Flex Ductwork Installation

ADC AIR DIFFUSION COUNCIL
AIR DIFFUSION COUNCIL

Manufacturers of Flexible Air Duct
Flexible Duct Performance

& Installation Standards
Fourth Edition
ADC AIR DIFFUSION COUNCIL, SCHAUMBURG, ILLINOIS
Flexible Duct
Performance and
Installation Standards
Fourth Edition
Copyright 2003
Air Diffusion Council
1000 E. Woodfield Rd. Suite 102
Schaumburg, IL 60173-5921
Telephone: (847) 706-6750 Fax: (847)706-6751
Email: info@flexibleduct.org Web: www.flexibleduct.org
Mission Statement of The Air Diffusion Council

The purpose for which the Air Diffusion Council was formed, as stated in its Certification of
Incorporation, is to promote and further the interests of manufacturers of air distribution equipment, more specifically, flexible air ducts and related products, and the interests of the general
public in the areas of safety, quality, efficiency and energy conservation, and to this end,
develop programs approved and supported by the membership that legally promote and further
these interests, such as:
To encourage, assist and support the maintenance and development of credible and
effective industry standards for the installation, use and performance of flexible duct
products; to promote the use of those standards by various code bodies, government
agencies; architects, engineers, heating and air conditioning contractors, etc. so that
the best interests of the public may be served.
To collect and disseminate lawful information of value to members of the Council, the
general public and others and to act as a clearing house for all such information, as
well as providing a means by which the interests of the individual members of the
Council can be protected, defended, supported more vigorously and effectively in
legal association with others who share those interests.
ADC Bylaws, Article 1, Section 2 (1996)
Table of Contents
Foreword ......................................................................................... i
References ..................................................................................... i
Glossary of Terminology ................................................................ ii
1
Introduction ...................................................................................
1.1
Purpose ......................................................................
1.2
Scope .........................................................................
1.3
Units of Measurement ................................................
1.4
Classification ..............................................................
Characteristics of Flexible Duct .................................................. 5

2.1
Description .................................................................. 5
2.2
Typical Styles - Figures 1-5 ......................................... 5
Testing, Listing, Reporting & Certifying ...................................... 6

3.1
General Requirements ................................................ 6
3.2
Listing Requirements - Table 1 ............................ 6
3.3
Performance Values - Table 2 ............................. 7
3.4
Performance Requirements .................................... 8, 9
3.5
Material Characteristics ............................................. 10
3.6
Methods of Test .........................................................10
3.7
Product Marking ........................................................ 11
3.8
Certification ............................................................... 11
3.9
Packaging .........................................11
Installation Guidelines ................................................................ 12

4.1
Code Reference ........................................................ 12
4.2
General ......................................................................12
4.3
Installation and Usage - Figures 6-9 .......................... 12
4.4
Connecting, Joining and Splicing .............................. 13
4.5
Installation Instructions - Nonmetallic .....................14
4.6
Alternate Installation Instructions - Nonmetallic ..... 15
4.7
Installation Instructions - Metallic ...............................16
4.8
Supporting Flexible Duct - Figures 10-16 .........18, 19
Typical Accessories - Figures 17-27 ................................... 20, 21
General Commentary ................................................................. 22

6.1
Fire Safety ................................................................ 22
6.2
Installation Restrictions and Use Limitations ......... 22
6.3
Duct Sizing ................................................................ 23
6.4
Duct Leakage ............................................................ 23
6.5
Thermal Resistance (R-value Rating) ................... 24
6.6
Field Alterations ........................................................ 24
6.7
Exposure to UV Radiation and Sunlight ................ 24
4
4
4
4
4
Foreword
This standard was developed by the Air Diffusion Council.
It is intended for use by the HVAC industry, including
manufacturers, designers, installers, contractors, code
bodies, inspectors and end users.
The Flexible Duct Performance and Installation Standard
may be used as a comprehensive document in evaluating,
selecting, specifying and installing flexible duct in heating,
air conditioning and ventilating systems.
no responsibility nor accepts any liability for the

application or techniques contained in the
standard.
This standard is subject to review and revision as
the art of the industry advances or experience in
the industry may dictate.
Authorities considering adoption and/or reference of this

standard should review all federal, state, local and other
applicable regulations. The Air Diffusion Council assumes

1000 E. Woodfield Rd., Suite 102
Schaumburg, IL 60173-5921
Telephone (847)706-6750
Fax: (847) 706-6751
Email: info@flexibleduct.org
Web: www.flexibleduct.org
References
ACCA - Manuals D and Q
ADC Standard FD 72-R1 - Flexible Duct Test Code
ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals and Equipment Volumes
ASTM E84 - Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

ASTM E96 - Water Vapor Transmission of Materials in Sheet Form
ADC Flexible Duct Performance & Installation Standards, 4th Edition
ASTM C167 - Thickness and Density of Blanket or Batt Thermal Insulations

ASTM C177 - Thermal Conductivity of Materials by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate
ASTM E477 - Duct Liner Materials and Prefabricated Silencers for Acoustical and Airflow Performance
ASTM C518 - Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter
NFPA Standard 90A - Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
NFPA Standard 90B - Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Systems
NFPA Standard 255 - Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
NAIMA - Fibrous Glass Duct Construction Standards
SMACNA - HVAC Duct Construction Standards, Metal and Flexible
UL Heating, Cooling, Ventilating and Cooking Equipment Directory
UL Standard 181 - Factory-Made Air Ducts and Air Connectors
UL Standard 181B - Closure Systems for Use With Flexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors
UL Standard 723 - Tests for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
Glossary of Terminology
Listing Mark/Label A printing, tag or other marking
device of the listing agency permanently and prominently affixed to the listed product that certifies compliance to the applicable Standard UL 181/UL 181B and
contains recommendations relating to installation and
maximum physical conditions of use.
Lot A collection of units of a product of a single category, style, class and type manufactured under essentially the same conditions and from which a sample is
to be drawn and inspected for conformance to specification.
Permeance The time rate of water vapor transmission
through the vapor barrier expressed in U.S. perms
[ng/(sm2Pa)].
Pressure The positive or negative static pressure
expressed in inches of water gauge (in. w.g.) [Pa].
Radiated Noise The sound power level transmitted
through the duct wall, expressed in decibels (dB).
Sag The distance deviation, expressed in inches per
lineal foot [mm/m] of flexible duct, from a horizontal or
inclined plane between suspension points on installed
flexible duct.
Sound Attenuation (Insertion Loss) The extent to
which sound power level is reduced (attenuated) as it
travels through a flexible duct, expressed in decibels
(dB).
Sound Generation The sound power level which is
generated by the movement of air through a flexible
duct, expressed in decibels (dB).
Thermal Conductivity (k) The time rate of heat flow
through unit thickness of an infinite slab of
homogeneous material in a direction perpendicular to
the surface, induced by unit temperature difference.
Expressed in BTU-in./hr.-ft.2-F [W/(m- C)].
Thermal Resistance (R) The mean temperature
difference, at equilibrium, between two defined
surfaces of material or a construction that induces a
unit heat flow rate through unit area. Expressed in
hr.-ft.2-F/BTU [(m2 -C)/W].
Ultraviolet (UV) Light Invisible radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum lying between visable light (380nm)
and x-rays (100nm). UV is arbitrarily categorized into
short, medium and long wavelength bands: UV-A (315380nm), UV-B (280-315nm) and UV-C (100-280nm).
UV radiation occurs naturally in sunlight or can be
artificially generated.
Vapor Barrier/Retarder The outer membrane of an
insulated flexible duct.
Velocity The average time rate of air flow expressed in
feet per minute (fpm) [m/s].
ii
Air Barrier The membrane of the flexible duct which

actually contains the air volume.
Air Connector A category of flexible duct not meeting
the requirements of an Air Duct per UL 181 Standard
(not tested for flame penetration, puncture and impact)
and having limitations on use, length and location as
defined by NFPA 90A and 90B. Air Connectors are
identified by a round shape listing label of the listing
agency.
Air Duct A category of flexible duct tested and
classified as to the Surface Burning Characteristics in
accordance with the UL 181 Standard and identified by
a rectangular shape listing label of the listing agency.
Authority Having Jurisdiction The organization, office
or individual responsible for and having final approval
concerning use of flexible duct and its installation.
Classification For purposes of this standard, a
method of identifying, marking and specifying flexible
duct as related to listing category, physical style,
positive pressure class and velocity type.
Flexible Duct A preformed, flexible, tubular passage
for supply, return and exhaust air in HVAC systems.
For purposes of this document, the terms designated
Air Duct and Air Connector are used interchangeably,
however not in their intended use and application.
Friction Loss (Bends) The static pressure loss in
bends of flexible duct, expressed as a dimensionless
coefficient (Co) at a specified bend radius ratio. Co is a
dimensionless coefficient which represents the ratio of
the total pressure loss to the dynamic pressure in
terms of velocity pressure.
Friction Loss (Straight) The static pressure loss in a
straight run of flexible duct, expressed in inches of
water gauge (in. w.g.) per 100 feet [Pa/m].
Inner Core/Liner That portion of insulated flexible duct
which determines the internal dimensions and inner
physical form.
Installation Instructions A manufacturers printed
instructions in accordance with the terms of their listing
which advises the method and materials to install the
flexible duct.
Leakage The time rate of air volume loss expressed in
cubic feet per minute (cfm) [L/s].
Listed A published list by a recognized approving
agency acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction
stating that the flexible duct, tape, mastic, and clamp
have been tested to and comply with the applicable
Standard UL 181/UL 181B and maintains periodic
inspection to assure production of the listed products
are in accordance with the listing.
1
Introduction
1.1 Purpose
1.4
This standard sets forth specific methods of

classifying, testing and marking flexible air ducts for
indoor comfort heating, ventilating and air conditioning
applications. This standard sets forth guidelines for
installing flexible ducts in air distribution systems.
Flexible ducts shall be categorized as either Air Ducts

or Air Connectors in accordance with testing and listing
requirements in Table 1. Flexible ducts will appear in
one of the following styles:
1.2
Special considerations not covered by this standard

may be required when flexible ducts are used in:
a. Industrial
applications;
i.e.
particulate
conveying, corrosive atmospheres, excessive
temperatures, etc.
b. Outdoor applications; i.e. continuous exposure
to direct sunlight, weathering elements etc.
Ducts must be listed in conformance to NFPA
Standards 90A and 90B.
a. They must be tested in accordance with

Underwriters Laboratories Standard for FactoryMade Air Ducts and Air Connectors, UL 181.
b. Such ducts must be installed in accordance
with the conditions of their listing.
1.3
M-UN
Metallic, Uninsulated
M-I
Metallic, Insulated
NM-UN
Non Metallic, Uninsulated
NM-IP
Non Metallic, Insulated

with porous inner core
NM-IL
Non Metallic, Insulated lined

with nonporous inner core
Scope
This standard includes requirements for both insulated

and non-insulated flexible ducts. No attempt is made in
this standard to designate a specific material or
construction.
Classification
Units of Measurement
This standard is written in inch-pound (I-P) units

followed by SI units in brackets [ ]. Metric symbols
and units are consistent with SI policy, however some
deviations have been taken in conversion values and
rules-of-rounding. Examples of some deviations are:
Flexible ducts, as part of this standard and for the

purpose of application use only, shall be one of the
following pressure classes and velocity types.
Positive Pressure Class

Pressure
Velocity
(Up to and including)
(Up to and including)
1/2 in. w.g. [125 Pa]
1000 fpm [5.1 m/s]
1 in. w.g. [250 Pa]
2500 fpm [12.7 m/s]
2 in. w.g. [500 Pa]
4000 fpm [20.3 m/s]
3 in. w.g. [750 Pa]
Over 4000 fpm

[20.3 m/s]
4 in. w.g. [1000 Pa]

6 in. w.g. [1500 Pa]
Diameter conversions are based on 25 mm/in. dia.
A 12 in. duct diameter converts to 300 mm.

Length conversions are rounded to the nearest 0.1 m.
A 14 ft. duct length converts to 4.3 m.

Linear dimensions are rounded to the nearest 1 mm.
A 1 in. duct strap converts to 38 mm.

Pressure conversions use 250 Pa/inch w.g.
A pressure of 6 in. w.g. converts to 1500 Pa.

Note: When more precise conversions are required,
follow ASHRAE Policy on SI Units.
Velocity Type
10 in. w.g. [2500 Pa]
2
Characteristics
of Flexible Duct
2.1 Description
Flexible ducts usually are packaged in compressed
form in a variety of lengths with plain ends or as assemblies with special end fittings attached to either or
both ends. Diameters generally range from 2" [50 mm]
through 12" [300 mm] in 1 in. [25 mm] increments and
14" [350 mm] through 20" [500 mm] in 2 in. [50 mm]
increments. Most flexible ducts are slightly over-sized
in diameter to fit over standard sheet metal fittings (see
Dimensions and Tolerances in Section 3.5).
2.2 Typical Styles
Figure 3
Style NM-UN Nonmetallic, Uninsulated
Figure 2
Style M-UN - Metallic, Uninsulated
Figure 4
Style NM-IP - Nonmetallic Insulated,

Perforated (Porous Inner Core)
Figure 5
Style NM-IL - Nonmetallic, Insulated,

Lined (Non porous Inner Core)
Style M-I - Metallic, Insulated
Figure 1
3
Testing, Listing, Reporting
and Certifying
3.1 General Instructions
3.2 Listing Requirements
Flexible ducts conforming to this standard shall be

tested, listed, reported and certified as applicable, in
accordance with the requirements of this standard.
Testing requirements by category are shown in Table 1.
Factory made air ducts and air connectors must be

tested and listed in accordance with Underwriters
Laboratories Standard for Factory-Made Air Ducts and
Air Connectors, UL 181. The UL Heating, Cooling,
Ventilating and Cooking Equipment Directory
publishes such listings.
Table 1
Key to Table 1
Test
Test applicable
Test not applicable
Applicable to parts of metals not inherently

corrosion resistant.
Test applicable for flexible air ducts and air

connectors that incorporate vapor barriers
supported by grommets or other means of
field support.
Air Ducts
Air Connectors
Surface Burning
Characteristics 1
Flame Penetration
Burning
Corrosion a
Mold Growth
and Humidity
Footnote 1
Temperature
Puncture
Static Load
xb
xb
Tests for surface burning characteristics are to be

conducted as specified for Surface Burning
Characteristics of Building Materials, UL 723 (ASTM
E84, NFPA 255).
Impact
Erosion 2
Pressure 2
Collapse 2
Class 1 Material: Shall have flame spread rating of

not over 25 without evidence of continued
progressive combustion and a smoke-developed
rating of not over 50.
Tension
Footnote 2
Torsion
Bending
Leakage
These three tests, Pressure, Erosion and Collapse,

are run at 2.5 times the manufacturers stated rating
for that property. For the erosion test, the variable is
velocity; for the pressure test the variable is positive
pressure; for the collapse test, the variable is
negative pressure.
Listing
Label Shape
Rectangular
Round
Class 0 Material: Shall have surface burning

characteristics of zero (flame spread/smoke
developed).
Testing, Listing, Reporting and Certifying . . . continued
3.3 Performance Values

Table 2 lists the required tests and units of
measurement and recommended values of
minimum performance where applicable.
Table 2
For comparison purpose only. Not for design. For detailed design data, refer to manufacturers product engineering
data.
Property
Test - Section 3.4 - Thermal Performance
Thermal Loss*
All diameters
R: hr- ft2 - F/BTU [(m2C/W]
Straight:(in.w.g. per 100 ft. [Pa/m]

of duct @ 1000 fpm [5.1 m/s])
90 bend loss coefficient (Co)
@ R/D = 2
At Recommended Operating
Positive Pressure (in. w.g.) [Pa]
140 F [60 C] Continuous

180 F [82 C] Intermittent
cfm/in. (dia.)ft. (length)

[L/s/mm (dia.)m (length)
0.03
[1.7 x 104]
Due to complexity of data, no recommended value of

performance is stated. Refer to Manufacturers Data.
Test - Section 3.4 - Static Press./Temp. Performance
Test - Section3.4 - Leakage (Duct Only)
Test - Section 3.4 - Leakage (Including Connections)
Leakage
All diameters
1.0 (maximum)
Test - Section 3.4 - Acoustical Performance
Leakage
All diameters
Sound Attenuation
Sound Generation
Radiated Noise
Static Press./Temp
12" [300 mm]

diameter
0.3 [2.5] (maximum)
cu.ft./hr. [L/s]
0.87 [1.1 x 105] D2 (maximum) where D is

internal duct diameter in inches [mm].
Test - Section 3.6

Water Vapor Transmission Rates of Vapor Barriers
Permeance*
All diameters
U.S. Perms [ng/(sm2Pa)]
* Not applicable to uninsulated ducts.
1.0 [57.5] (maximum)
Acoustical
(dB)
4.2 [0.74](minimum) @ 75F [24C] mean temperature
Test - Section 3.4 - Friction Loss
Friction Loss
12" [300 mm]

diameter
Recommended Performance Value
3.4
Performance Requirements
Thermal Performance. Thermal loss properties of

insulated flexible duct shall be based on flat sections of
insulation only at installed duct wall thickness and
excluding any air film resistance.
The thermal resistance (R) shall be determined using
the relationship: R = th / k.
Where: R = Thermal resistance (hr-ft2 - F/Btu)

[(m2C)/W] rounded to the nearest 0.1
th = duct insulation wall thickness (in.)
[mm] rounded to the nearest 1/16
inch [2 mm].
k = measured apparent thermal
conductivity (Btu-in/hr-ft2 - F)
[W/(mC)]
The insulations thermal conductivity is measured

according to ASTM C518 or ASTM C177 at 75F [24
C] mean temperature. Installed insulation thickness is
determined in the following manner (see note 1 and 2
below).
th =
Jacket Layflat Width x 2

3.14159
- Nom. Core Dia.
2
The jacket layflat width can be determined by
circumferentially cutting the jacket, removing it from
the duct, laying it on a flat surface and measuring the
width to the nearest 1/16 inch [2 mm].
Note 1
The out-of-package insulation thickness
meaured in accordance with ASTM C167 shall be
equal to or greater than the calculated installed duct
insulation wall thickness.
Note 2 Actual internal core diameter shall be within
the tolerances of +3/8, -0 in. [+9,-0 mm] of nominal
core diameter.
Friction Loss. Friction loss shall be determined in

accordance with the ADC Test Code FD 72-R1.
Friction loss for straight runs shall be presented in
graphical form over the manufacturers rated velocity
range and size range. Friction loss in 90 bends shall
be presented in graphical form at three different bend
radii.
Straight Runs:
Friction loss - inches of water gauge per 100 feet [Pa/
m] of duct, shall be plotted on the horizontal axis, and
Air volume - CFM [L/s] on the vertical axis. For
convenience of the user, corresponding velocities may
also be plotted. For purposes of recommended
performance values in Table 2, a 12" [300 mm]
nominal internal duct size, tested at 1000 fpm [5.1 m/s]
velocity shall be used.
90 Bends:
Friction loss coefficient (Co) - dimensionless coefficient,
shall be plotted on the vertical axis, and the internal
duct diameter shall be plotted on the horizontal axis.
Each R/D value tested shall be plotted. For purpose of
recommended performance values for 12" [300 mm]
nominal I.D. duct in Table 2, a loss coefficient of
R/D = 2 shall be used.
The term Co is a dimensionless coefficient which
represents the ratio of the total pressure loss to the
dynamic pressure in terms of velocity pressure.
Acoustical Performance. When acoustical properties

are claimed, the duct shall be tested in accordance
with ASTM E477 and/or ADC Test Code FD 72-R1.
Data shall be presented in the following form:
Static Pressure/Temperature Performance. Flexible

duct shall be tested under simultaneous temperature
and pressure conditions in accordance with ADC Test
Code FD 72-R1.
Attenuation:
Test temperatures and times under this standard shall

be:
Sound attenuation test data shall be reported by

tabulation in either dB/lineal foot [dB/m] or as dB for
specified length (such as dB/3 ft. [1.0 m] or dB/12 ft.
[3.7 m]). In either case, the table of values shall show
attenuation at center frequencies of 125, 250, 500,
1000, 2000, 4000 hertz. The table shall also indicate
whether determinations were made with or without air
flowing and the maximum velocity range to which data
is applicable.
Because this data is not necessarily linear, the limits of
linearity shall be stated. Notes must accompany data
explaining the limits of use. No additional attenuation
may be claimed for lengths greater than the lengths
tested.
Sound Generation:
Sound generation test data shall be reported by

tabulation in either dB/linear foot [dB/m] or dB for
specified length tested. Tabulated data shall show
sound generation at center frequencies of 125, 250,
500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 hertz.
Radiated Noise:
Radiated noise reduction shall be reported with 0 air
flow and at one flow of 2500 fpm [12.7 m/s] velocity or
the option of 4000 [20.3] or 6000 [30.5] fpm [m/s]
velocity for each duct diameter tested
Radiated noise reduction shall be reported as dB/

linear foot [db/m] or dB for a specified length at
center frequencies of 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and
4000 hertz.
For purpose of recommended performance values in

Table 2, a 12 [300 mm] nominal internal duct size
shall be tested. In addition, the smallest and largest
size of the diameter range shall be tested for
comparative performance verification.
Leakage - Duct Only. Leakage shall be determined in
accordance with ADC Test Code FD 72-R1. Duct
leakage shall be reported as an average leakage rate
of air volume loss per unit internal diameter per unit
length (CFM/in.dia./ft.) [L/s/mm dia./m].
Leakage - Including Connections. Shall be determined in accordance with UL 181 requirements.
9
Sound generation test data shall be reported for at

least four different velocities selected from the
following range of velocities (must include maximum
rated velocity): 400, 800, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500,
3000, 4000 and 6000 fpm. [2.0, 4.1, 5.1, 7.6, 10.2,
12.7, 15.2, 20.3 and 30.5 m/s]
Continuous Temperature/Time - 140 F [60 C] for 164

hours.
Intermittent Temperature/Time - 180 F [82 C] for 4
hours.
3.5 Material Characteristics
3.6 Methods of Test
There are specifications external to this standard

based on specific properties of component materials.
When required, data should be determined and
reported in accordance with the following procedure.
Water Vapor Transmission Rates of Vapor

Barriers (Retarders). The water vapor transmission
rate of vapor barriers shall be determined in
accordance with ASTM E96, Procedure A. Specimens
for test shall be selected in the following manner. A
sample of flexible duct shall be selected from
production material which has been stored in its
standard package a minimum of twenty-four (24)
hours. Specimens 12 in. x 12 in. [300 mm x 300 mm]
shall be cut from each at the approximate center of the
sample duct.
Permeance. Water vapor permeance of the jacketing

material is applicable only to insulated flexible duct.
Permeance shall be tested and reported in accordance
with Section 3.6 Water Vapor Transmission Rates of
Vapor Barriers.
Dimensions and Tolerances. Dimensions and
tolerances of flexible ducts shall be within the
tolerance listed on the manufacturers data sheets.
Length shall not be less than advertised nominal when
measured fully extended in accordance with Section
3.6 Length Measurement.
10
Sampling. Unless otherwise stated in the purchase

document, quality records maintained by the
manufacturer will suffice in the relationship between
the purchaser and manufacturer. If they mutually agree
to accepts lots on the basis of the quality control
records, no further sampling is required.
WVTR specimens will then be prepared and tested in

accordance with procedures outlined in ASTM E96,
Procedure A.
The permeance of the material shall be reported as the
average of the three determinations tested. The results
are to be reported in U.S. perms [ng/(sm2Pa)].
Length Measurement. A length of flexible duct which
has been packaged in compressed form shall be
measured with a tape after fully extending the duct.
Measure while maintaining the tension.
For referee measurement: Apply an axial load of 25

lbs. [11.3 Kg], measured by a force gauge, to the
product for one minute. Measure the length with the
axial tension applied after the duct is fully extended.
3.7 Product Marking
3.8 Certification
Listing Mark and Label Information. All ducts shall be

marked, labeled or printed at maximum intervals of 10
ft. [3.0 m] or fraction thereof. Labels shall contain at
least the following information.
Upon request, the manufacturer shall certify that its

product(s) conform to the requirements of this
standard.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Identifying mark of the listing agency

Manufacturers identification
Maximum Positive and Negative pressure
rating
Maximum Rated Velocity
R-Value (applicable to insulated ducts only)
Classification of Surface Burning
Characteristics (Class 0 or 1)
Identification as either an Air Duct or Air
Connector
Seal of Certification. A mark separate and distinct

from the ADC label. The seal signifies third-party
verification to particular performance requirements of
this standard by an ADC Recognized Testing
Laboratory.
Note 1 Air Connector identification shall further

state Not to be installed in lengths greater than 14
ft [4.3 m].
Note 2 Air Duct labels shall be rectangular in
shape; Air Connector labels shall be round in
shape. Reference to listed installation instructions.
3.9 Packaging
Unless otherwise agreed or specified between the
purchaser and the manufacturer, flexible duct shall be
packed in the manufacturers standard commercial
containers.
Unless otherwise specified, each container shall be
marked with the following information:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Manufacturer or Brand Name

Product designation product name (optional)
Size (internal diameter)
Nominal Length of duct section
Number of sections per container
Storage and/or stocking instructions (if any)
Production date or date code of the
manufacturer.
Each container shall contain the manufacturers

specific installation instruction. (Optionally, these
instructions may be printed on the container.)
ADC Logo. A mark which is separate and distinct from

the listing mark and label containing the following
information and indicating compliance with this
standard.
11
4
Installation Guidelines
4.1 Code Reference
4.3 Installation and Usage
The authority having jurisdiction should be

referenced to determine what law, ordinance or code
shall apply in the use of flexible duct.
Install duct fully extended, do not install in the

compressed state or use excess lengths. This will
noticeably increase friction losses.
Ducts conforming to NFPA 90A or 90B shall meet the

following requirements:
a.
b.
c.
Shall be tested in accordance with Sections

5-21 of Underwriters Laboratories Standard
for Factory-Made Air Ducts and Air
Connectors, UL 181.
Shall be installed in accordance with the
conditions of their listing.
Shall be installed within the limitations of the
applicable NFPA 90A or 90B Standard.
4.2 General
12
The routing of flexible duct, the number of bends, the

number or degrees in each bend and the amount of
sag allowed between support joints will have serious
effects on system performance due to the increased
resistance each introduces. Use the minimum length of
flexible duct to make connections. It is not
recommended that excess length of ducts be installed
to allow for possible future relocations of air terminal
devices.
Figure 6
Avoid installations where exposure to direct sunlight

can occur, e.g. turbine vents, sky lights, canopy
windows, etc. Prolonged exposure to sunlight will
cause degradation of the vapor barrier. Direct
exposure to UV light from a source lamp installed
within the HVAC system will cause degradation of
some inner core/liner materials.
Terminal devices shall be supported independently of
the flexible duct.
Repair torn or damaged vapor barrier/jacket with duct
tape listed and labeled to Standard UL 181B. If internal
core is penetrated, replace flexible duct or treat as a
connection.
Figure 7
Installation Guidelines . . . continued
Avoid bending ducts across sharp corners or incidental

contact with metal fixtures, pipes or conduits. Radius
at center line shall not be less than one duct diameter.
4.4 Connecting, Joining and Splicing Flexible

Ducts
All connections, joints and splices shall be made in
accordance with the manufacturers installation
instructions.
For flexible ducts with plain ends, standardized
installation instructions conforming to this standard are
shown in Sections 4.5 Nonmetallic With Plain
Ends (uses tape and clamp to seal/secure the core to
the fitting), 4.6 Alternate Nonmetallic With Plain
Ends (uses mastic and clamp to seal/secure the core
to the fitting), and 4.7 Metallic With Plain Ends
(optional use of tape or mastic and metal screws to
seal/secure the core to the fitting).
Figure 8
Do not install near hot equipment (e.g. furnaces,
boilers, steam pipes, etc.) that is above the
recommended flexible duct use temperature.
Due to the wide variety of ducts and duct assemblies

with special end treatments, e.g. factory installed
fittings, taped ends, crimped metal ends, etc., no
standardized installation instructions are shown.
Reference manufacturers installation instructions.
Sheet metal fittings to which flexible ducts with plain

ends are attached shall be beaded and have a
minimum of 2 inches [50 mm] collar length. Beads are
optional for fittings when attaching metallic flexible
ducts.
Figure 9
Sheet metal sleeves used for joining two sections of

flexible duct with plain ends shall be a minimum of 4
inches [100 mm] in length and beaded on each end.
Beads are optional for sleeves when joining metallic
flexible ducts.
Flexible ducts secured with nonmetallic clamps shall
be limited to 6 inches w.g. [1500 Pa] positive pressure.
13
All tapes, mastics, and nonmetallic clamps used for

field installation of flexible ducts shall be listed and
labeled to Standard UL 181B - Closure Systems for
Use With Flexible Air Ducts and Air Connectors.

4.5 Installation Instructions for Air Ducts and Air Connectors - Nonmetallic with Plain Ends
Connections
Splices
1. After desired length is determined, cut completely

around and through duct with knife or scissors. Cut
wire with wire cutters. Fold back jacket and insulation.
1. Fold back jacket and insulation from core. Butt two

cores together on a 4" [100 mm] length metal sleeve.
2. Slide at least 1" [25 mm] of core over fitting and

past the bead. Seal core to collar with at least 2 wraps
of duct tape. Secure connection with clamp placed
over the core and tape and past the bead.
2. Tape cores together with at least 2 wraps of duct

tape. Secure connection with 2 clamps placed over the
taped core ends and past the beads.
3. Pull jacket and insulation back over core. Tape

jacket with at least 2 wraps of duct tape. A clamp may
be used in place of or in combination with the duct
tape.
3. Pull jacket and insulation back over cores. Tape

jackets together with at least 2 wraps of duct tape.
14
NOTES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
For uninsulated air ducts and air connectors, disregard references to insulation and jacket.
Use beaded sheet metal fittings and sleeves.
Use tapes listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked 181B-FX.
Nonmetallic clamps shall be listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked 181B-C.
Use of nonmetallic clamps shall be limited to 6 in. w.g. [1500 Pa] positive pressure.

4.6 Alternate Installation Instructions for Air Ducts and Air Connectors Nonmetallic with Plain Ends
Connections and Splices

Step 1
After desired length is determined, cut completely around and
through duct with knife or scissors. Cut wire with wire cutters.
Pull back jacket and insulation from core.
Step 2
Apply mastic approximately 2" [50 mm] wide uniformly around
the collar of the metal fitting or over the ends of a 4" [100 mm]
metal sleeve. Reference data on mastic container for
application rate, application thickness, cure times and handling
information.
Step 3
Slide at least 2" [50 mm] of core over the fitting or sleeve ends
and past the bead.
15
Step 5
Pull jacket and insulation back over core ends. Tape jacket(s)
with at least 2 wraps of duct tape. A clamp may be used in
place of or in combination with the duct tape.
NOTES:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
For uninsulated air ducts and air connectors, disregard references to insulation and jacket.
Use beaded sheet metal fittings and sleeves.
Use mastics listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked 181B-M on container.
Use tapes listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked 181B-FX.
Nonmetallic clamps shall be listed and labeled in accordance with standard UL 181B and marked 181B-C.
Use of nonmetallic clamps shall be limited to 6 in. w.g. [1500 Pa] positive pressure.
Step 4
Secure core to collar with a clamp applied past the bead.
Secure cores to sleeve ends with 2 clamps applied past the
beads.

4.7 Installation Instruction for Air Ducts and Air Connectors - Metallic with Plain Ends
Connections and Splices

1. After cutting duct to desired length, fold back jacket
and insulation exposing core. Trim core ends squarely
using suitable metal shears. Determine optional
sealing method (Steps 2 or 5) before proceeding.
4. Secure to collar/sleeve using #8 sheet metal

screws spaced equally around circumference. Use 3
screws for diameters under 12" [300 mm] and 5
screws for diameters 12" [300 mm] and over.
2. When mastics are required and for pressures 4"

w.g. [1000 Pa] and over, seal joint with mastic applied
uniformly to the outside surface of collar/sleeve.
(Disregard this step when not using mastics and proceed to Step 3).
5. For pressures under 4" w.g. [1000 Pa] seal joint

using 2 wraps of duct tape applied over screw heads
and spirally lapping tape to collar/sleeve. (Disregard
this step when using mastics per Step 2).
3. Slide at least 1" [25 mm] of core over metal collar

for attaching duct to take off or over ends of a 4" [100
mm] metal sleeve for splicing 2 lengths of duct.
6. Pull jacket and insulation back over core. Tape

jacket with 2 wraps of duct tape. A clamp may be used
in place of or in combination with the duct tape.
16
NOTES:
1. For uninsulated air ducts and air connectors, disregard references to insulation and jacket.
2. Use mastics listed and labeled to Standard UL 181B and marked181B-M on container.
3. Use tapes listed and labeled to Standard UL 181B and marked 181B-FX.
4. Nonmetallic clamps shall be listed and labeled in accordance with Standard UL 181B and marked 181B-C.
This page has been intentionally

left blank for future use.
17
4.8 Supporting Flexible Duct

Flexible duct shall be supported at manufacturers recommended intervals, but at no greater distance than
5 [1.5 m]. Maximum permissible sag is " per foot [42
mm per meter] of spacing between supports.
A connection to rigid duct or equipment shall be considered a support joint. Long horizontal duct runs with
sharp bends shall have additional supports before and
after the bend approximately one duct diameter from
the center line of the bend.
Hanger or saddle material in contact with the flexible

duct shall be of sufficient width to prevent any restriction of the internal diameter of the duct when the
weight of the supported section rests on the hanger
or saddle material. In no case will the material contacting the flexible duct be less than 1 [38 mm]
wide.
18
Figure 11
Figure 10
Figure 12
Factory installed suspension systems integral to the

flexible duct are an acceptable alternative hanging
method when manufacturers recommended procedures are followed.
Support the duct between a metal connection and

bend by allowing the duct to extend straight for a few
Inches before making the bend. This will avoid possible damage of the flexible duct by the edge of the
metal collar.
Figure 13
Figure 14
19
Figure 15
Vertically installed duct

shall be stabilized by
support straps at a max.
of 6 [1.8 m] on center.
Note:
Factory-made air ducts may not
be used for vertical risers in air
duct systems serving more than
two stories.
Figure 16
Flexible ducts may rest on ceiling joists or truss

supports. Maximum spacing between supports shall
not exceed the maximum spacing per manufacturers
installation instruction.
5
Typical Accessories
5.1 Types
These figures depict typical accessories but do not
represent all available accessories. The designer
should select and approve accessories which are
acceptable for each application. The standard is not
intended to limit the selection or the development of
accessories for use with flexible duct.
20
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Ductboard Collar (Spin-In)
Figure 20
Sheet metal Collar (Dovetail)
Figure 21
Sheet metal Collar (Spin-In-Straight)
Metal Duct Clamp
Nonmetallic Duct Clamp
Typical Accessories . . . continued
Figure 22
Conical Collar (Spin-In)
Figure 25
Ductboard Collar (Tabbed)
21
Figure 24
4 [100 mm] length Sleeve/Coupling
45 Entry Fitting
Figure 26
Figure 27
Insulated Box with Collar

(2" [50 mm] length min.)
Flanged Fitting
Figure 23
6
General Commentary
6.1 Fire Safety
Flexible ducts are not noncombustible, except metallic
uninsulated, but generally regarded as limitedcombustible. The UL 181 Safety Standard for FactoryMade Air Ducts and Air Connectors is used to
investigate safety performance as referenced in the
applicable International Codes (ICC), Uniform
Mechanical Code (IAPMO), the applicable National
Fire Protection Code/Standards (NFPA), and various
state and local codes.
The UL 181 Standard has been used for over 40 years
for evaluating safety. The testing procedures were developed by taking a wide range of safety-related
installation situations into consideration, including
structural integrity and flammability characteristics.
Four (4) fire tests are used to investigate the flammability and burning characteristics of flexible duct as
follows:
a.
22
The Surface Burning Characteristics (Flame

Spread and Smoke Development) for both
interior and exterior of duct using the 25 ft.
[7.6 m] tunnel test method that is published in
UL 723, the American Society of Testing and
Materials (ASTM E84), the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA 255) and the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
b.
Ease of ignition/burning test using a Bunsen

burner on both the inner core and outer jacket
of the duct.
c.
Flame penetration test using a specially designed test apparatus to evaluate the
retardation of flame passage from exterior to
interior of the duct.
d.
Component flame resistance test conducted

on tapes, fabrics, adhesives, and related
components that are exposed directly to the
air system.
6.2 Installation Restrictions

and Use Limitations
There are specific restrictions and limitations related to
the use of flexible ducts. Some are due to NFPA Standards, model codes and various state/local codes.
Others are due to end use performance where the
product was not designed for that specific use. Some,
but not all inclusive, are as follows:
a.
Cannot be used for vertical risers serving

more than two stories in height.
b.
Cannot be used in systems with entering

air temperature higher than 250F[121C].
c.
Must be installed in accordance with conditions of listing.
d.
When installed in a fire-rated floor/roof ceiling assembly, ducts shall conform with the
design of the tested fire-resistive assembly.
e.
Should be interrupted at the immediate

area of operation of electric, fossil fuel or
solar energy collection heat sources to
meet listed equipment clearances specified.
f.
Air connectors (does not apply to air ducts)

shall not be installed in lengths greater than
14 ft. [4.3 m] for any given run; shall not
pass through any wall, partition or enclosure of a vertical shaft with a 1 hour or
more fire resistive rating; shall not pass
through floors.
g.
Should not penetrate walls where fire

dampers are required.
h.
Should not be used outdoors unless specifically designed to withstand exposure to

direct sunlight and the weathering elements.
i.
Should not be used to vent appliances for

cooking, heating and clothes drying unless
approved and recommended by the appliance manufacturer.
j.
Should not be installed in concrete, buried

below grade or in contact with the ground.
General Commentary . . . continued
6.3 Duct Sizing
6.4 Duct Leakage
The combined friction and dynamic pressure losses

must be taken into consideration to properly size any
duct. Pressure losses caused by the roughness of the
duct wall resisting air movement are know as friction
losses. Pressure losses when air flow changes direction, as caused by bends or when air flows across
other systems components, are known as dynamic
losses.
Flexible duct has inherently low leakage properties due

to the impervious nature of the materials used as the
air barrier. These give the flexible duct itself leakage
rates less than of 1% of air volume when proper
connections are made to other system components.
To prevent undersizing or oversizing of flexible ducts

and achieve the designed air delivery performance:
Reference industry manuals (SMACNA,

NAIMA) for making round tap-ins into and
sealing fitting joints to rigid ducts, plenums,
etc.
Use a proven method of duct sizing, one that

has taken into consideration both friction and
dynamic losses.
b.
Make flexible duct connections/splices in

accordance with manufacturers
recommended installation instructions.
Use friction loss data characteristic of flexible

duct. Do not use data for round sheet metal
duct.
c.
Seal flexible duct connections with sealing

materials listed and labeled to Standard UL
181B. Mechanically secure connections with
approved clamping material.
Have an understanding of and properly use

the air friction chart.
b.
c.
d.
A higher than expected leakage rate can occur at connections if improper materials or careless work
practices are used. To assure a low leakage rate for
flexible duct systems, the following is recommended:
Since all flexible ducts are not alike, use the

published data from the manufacturer of the
specific flexible duct being used.
d.
Repair any rip, tear or hole in the air barrier

using materials listed and labeled to Standard
UL 181B and methods recommended by the
manufacturer.
23
General Commentary . . . continued
6.5 Thermal Resistance (R-value Rating)
6.6 Field Alterations
The thermal resistance (R-value) requirements for air

distribution ducts can vary depending on the energy
code being enforced. For insulated ducts, the minimum
value in conformance with this standard is R-4.2 [0.74].
Uninsulated ducts have no R-value rating. To
accommodate the varying levels of R-values, ADC
manufacturers commonly offer insulated flexible duct
with R-value ratings of 4.2 [0.74], 6.0 [1.06] and 8.0
[1.41].
Flexible ducts complying with this standard are listed

to the UL 181 Safety Standard for Factory-Made Air
Ducts and Air Connectors and must be installed per
the conditions of their listing.
Thermal resistance (R-value) for this standard is

determined in accordance with Thermal Performance
in Section 3.4. The value, excluding any film
resistance, is determined on flat sections of insulation
only at installed duct wall thickness and in accordance
with ASTM C518 at 75F [24C] mean temperature. Rvalues based on dynamic thermal tests are not part of
this standard.
24
For credence, ADC initiated a third-party verification of

R-value ratings in accordance with Thermal
Performance in Section 3.4 and Certification in
Section 3.8 of this standard. An adjunct testing and
follow-up program was established with Underwriters
Laboratories Inc. for flexible ducts listed and labeled to
Standard UL 181. The program includes testing,
classifying, follow-up testing and labeling of R-values
at both the insulation manufacturer and flexible duct
manufacturer. Flexible duct members participating in
the thermal certification program are eligible to mark
their product with the ADC Seal of Certification for
Thermal Performance.
Thermal Performance
Alterations made in the field, such as applying

additional overwraps of insulation/barriers, surface
paint, internal sanitizers, spray sealants, etc. may
compromise the fire safety performance of the duct
and void the manufacturers product warranty.
6.7 Exposure to UV Radiation and Sunlight

Some polymeric materials used to manufacture
nonmetallic flexible ducts will degrade with prolonged
exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation
occurs naturally in sunlight or can be artificially
generated by specialized lamps.
The outer barrier (jacket) may degrade if ducts are
installed outside in direct sunlight or within attics, crawl
spaces, etc. where direct sunlight enters, e.g. turbine
vents, sky lights, canopy windows, etc.
The inner core (liner) may degrade if ducts are
positioned near a bio-treatment lamp (UV emitter)
installed within the HVAC system.
Unless the product is specifically designed to
withstand the exposure to UV light, care should be
taken to ensure the outer vapor barrier and inner core
material are shielded from direct sunlight and UV
radiation.
Reference
the
manufacturers
recommendations for specific product information
related to UV exposure.
Notes
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What is the purpose of the Air Diffusion Council?

What is the purpose of the Air Diffusion Council?

What standards does the Air Diffusion Council promote?

What standards does the Air Diffusion Council promote?

ADC AIR DIFFUSION COUNCIL

AIR DIFFUSION COUNCIL

Flexible Duct Performance

ADC AIR DIFFUSION COUNCIL, SCHAUMBURG, ILLINOIS

Mission Statement of The Air Diffusion Council

Characteristics of Flexible Duct .................................................. 5

Testing, Listing, Reporting & Certifying ...................................... 6

Installation Guidelines ................................................................ 12

Typical Accessories - Figures 17-27 ................................... 20, 21

General Commentary ................................................................. 22

no responsibility nor accepts any liability for the

Authorities considering adoption and/or reference of this

AIR DIFFUSION COUNCIL

ASTM E84 - Test for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

ADC Flexible Duct Performance & Installation Standards, 4th Edition

ASTM C167 - Thickness and Density of Blanket or Batt Thermal Insulations

Air Barrier The membrane of the flexible duct which

This standard sets forth specific methods of

Flexible ducts shall be categorized as either Air Ducts

Special considerations not covered by this standard

ADC Flexible Duct Performance & Installation Standards, 4th Edition

a. They must be tested in accordance with

Non Metallic, Uninsulated

Non Metallic, Insulated

Non Metallic, Insulated lined

This standard includes requirements for both insulated

This standard is written in inch-pound (I-P) units

Flexible ducts, as part of this standard and for the

Positive Pressure Class

(Up to and including)

(Up to and including)

1/2 in. w.g. [125 Pa]

1000 fpm [5.1 m/s]

1 in. w.g. [250 Pa]

2500 fpm [12.7 m/s]

2 in. w.g. [500 Pa]

4000 fpm [20.3 m/s]

3 in. w.g. [750 Pa]

Over 4000 fpm

4 in. w.g. [1000 Pa]

Diameter conversions are based on 25 mm/in. dia.

A 12 in. duct diameter converts to 300 mm.

A 14 ft. duct length converts to 4.3 m.

A 1 in. duct strap converts to 38 mm.

A pressure of 6 in. w.g. converts to 1500 Pa.

10 in. w.g. [2500 Pa]

2.2 Typical Styles

Style NM-UN Nonmetallic, Uninsulated

Style M-UN - Metallic, Uninsulated

Style NM-IP - Nonmetallic Insulated,

Style NM-IL - Nonmetallic, Insulated,

Style M-I - Metallic, Insulated

ADC Flexible Duct Performance & Installation Standards, 4th Edition

3.2 Listing Requirements

Flexible ducts conforming to this standard shall be