
Click on the proload icon in the PC. A window appears providing the information like
Hardware model, com port, device type, Flash size etc. Click on browse option to select the
hex file to be dumped into the microcontroller and then click on Auto program to program
the microcontroller with that particular hex file.
6. The status of the microcontroller can be seen in the small status window in the bottom of the
page. After this process is completed, remove the microcontroller from the programmer kit
and place it in your system board. Now the system board behaves according to the program
written in the microcontroller.
Page 41
CHAPTER 4
WORKING PROCEDURE OF PROJECT
WORKING PROCEDURE:
The working of this project starts when the user tries to consume the power i.e. when he
switches on any of the electrical appliances in his house. When these electrical appliances are
switched on, they consume some power. The meter fixed outside the house will display the number
of consumed units.
The main concept of the project lies in buying the energy card from the electrical department,
inserting it into the energy card fixed in the house; consume it according to the number of units
available in the card. The product that we developed uses 89S52 Microcontroller to control all the
functions.
This project consists of two EEPROMs, one to store the no. of units consumed and second is to load
the units into EEPROM just as similar to recharge card. Initially the units in EEPROM are zero. The
system will be in OFF state until and unless the user recharges. Here the system is connected to a
lamp load. Now, as the power consumption increases the rate of pulses from the optocoupler output
of the energy meter increases and the microcontroller counts these pulses , when these pulses reaches
a specific number which depends on the meter constant of energy meter one unit is decremented
from the total units stored in EEPROM and these values are displayed on 16X2 LCD. In this process
at every instant the count value and units values are stored in EEPROM. Under POWER OFF or
RESET conditions these values are not lost and can be regained by the EEPROM and the count starts
from the updated value only. On decrementing each and every unit the system gives a beep sound
indicating that the unit value has been decremented. System will give a continuous beep sound as the
unit value reaches to zero. When the number of units becomes zero the relay operates and interrupts
supply.
Page 42
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page 43
At this instant the user has to purchase another EEPROM based recharge card or the
user has to recharge by inserting the EEPROM based recharge card in the slots provided for the
recharge in Recharging unit. Here recharging means loading a new units value to the EEPROM
based recharge card. After recharge, the user has to place the EEPROM based recharge card in the
main system slots, if the recharge card is valid then a message is displayed as Recharge successful
and the system automatically turns ON. If it is Invalid then a message is displayed as Invalid card
and gives a continuous beep sound.
Page 44
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
In this project Prepaid Energy Meter, energy consumption calculation based on the
counting of pulses is designed and implemented using Atmel 89S52 MCU in embedded system
domain. An LCD is provided to display the number of units remaining, so controlled usage of energy
is possible and this system eliminates burden of electricity billing and saves money and time for
electricity department and consumers respectively.
Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus
contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help
of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented.
This system can be replaced with the GSM Modems, by which tracking of the consumers
load on a timely basis is possible, which will help in tracking maximum demand, detect online theft
and more over instead of recharging the chip, the readily available recharge cards (smart cards) used
in cell phones can be introduced. Using these other mechanisms, consumers can recharge their
meters at their convenience and making the system much more user friendly.
Page 45
CHAPTER 6
SOURCE CODE
INCLUDE REG_51.PDF
RB0
EQU
000H
RB1
EQU
008H
; Select Register Bank 0

; Select Register Bank 1
...poke to PSW to use
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
;
PORT DECLERATION
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
SDA1 EQU
P2.1
;SDA=PIN5
SCL1 EQU
P2.0
;SCL=PIN6
WTCMD EQU
RDCMD EQU
10100110B
10100111B
WTCMD1 EQU
RDCMD1 EQU
;WRITE DATA COMMAND Note 3

;READ DATA COMMAND Note 3
10100000B
10100001B
;WRITE DATA COMMAND Note 3

;READ DATA COMMAND Note 3
RELAY
EQU
P2.7
BUZZER
EQU
P2.4
; ***LCD CONTROL***
LCD_RS
EQU
P0.0
;LCD REGISTER SELECT LINE
LCD_E
EQU
P0.1
;LCD ENABLE LINE
LCD_DB4
EQU
P0.2
;PORT 1 IS USED FOR DATA
LCD_DB5
EQU
P0.3
;USED FOR DATA
LCD_DB6
EQU
P0.4
;FOR DATA
LCD_DB7
EQU
P0.5
;FOR DATA
; ***CURSOR CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS***
OFFCUR
BLINKCUR
EQU
EQU
0CH
0DH
; ***DISPLAY CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS***

CLRDSP
ONDSP
EQU
EQU
01H
0CH
; ***SYSTEM INSTRUCTIONS***
CONFIG
EQU
ENTRYMODE EQU
DSEG
ORG
20H
FLAGS1:
DS
BCDCARRY
CARRY
28H
6
; 4-BIT DATA,2 LINES,5X7 MATRIX LCD

; INCREMENT CURSOR DON'T SHIFT DISPLAY
; This is internal data memory

; Bit adressable memory
BIT
BIT
1
FLAGS1.0
FLAGS1.1
Page 46

TBIT
TBIT1
BIT
BIT
READING:
AMOUNT:
COUNTER:
TEMP:
PRICE:
BALANCE:
BUZZ_COUNT:
READ_BYTE:
F1:
F2:
F3:
DS
DS
DS
DS
DS
DS
DS
DS
DS
DS
DS
STACK:
CSEG
DS
;
;
;
FLAGS1.2
FLAGS1.3
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
; Code begins here
---------==========----------==========---------=========--------Main routine. Program execution starts here.

---------==========----------==========---------=========--------ORG
00H
; Reset
AJMP MAIN
ORG 0003H
PUSH PSW
PUSH ACC
MOV PSW,#RB1
; Select register bank 0
CALL INC_COUNTER
POP ACC
POP PSW
RETI
---------==========----------==========---------=========---------
MAIN:
MOV SP,#50H
MOV PSW,#RB0
; Select register bank 0
MOV IE,#10000001B
CALL RESETLCD4
CALL TITLE1
CLR BUZZER
SETB RELAY
CLR TBIT1
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#00H
CALL READ_COUNTER
MOV A,COUNTER
CJNE A,#0FFH,BYPASS
CALL RESET_READING
CALL RESET_AMT
CALL RESET_COUNTER
CALL RESET_PRICE
CALL RESET_BALANCE ;RELAY ON/OFF BYTE
Page 47

CALL SYSTEM_RESET
CALL DELAYYS
BYPASS:
CALL READ_COUNTER
CALL READ_PRICE
CALL READ_BALANCE
MAINS:
CALL TITLE1
CALL DELAYY
MOV A,BALANCE
CJNE A,#00H,FG1
CLR RELAY
CALL RECHAGRE
CALL DELAYY
SETB BUZZER
AJMP MAINS
FG1:
SETB RELAY
MOV A,BUZZ_COUNT
CJNE A,#00H,AZX1
CLR BUZZER
AJMP AZX2
DEC BUZZ_COUNT
AZX1:
AZX2:
;CHK TO SWITCH OFF THE BUZZER
MOV R1,#READING
;GET DATA IN
MOV R4,#05H
;DATA ADDRESS IN
MOV R6,#2
CALL READ_EEPROM
CALL DISP_READING
MOV TEMP,READING
CALL SEP_DISP
MOV TEMP,READING+1
CALL SEP_DISP
;NUMBER OF BYTES
BYTES(RAM)
EEPROM
CALL DELAYY
MOV R1,#AMOUNT
;GET DATA IN
MOV R4,#0AH
;DATA ADDRESS IN
BYTES(RAM)
EEPROM
MOV R6,#3
CALL READ_EEPROM
CALL AMT_READING
MOV TEMP,AMOUNT
CALL SEP_DISP
MOV TEMP,AMOUNT+1
CALL SEP_DISP
MOV R4,#'.'
CALL WRLCDDATA
;NUMBER OF BYTES
Page 48

CALL MDELAY
MOV TEMP,AMOUNT+2
CALL SEP_DISP
CALL DELAYY
MOV R1,#COUNTER
;GET DATA IN
MOV R4,#0EH
;DATA ADDRESS IN
MOV R6,#2
CALL READ_EEPROM
CALL COUNT_READING
MOV TEMP,COUNTER
CALL SEP_DISP
MOV TEMP,COUNTER+1
CALL SEP_DISP
;NUMBER OF BYTES
BYTES(RAM)
EEPROM
;
;
CALL DELAYY
MOV R1,#PRICE
;GET DATA IN
MOV R4,#10H
;DATA ADDRESS IN
MOV R6,#2
CALL READ_EEPROM
;NUMBER OF BYTES
BYTES(RAM)
EEPROM
CALL READ_PRICE
CALL UNIT_PRICE
MOV A,PRICE
ADD A,#30h
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
MOV R4,#'.'
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
MOV TEMP,PRICE+1
CALL SEP_DISP
CALL DELAYY
AJMP MAINS
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
;
INCREMENT COUNTER BY 1
;
IF COUNT=3200 THEN INCREMENT READING
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
INC_COUNTER:
MOV A,COUNTER+1
ADD A,#01
DA A
Page 49
REPPA1:
REPPA2:
REPPA3:
REPPA4:
REPPA:
DCV2:
DVB1:
DCS1:
MOV COUNTER+1,A
CJNE A,#01H,REPPA1
AJMP DCV2
CJNE A,#02H,REPPA2
AJMP DCV2
CJNE A,#03H,REPPA3
AJMP DCV2
CJNE A,#04H,REPPA4
AJMP DCV2
CJNE A,#05H,REPPA
AJMP DCV2
MOV COUNTER,#00H
MOV COUNTER+1,#01H
MOV R1,#COUNTER
MOV R4,#0EH
MOV R6,#2
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
AJMP DVB1
MOV R1,#COUNTER
MOV R4,#0EH
MOV R6,#2
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
RET
;store COUNT
;Starting Address IN EEPROM
;STORE 2 BYTES
;store COUNT
;STORE 2 BYTES
MOV A,READING+1
;INCREMENT READING BY 1
ADD A,#01
DA A
MOV READING+1,A
JNC DCS1
MOV A,READING
ADD A,#01
DA A
MOV READING,A
MOV R1,#READING
;store READING
MOV R4,#05H
MOV R6,#2
;STORE 2 BYTES
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
MOV A,AMOUNT+2
;SUBTRACT AMT0 FROM
CLR C
SUBB A,PRICE+1
CALL BCD_CONV
MOV AMOUNT+2,A
MOV A,AMOUNT+1
;SUBTRACT AMT1 FROM
TOTAL0
TOTAL1
SUBB A,PRICE
CALL BCD_CONV
MOV AMOUNT+1,A
Page 50

MOV A,AMOUNT
;SUBTRACT AMT2 FROM
TOTAL2
SUBB A,#00h
CALL BCD_CONV
MOV AMOUNT,A
MOV R1,#AMOUNT
MOV R4,#0AH
MOV R6,#3
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
FCX1:
CJNE
FAX1:
CJNE
FAAX1:
CJNE
FCX2:
CJNE
FAX2:
CJNE
FAAX2:
CJNE
FCX3:
CJNE
FCX4:
CJNE
;store AMOUNT
;STORE 2 BYTES
MOV A,AMOUNT+1
CJNE A,#40H,FCX1
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#02H
SETB BUZZER
A,#38H,FAX1
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#02H
SETB BUZZER
A,#41H,FAAX1
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#02H
SETB BUZZER
A,#20H,FCX2
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#03H
SETB BUZZER
A,#19H,FAX2
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#03H
SETB BUZZER
A,#21H,FAAX2
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#03H
SETB BUZZER
A,#10H,FCX3
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#04H
SETB BUZZER
A,#11H,FCX4
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#04H
SETB BUZZER
A,#09H,FAX4
MOV BUZZ_COUNT,#04H
SETB BUZZER
FAX4:
MOV A,AMOUNT+2
;SUBTRACT AMT0 FROM
CLR C
SUBB A,PRICE+1
CALL BCD_CONV
MOV A,AMOUNT+1
;SUBTRACT AMT1 FROM
TOTAL0
TOTAL1
SUBB A,PRICE
MOV A,AMOUNT
CLR TBIT
JNC POP1
Page 51
SETB TBIT
CJNE A,#00H,BACK
JNB TBIT, BACK
MOV BALANCE,#00H
MOV R1,#BALANCE
;store COUNT
MOV R4,#15H
MOV R6,#1
;STORE 2 BYTES
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
CLR RELAY
SETB BUZZER
BACK:
RET
;&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
BCD_CONV:
CLR BCDCARRY
CLR CARRY
JNC LOP2
SETB CARRY
LOP2:
JNB AC,LOP1
SETB BCDCARRY
CLR C
SUBB A,#06H
LOP1:
JNB CARRY,LOP3
CLR C
SUBB A,#60H
LOP3:
CLR C
JNB CARRY,LOP4
SETB C
LOP4:
RET
;#################################################
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
;
READ PULSE COUNTER FROM MEMORY
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
POP1:
READ_BALANCE:
MOV R1,#BALANCE
;GET DATA IN
MOV R4,#15H
;DATA ADDRESS IN
MOV R6,#1
CALL READ_EEPROM
RET
;NUMBER OF BYTES
MOV R1,#COUNTER
;GET DATA IN
MOV R4,#0EH
;DATA ADDRESS IN
MOV R6,#2
CALL READ_EEPROM
RET
;NUMBER OF BYTES
BYTES(RAM)
EEPROM
READ_COUNTER:
BYTES(RAM)
EEPROM
READ_PRICE:
Page 52

MOV R1,#PRICE
;GET DATA IN
MOV R4,#10H
;DATA ADDRESS IN
BYTES(RAM)
EEPROM
MOV R6,#2
CALL READ_EEPROM
RET
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
SEP_DISP1:
MOV A,AMOUNT
ANL A,#0F0H
SWAP A
CJNE A,#00H,DAP1
MOV A,AMOUNT
ANL A,#0FH
AJMP DAP3
DAP1:
DAP2:
DAP4:
DAP5:
ADD A,#30H
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
MOV A,AMOUNT
ANL A,#0FH
ADD A,#30H
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
MOV A,AMOUNT+1
ANL A,#0F0H
SWAP A
ADD A,#30H
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
MOV A,AMOUNT+1
ANL A,#0FH
ADD A,#30H
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
MOV R4,#'.'
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
MOV A,AMOUNT+2
ANL A,#0F0H
SWAP A
ADD A,#30H
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
MOV A,AMOUNT+2
ANL A,#0FH
ADD A,#30H
;NUMBER OF BYTES
;BOTH NOT EQUAL TO ZERO
Page 53

MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
RET
DAP3:
CJNE A,#00H,DAP2
MOV A,AMOUNT+1
ANL A,#0F0H
SWAP A
CJNE A,#00H,DAP4
AJMP DAP5
;CHK 2 DIGIT
;CHK 3 DIGIT
SEP_DISP:
MOV A,TEMP
ANL A,#0F0H
SWAP A
ADD A,#30H
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
MOV A,TEMP
ANL A,#0FH
ADD A,#30H
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
CALL MDELAY
RET
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
AMT_RECHARGE:
MOV READ_BYTE,#01H
MOV READ_BYTE+1,#00H
MOV R1,#READ_BYTE
;store COUNT
MOV R6,#3
;STORE 2 BYTES
MOV A,#WTCMD1
;LOAD WRITE COMMAND
CALL OUTS
;SEND IT
MOV A,#20H
;GET LOW BYTE ADDRESS
CALL OUT
;SEND IT
BXLP:
MOV A,@R1
;GET DATA
CALL OUT
;SEND IT
INC R1
;INCREMENT DATA POINTER
DJNZ R6,BXLP
;LOOP TILL DONE
CALL STOP
;SEND STOP CONDITION
CALL DELAY
RET
STORE_UNIT_PRICE:
MOV READ_BYTE,#00H
MOV R1,#READ_BYTE
;store COUNT
MOV R6,#3
;STORE 2 BYTES
MOV A,#WTCMD1
;LOAD WRITE COMMAND
Page 54
BALP:
CALL OUTS
MOV A,#20H
CALL OUT
MOV A,@R1
CALL OUT
INC R1
DJNZ R6,BALP
CALL STOP
CALL DELAY
RET
;SEND IT
;SEND IT
;GET DATA
;SEND IT
;LOOP TILL DONE
RESET_BALANCE:
MOV BALANCE,#0FFH
MOV R1,#BALANCE
MOV R4,#15H
MOV R6,#1
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
RET
;store COUNT
;STORE 2 BYTES
RESET_PRICE:
MOV PRICE,#01H
MOV PRICE+1,#80H
MOV R1,#PRICE
MOV R4,#10H
MOV R6,#2
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
RET
;store COUNT
;STORE 2 BYTES
RESET_COUNTER:
MOV COUNTER,#00H
MOV COUNTER+1,#03H
MOV R1,#COUNTER
MOV R4,#0EH
MOV R6,#2
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
RET
;store COUNT
;STORE 2 BYTES
RESET_AMT:
MOV AMOUNT,#00H ;
MOV AMOUNT+1,#05H
MOV AMOUNT+2,#00H
MOV R1,#AMOUNT
MOV R4,#0AH
MOV R6,#3
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
RET
;store READING
;STORE 2 BYTES
RESET_READING:
MOV READING,#00H
MOV READING+1,#13H
MOV R1,#READING
;store READING
Page 55

MOV R4,#05H
MOV R6,#2
;STORE 2 BYTES
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAY
RET
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DELAYY:
MOV F1,#0FH
SEP3: MOV F2,#0fFH
SEP2: MOV F3,#0FFH
SEP1: DJNZ F3,SEP1
DJNZ F2,SEP2
CALL CARD_READ
MOV A,READ_BYTE
CJNE A,#0FFH,DSP1
CLR TBIT1
DSP3A:DJNZ F1,SEP3
RET
DSP1: JB TBIT1,DSP3A
CALL TITLE3
CALL DELAYS
CALL DELAYS
CALL CARD_READ
MOV A,READ_BYTE
CJNE A,#00H,DSP2
CALL TITLE4
;
MOV PRICE,READ_BYTE+1
MOV PRICE+1,READ_BYTE+2
MOV R1,#PRICE
MOV R4,#10H
MOV R6,#2
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAYS
SETB TBIT1
AJMP RESETX_CHIP
DSP2: CJNE A,#01H,DSP3
CALL TITLE5
;
MOV R1,#AMOUNT
;
MOV R4,#0AH
;
MOV R6,#03h
;
CALL READ_EEPROM
MOV A,AMOUNT
ADD A,READ_BYTE+1
DA A
MOV AMOUNT,A
MOV A,AMOUNT+1
ADDC A,READ_BYTE+2
DA A
MOV AMOUNT+1,A
MOV R1,#AMOUNT
NEW UNIT PRICE
;store COUNT
;STORE 2 BYTES
NEW RECHARGE
;GET DATA IN BYTES(RAM)
;DATA ADDRESS IN EEPROM
;NUMBER OF BYTES
;store READING
Page 56

MOV R4,#0AH
MOV R6,#03h
CALL STORE_EEPROM
CALL DELAYS
SETB TBIT1
CALL RESET_BALANCE

;STORE 2 BYTES
RESETX_CHIP:
BBLP:
MOV READ_BYTE,#0AAH
;ERASE AMOUNT
MOV READ_BYTE+1,#0FFH
MOV READ_BYTE+2,#0FFH
MOV R1,#READ_BYTE
;store COUNT
MOV R6,#3
;STORE 2 BYTES
MOV A,#WTCMD1
;LOAD WRITE COMMAND
CALL OUTS
;SEND IT
MOV A,#20H
CALL OUT
;SEND IT
MOV A,@R1
;GET DATA
CALL OUT
;SEND IT
INC R1
DJNZ R6,BBLP
;LOOP TILL DONE
CALL STOP
CALL DELAY
RET
DSP3:
CJNE A,#0AAH,DSP4
CALL TITLE6
;
NEW RECHARGE
CALL DELAYS
SETB TBIT1
DSP4:
RET
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DELAY:
MOV R6,#0FFH
RE1: MOV R7,#0FFH
RE:
NOP
DJNZ R7,RE
DJNZ R6,RE1
RET
;**********************************************************
CARD_READ:
MOV R1,#READ_BYTE
;GET DATA IN
BYTES(RAM)
MOV R6,#3
;NUMBER OF BYTES
MOV A,#WTCMD1
;LOAD WRITE COMMAND TO SEND ADDRESS
CALL OUTS
;SEND IT
MOV A,#20H
CALL OUT
;SEND IT
MOV A,#RDCMD1
;LOAD READ COMMAND
CALL OUTS
;SEND IT
BXDLP:
CALL IN
;READ DATA
MOV @R1,a
;STORE DATA
INC R1
DJNZ R6,AXLP
;DECREMENT LOOP COUNTER
Page 57

CALL STOP
;IF DONE, ISSUE STOP CONDITION
RET
;DONE, EXIT ROUTINE
AXLP:
CLR SDA1 ;NOT DONE, ISSUE ACK
SETB SCL1
NOP ;NOTE 1
NOP
NOP
NOP ;NOTE 2
NOP
CLR SCL1
JMP BXDLP ;CONTINUE WITH READS
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
;
READ DATA FROM EEPROM
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
READ_EEPROM:
MOV A,#WTCMD
CALL OUTS
;SEND IT
MOV A,R4
CALL OUT
;SEND IT
MOV A,#RDCMD
;LOAD READ COMMAND
CALL OUTS
;SEND IT
BRDLP:
CALL IN
;READ DATA
MOV @R1,a
;STORE DATA
INC R1
DJNZ R6,AKLP
;DECREMENT LOOP COUNTER
CALL STOP
;IF DONE, ISSUE STOP CONDITION
RET
;DONE, EXIT ROUTINE
AKLP:
CLR SDA1 ;NOT DONE, ISSUE ACK
SETB SCL1
NOP ;NOTE 1
NOP
NOP
NOP ;NOTE 2
NOP
CLR SCL1
JMP BRDLP ;CONTINUE WITH READS
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
;
STORE DATA IN EEPROM
;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
STORE_EEPROM:
BTLP:
MOV A,#WTCMD
CALL OUTS
MOV A,R4
CALL OUT
MOV A,@R1
CALL OUT
INC R1
DJNZ R6,BTLP
CALL STOP
RET
;LOAD WRITE COMMAND

;SEND IT
;SEND IT
;GET DATA
;SEND IT
;LOOP TILL DONE
Page 58

;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
;##########################################################
;
DISPLAY ROUTINES
;##########################################################
TITLE1:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG1
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG1:
DB 1H,84H,'PREPAID',0C2H,'ENERGY METER',00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DISP_READING:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG2
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG2:
DB 1H,82H,'METER READING',0C6H,00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
AMT_READING:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG3
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG3:
DB 1H,81H,'BALANCE AMOUNT',0C3H,'Rs.',00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
COUNT_READING:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG4
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG4:
DB 1H,82H,'PULSE COUNT',0C6H,00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
UNIT_PRICE:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG14
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG14:
DB 1H,83H,'UNIT PRICE',0C4H,'Rs ',00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
RECHAGRE:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG5
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG5:
DB 1H,80H,'Please Recharge',0C2H,'your Account',00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TITLE3:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG6
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
Page 59

MSAG6:
DB 1H,84H,'New Card',0C1H,'** DETECTED **',00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TITLE4:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG7
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG7:
DB 1H,81H,'NEW UNIT PRICE',0C1H,'** STORED **',00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TITLE5:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG8
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG8:
DB 1H,83H,'NEW AMOUNT',0C1H,'** RECHARGED **',00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
TITLE6:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG9
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG9:
DB 1H,82H,'INVALID CARD',0C0H,'****************',00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
SYSTEM_RESET:
MOV DPTR,#MSAG91
CALL LCD_MSG
RET
MSAG91:
DB 1H,80H,'System Restored',0C0H,'****************',00H
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
;**********************************************************
; INITIALIZE THE LCD 4-BIT MODE
;**********************************************************
INITLCD4:
CLR
LCD_RS
; LCD REGISTER SELECT LINE
CLR
LCD_E
; ENABLE LINE
MOV
R4, #CONFIG; FUNCTION SET - DATA BITS,
; LINES, FONTS
CALL
WRLCDCOM4
MOV
R4, #ONDSP ; DISPLAY ON
CALL
WRLCDCOM4
MOV
R4, #ENTRYMODE ; SET ENTRY MODE
CALL
WRLCDCOM4 ; INCREMENT CURSOR RIGHT, NO SHIFT
MOV
R4, #CLRDSP; CLEAR DISPLAY, HOME CURSOR
CALL
WRLCDCOM4
RET
; **********************************************************
; SOFTWARE VERSION OF THE POWER ON RESET
; **********************************************************
RESETLCD4:
CLR
LCD_RS
; LCD REGISTER SELECT LINE
CLR
LCD_E
; ENABLE LINE
Page 60

CLR
LCD_DB7
; SET BIT PATTERN FOR...
CLR
LCD_DB6
; ... POWER-ON-RESET
SETB
LCD_DB5
SETB
LCD_DB4
SETB
LCD_E
; START ENABLE PULSE
CLR
LCD_E
; END ENABLE PULSE
MOV
A, #4
; DELAY 4 MILLISECONDS
CALL
MDELAY
SETB
LCD_E
CLR
LCD_E
; END ENABLE PULSE
MOV
A, #1
; DELAY 1 MILLISECOND
CALL
MDELAY
SETB
LCD_E
CLR
LCD_E
; END ENABLE PULSE
MOV
A, #1
CALL
MDELAY
CLR
LCD_DB4
; SPECIFY 4-BIT OPERATION
SETB
LCD_E
CLR
LCD_E
; END ENABLE PULSE
MOV
A, #1
CALL
MDELAY
MOV
R4, #CONFIG; FUNCTION SET
CALL
WRLCDCOM4
MOV
R4, #08H
; DISPLAY OFF
CALL
WRLCDCOM4
MOV
R4, #1
; CLEAR DISPLAY, HOME CURSOR
CALL
WRLCDCOM4
MOV
R4,#ENTRYMODE ; SET ENTRY MODE
ACALL
WRLCDCOM4
JMP INITLCD4
; **********************************************************
; SUB RECEIVES A COMMAND WORD TO THE LCD
; COMMAND MUST BE PLACED IN R4 BY CALLING PROGRAM
; **********************************************************
WRLCDCOM4:
CLR
LCD_E
CLR
LCD_RS
; SELECT READ COMMAND
PUSH
ACC
; SAVE ACCUMULATOR
MOV
A, R4
; PUT DATA BYTE IN ACC
MOV
C, ACC.4
; LOAD HIGH NIBBLE ON DATA BUS
MOV
LCD_DB4, C ; ONE BIT AT A TIME USING...
MOV
C, ACC.5
; BIT MOVE OPERATOINS
MOV
LCD_DB5, C
MOV
C, ACC.6
MOV
LCD_DB6, C
MOV
C, ACC.7
MOV
LCD_DB7, C
SETB
LCD_E
; PULSE THE ENABLE LINE
CLR
LCD_E
MOV
C, ACC.0
; SIMILARLY, LOAD LOW NIBBLE
MOV
LCD_DB4, C
MOV
C, ACC.1
Page 61

MOV
LCD_DB5, C
MOV
C, ACC.2
MOV
LCD_DB6, C
MOV
C, ACC.3
MOV
LCD_DB7, C
CLR
LCD_E
SETB
LCD_E
CLR
LCD_E
CALL MADELAY
POP
ACC
RET
; **********************************************************
; SUB TO RECEIVE A DATA WORD TO THE LCD
; DATA MUST BE PLACED IN R4 BY CALLING PROGRAM
; **********************************************************
WRLCDDATA:
CLR
LCD_E
SETB
LCD_RS
; SELECT READ DATA
PUSH
ACC
; SAVE ACCUMULATOR
MOV
A, R4
; PUT DATA BYTE IN ACC
MOV
C, ACC.4
; LOAD HIGH NIBBLE ON DATA BUS
MOV
LCD_DB4, C ; ONE BIT AT A TIME USING...
MOV
C, ACC.5
; BIT MOVE OPERATOINS
MOV
LCD_DB5, C
MOV
C, ACC.6
MOV
LCD_DB6, C
MOV
C, ACC.7
MOV
LCD_DB7, C
SETB
LCD_E
CLR
LCD_E
MOV
C, ACC.0
; SIMILARLY, LOAD LOW NIBBLE
MOV
LCD_DB4, C
MOV
C, ACC.1
MOV
LCD_DB5, C
MOV
C, ACC.2
MOV
LCD_DB6, C
MOV
C, ACC.3
MOV
LCD_DB7, C
CLR
LCD_E
SETB
LCD_E
CLR
LCD_E
NOP
NOP
POP
ACC
RET
; **********************************************************
; SUB TAKES THE STRING IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE CALL AND
; DISPLAYS ON THE LCD. STRING MUST BE TERMINATED WITH A
; NULL (0).
; **********************************************************
LCD_MSG:
CLR A
; Clear Index
Page 62

MOVC A,@A+DPTR
; Get byte pointed by Dptr
INC DPTR
; Point to the next byte
JZ LCD_Msg9
; Return if found the zero (end of stringz)
CJNE A,#01H,Lcd_Msg1 ; Check if is a Clear Command
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDCOM4
;If yes, RECEIVE it as command to LCD
JMP
LCD_MSG
;Go get next byte from stringz
Lcd_Msg1: CJNE A,#0FFH,FLL
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
JMP LCD_MSG
FLL: CJNE A,#080h,$+3
JC
Lcd_Msg_Data
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDCOM4
JMP Lcd_Msg
Lcd_Msg_Data:
MOV R4,A
CALL WRLCDDATA
JMP Lcd_Msg
Lcd_Msg9:
;Check for displaying full character
; Data or Address? If => 80h then is address.

; Carry will be set if A < 80h (Data)
; Carry not set if A=>80, it is address
; Go get next byte from stringz
;
; It was data, RECEIVE it to Lcd
; Go get next byte from stringz
RET
; Return to Caller
; **********************************************************
; 1 MILLISECOND DELAY ROUTINE
; **********************************************************
MDELAY:
PUSH
MOV
ACC
A,#0A6H
INC
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
JNZ
NOP
POP
RET
PUSH
MOV
ACC
A,#036H
INC
NOP
MD_OLP:
MD_OLP
ACC
MADELAY:
MAD_OLP:
Page 63

NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
JNZ
MAD_OLP
NOP
POP
ACC
RET
;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
DELAYS:
;One second delay routine
MOV R6, #00H
;put 0 in register R6 (R6 = 0)
MOV R5, #04H
;put 5 in register R5 (R5 = 4)
LOOPB:
INC R6
;increase R6 by one (R6 = R6 +1)
ACALL DELAYMS
;call the routine above. It will run and return to
here.
MOV A, R6
;move value in R6 to A
JNZ LOOPB
;if A is not 0, go to LOOPB
DEC R5
;decrease R5 by one. (R5 = R5 -1)
MOV A, R5
;move value in R5 to A
JNZ LOOPB
;if A is not 0 then go to LOOPB.
RET
;**************************************************************************
DELAYMS:
;millisecond delay routine
;
;
MOV R7,#00H
;put value of 0 in register R7
LOOPA:
INC R7
;increase R7 by one (R7 = R7 +1)
MOV A,R7
;move value in R7 to Accumlator (also known as A)
CJNE A,#0FFH,LOOPA
;compare A to FF hex (256). If not equal go to
LOOPA
RET
;return to the point that this routine was called
from
;**************************************************************************
;***********************************************************************
; THIS ROUTINE SENDS OUT CONTENTS OF THE ACCUMULATOR
; to the EEPROM and includes START condition. Refer to the data sheets
; for discussion of START and STOP conditions.
;***********************************************************************
OUTS:
MOV
SETB
SETB
NOP
NOP
NOP
CLR
NOP
NOP
R2,#8
SDA1
SCL1
SDA1
;LOOP COUNT -- EQUAL TO BIT COUNT

;INSURE DATA IS HI
;INSURE CLOCK IS HI
;NOTE 1
;START CONDITION -- DATA = 0

;NOTE 1
Page 64
OTSLP:
BITLS:
OTSL1:
NOP
CLR
RLC
JNC
SETB
JMP
CLR
SETB
NOP
NOP
NOP
SCL1
A
BITLS
SDA1
OTSL1
SDA1
SCL1
;CLOCK = 0
;SHIFT BIT
CLR
DJNZ
SETB
NOP
SCL1
R2,OTSLP
SDA1
;CLOCK LOW
;DECREMENT COUNTER
;TURN PIN INTO INPUT
;NOTE 1
SETB
NOP
NOP
NOP
SCL1
;CLOCK ACK
;NOTE 1
CLR
RET
SCL1
;DATA = 1
;CONTINUE
;DATA = 0
;CLOCK HI
;NOTE 1
;**********************************************************************
; THIS ROUTINE SENDS OUT CONTENTS OF ACCUMLATOR TO EEPROM
; without sending a START condition.
;**********************************************************************
OUT:
OTLP:
BITL:
OTL1:
MOV
RLC
JNC
SETB
JMP
CLR
SETB
NOP
NOP
NOP
R2,#8
A
BITL
SDA1
OTL1
SDA1
SCL1

;SHIFT BIT
CLR
DJNZ
SETB
NOP
SCL1
R2,OTLP
SDA1
;CLOCK LOW
;DECREMENT COUNTER
;NOTE 1
SETB
NOP
NOP
NOP
SCL1
;CLOCK ACK
;NOTE 1
CLR
RET
SCL1
;DATA = 1
;CONTINUE
;DATA = 0
;CLOCK HI
;NOTE 1
Page 65
STOP:
CLR
NOP
NOP
NOP
SDA1
;STOP CONDITION SET DATA LOW

;NOTE 1
SETB
NOP
NOP
NOP
SCL1
;SET CLOCK HI
;NOTE 1
SETB
SDA1
;SET DATA HIGH
RET
;*******************************************************************
; THIS ROUTINE READS A BYTE OF DATA FROM EEPROM
; From EEPROM current address pointer.
; Returns the data byte in R1
;*******************************************************************
CREAD: MOV
A,#RDCMD
;LOAD READ COMMAND
CALL
OUTS
;SEND IT
CALL
IN
;READ DATA
MOV
R1,A
;STORE DATA
CALL
STOP
RET
;**********************************************************************
; THIS ROUTINE READS IN A BYTE FROM THE EEPROM
; and stores it in the accumulator
;**********************************************************************
IN:
INLP:
INL1:
MOV
SETB
CLR
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
R2,#8
SDA1
SCL1
;LOOP COUNT
;SET DATA BIT HIGH FOR INPUT
;CLOCK LOW
;NOTE 1
SETB
CLR
JNB
CPL
RLC
DJNZ
CLR
RET
SCL1
C
SDA1,INL1
C
A
R2,INLP
SCL1
;CLOCK HIGH
;CLEAR CARRY
;JUMP IF DATA = 0
;SET CARRY IF DATA = 1
;ROTATE DATA INTO ACCUMULATOR
;DECREMENT COUNTER
;CLOCK LOW
;*********************************************************************
; This routine test for WRITE DONE condition
; by testing for an ACK.
; This routine can be run as soon as a STOP condition
; has been generated after the last data byte has been sent
Page 66

; to the EEPROM. The routine loops until an ACK is received from
; the EEPROM. No ACK will be received until the EEPROM is done with
; the write operation.
;*********************************************************************
ACKTST: MOV
A,#WTCMD
MOV
R2,#8
CLR
SDA1
;START CONDITION -- DATA = 0
NOP
;NOTE 1
NOP
NOP
AKTLP:
AKTLS:
AKTL1:
EXIT:
CLR
RLC
JNC
SETB
JMP
CLR
SETB
NOP
NOP
NOP
SCL1
A
AKTLS
SDA1
AKTL1
SDA1
SCL1
;CLOCK = 0
;SHIFT BIT
CLR
DJNZ
SETB
NOP
SCL1
R2,AKTLP
SDA1
;CLOCK LOW
;DECREMENT COUNTER
;NOTE 1
SETB
NOP
NOP
NOP
SCL1
;CLOCK ACK
;NOTE 1
JNB
JMP
CLR
CLR
NOP
NOP
NOP
SDA1,EXIT
ACKTST
SCL1
SDA1
;EXIT IF ACK (WRITE DONE)

;START OVER
;CLOCK LOW
;DATA LOW
;NOTE 1
;DATA = 1
;CONTINUE
;DATA = 0
;CLOCK HI
;NOTE 1
SETB
SCL1
;CLOCK HIGH
NOP
NOP
SETB
SDA1
;STOP CONDITION
RET
;*********************************************************************
END
Page 67
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mazidi.Mohammed Ali, Mazidi.Janice Gillespie, 1999. 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded

systems, second edition, Prentice Hall Publications.
Loss.P.A.V, Lamego.M.M and Vieira.J.L.F, 1998. A single phase Microcontroller based
energy meter, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurements
Embedded system by raj kamal
Kenneth j. Ayala 8051 microcontroller.
WEBSITES:
www.8051projects.com/projects/prepaidenergymeter
www.datasheetcatalog.com/datasheets_pdf/A/T/8/9/AT89S52.shtml
http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheet/atmel/doc1919.pdf
www.howstuffworks.com
www.keil.com
www.alldatasheets.com
www.atmel.databook.com
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PREPAID ENERGY METER

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Basic functions of microcontroller include performing arithmetic and logic

1.2.3 ADVANTAGE OF MICROCONTROLLERS

PREPAID ENERGY METER

1.2.4 APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLERS:

1.3 PREPAID ENERGY SYSTEM:

1.4 ORGANIZATION OF PROJECT:

fig 1.1 Block diagram of prepaid energy meter

PREPAID ENERGY METER

PREPAID ENERGY METER

2.1 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52)

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Fig 2.1 AT89S52 Microcontroller

PREPAID ENERGY METER

2.1.2 FEATURES OF AT89S52:

8K Bytes of in-system Programmable Flash Memory.

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Fig 2.2 Block diagram of 8051 microcontroller

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Fig 2.3 Pin diagram of AT89S52 Microcontroller

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Fig 2.4 Oscillator Connections

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Fig 2.5 External Clock Drive Configuration

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Port 1 and Port 2

Table 2.1 Port 3 Alternate Functions

PREPAID ENERGY METER

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Table 2.2 Port1 Alternate functions

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Table 2.3 Port 3 Alternate functions

PREPAID ENERGY METER

2.2.2 FEATURES OF 24C04 EEPROM:

1 million erase/write cycles with 40 years data retention.

Hardware write control versions:

Programmable write protection.

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Enhanced ESD/Latch up performances

Fig 2.7 Pin diagram and Signal names

Fig 2.8 Logic Diagram

PREPAID ENERGY METER

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Protect Enable (PRE).

Fig: 2.9 Memory Protection

PREPAID ENERGY METER

Fig: 2.10 Circuit symbol of a relay

Fig: 2.11 Relay Operation and use of protection diodes

PREPAID ENERGY METER

PREPAID ENERGY METER

2.3.2 RELAY INTERFACING WITH THE MICROCONTROLLER:

The operation of this circuit is as follows:

PREPAID ENERGY METER

2.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

PREPAID ENERGY METER

2.4.1 PINS FUNCTIONS

Write data (from controller to

; DISPLAY CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS