Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Standard Keur 00820-702: 1 Scope and Field of Application 1.1 Scope
Standard Keur 00820-702: 1 Scope and Field of Application 1.1 Scope
KEUR 00820-702
Authorized:
Page: 1 of 6
1.1 Scope
This standard establishes the requirements which must be met when magnetic particle inspection is
specified.
1.2 Field of application
Magnetic particle inspection is employed to demonstrate cracks and other material discontinuities, on or just
below the surface of ferromagnetic materials.
Sensitivity is at its optimum for surface discontinuities, and diminishes rapidly with faults located deeper
below the surface.
Typical discontinuities which can be well demonstrated using magnetic particle inspection are:
cracks;
doublings;
cold shut.
2
DEFINITIONS
STANDARD
Date: March 2004 Issue: 04
KEUR 00820-702
Authorized:
Page: 2 of 6
2.2 Personnel
Personnel responsible for carrying out magnetic particle inspection must be certified in accordance with the
requirements as laid down in procedure QA1-6.2-03, Certification of NDT employees.
2.3 Methods of magnetic particle inspection
The following methods are possible:
the continuous method, in which the test medium is applied during magnetisation;
the remanent field method whereby the test medium is applied after magnetisation.
2.4 Techniques for magnetic particle inspection
One or more of the following techniques may be used:
electrodes;
yoke magnets;
SURFACE
3.1 Appearance
The surface to be inspected should be free from grease, dirt, rust, mill scale and other impurities.
A thin paint layer up to 80 m or a ferromagnetic coating layer up to 30 m need not be removed. This does
not apply for the points where the electrodes are placed on the surface; these must be free from paint or
coating. A product may be investigated for cracks several times during production. Magnetic particle
inspection must always be carried out after operation which could cause material discontinuities.
4
APPARATUS
4.1 General
The test medium consists of a finely divided ferromagnetic material with a high permeability and low
remanence. A differentiation is made between:
a)
test particles for the dry method;
b)
test particles for the wet method.
4.2 Test particles for the dry method
The colour of dry particles must contrast with the colour of the surface to be inspected, and may be either
colour-contrasting or fluorescent. Dry particles are also used for higher surface temperatures.
4.3 Test particles for the wet method
The colour of the wet test suspension must contrast with the colour of the surface to be inspected, and may
be either colour-contrasting or fluorescent. Test fluids are used up to a surface temperature of 57 C.
4.3.1 Concentration of the test suspensions
The concentration is determined according to an ASTM D 96 (1998) bowl, and is as follows for:
STANDARD
Date: March 2004 Issue: 04
KEUR 00820-702
Authorized:
Page: 3 of 6
4.3.2 Liquid
The liquid acts as a vehicle for the particles to disperse them evenly over the surfaces to be inspected.
The test particles are suspended in oils with a low viscosity or water with additions such as releasing agents,
anti-rust agents or anti-foaming agents.
4.3.2.1 Properties of oils
viscosity 25 C, mm2/s
non-fluorescent.
max. 2.0;
min. 55 C;
max. 6;
non-foaming;
non-corrosive action;
max. 5;
non-fluorescent;
odourless;
pH
10.
4.4 Types of current
In calculating the required current strength, the peak value of a variable current will be determinative. It is
only possible to read off this value on few ammeters. In many cases, the average or effective value (r.m.s.)
will be read out. Table 1 shows the conversion factors for calculating the current strength from the read out
peak values.
Table 1: Factors by which indicated current values are multiplied to obtain peak values
Type of ammeter
Current type
Ammeter measuring mean value Ammeter measuring effective value
(r.m.s.)
Direct current
1.00
1.00
Alternating current
not applicable
1.41
Full wave rectified single-phase current
1.57
1.41
Half-wave rectified single-phase current
3.14
2.00
Full-wave rectified three-phase current
1.05
1.05
Half-wave rectified three-phase current
1.21
1.18
TEST METHOD
STANDARD
Date: March 2004 Issue: 04
KEUR 00820-702
Authorized:
Page: 4 of 6
Deq =
circumference
For use of a central conductor, the same values apply as shown in table 2.
5.3 Indirect magnetisation techniques
With these techniques magnetic flux passes through the part. Discontinuities perpendicular to the direction of
the magnetic flux are best detected.
5.3.1 Magnetisation by using a coil.
If the component is placed in a coil, a magnetic field will be generated in the component. If the enclosed
surface of the coil is 10 times greater than the surface of the cross section of the component, the following
formula can be employed for calculating the required current strength.
A=
A
W
K
L
D
K
W ( L / D)
= current strength in ampere
= number of windings
= a constant, 45.000
= length of the component
= diameter of the component
STANDARD
Date: March 2004 Issue: 04
KEUR 00820-702
Authorized:
Page: 5 of 6
A number of conditions:
1.
the L/D ratio must be between 2 and 15. If less than 2, using filler blocks, ensure that the ratio is
greater than 2. If L/D is greater than 15, 15 should be used in the formula;
2.
the cross-section of the component may not be less than 10% of the coil diameter;
3.
L not greater than 40 cm; if the part is longer, magnetise each 40 cm section separately;
4.
the longitudinal axis of the component must be parallel to the axis of the coil;
5.
the component should if possible be placed eccentrically in the coil.
5.3.2 Magnetisation by using a yoke.
With this type of magnetisation, we identify two variants:
a bench-type yoke;
a portable yoke.
5.3.2.1 Bench-type yokes
With bench-type yokes the part is clamped between two poles of an electromagnet.
The current strength to be selected by the windings of the electromagnets must be such that the field
strength at the surface is at least 2400 A/m.
5.3.2.2 Portable yoke magnets
When using a yoke, we can use electromagnets energised with rectified alternating current, direct current or
permanent magnets. The field capacity of a yoke magnet relates to the lifting capacity of the magnet. The
lifting capacity of an electromagnetic yoke energised with alternating current must be minimal 5 kg. The
lifting capacity of a yoke energised with direct current or rectified alternating current must be minimal 15 kg.
5.3.3 Techniques for generating both a longitudinal and magnetic fields
If a part is subjected to two magnetic fields (e.g. a longitudinal magnetic field and a transverse magnetic
field), the magnetic field in the part will have the direction of the resultant of the two fields. If one of the
external fields is caused by an alternating current, the resulting field in the part will continually change
direction.
The alternating current field and the direct current field can be selected so as to ensure that the field in the
part swings between two directions which are perpendicular to each other. If this condition is complied with,
all discontinuities can be found in one magnetization operation.
If it is not possible to show that the two extreme orientations of the magnetic field are perpendicular to each
other, separate magnetization operations will have to be carried out.
The techniques to induce the two external fields can be selected from those given above.
5.4 Illumination
When using black powder, the light source at the inspection location must be clear white light, radiated at a
lighting strength of at least 1000 Lux. When using fluorescent particles, the light source must radiate light in
the ultraviolet (UV) range with a wavelength of 360-380 nm. The UV radiation strength at the inspection
location on the product must be at least 830 W/cm2.
The UV radiation strength must only be measured 5 minutes after switching on the lamp. Ultraviolet lamps
must be suspended or screened in such a way that the UV light does not shine directly into the eyes of the
inspector.
5.5 Demagnetisation
If a remanent magnetic field in a part is harmful for further machining or use of the part, then the part in
question should be demagnetized. It should be stated on the drawing or in the machining instruction or
inspection instruction whether remanent magnetism is permissible or not. A part is demagnetized if the field
strength does not exceed 320 A/m.
5.6 Preservation
All inspected parts which are stored without surface treatment must be preserved depending on the drawing
requirement according to W+O **930/**934.
STANDARD
Date: March 2004 Issue: 04
KEUR 00820-702
Authorized:
Page: 6 of 6
INDICATION ON DRAWING
If a 100% magnetic particle inspection is required, the number of this standard should be shown in the text
field of the drawing (DAF standard KEUR 00820-702).
If it is also required that approved products be marked, this must be indicated on the drawing. The mark
consists of the letter M in an oval see Fig 1.
Fig 1
The manufacturer determines the place where the mark for approved products shall be engraved, and
indicates this place on the drawing, with a line to the reference to this standard see Fig 2.
Fig 2
REFERENCES