Anatoli A.

Kharlampievs

SAMBO WRESTLING
Published by Physical Culture and Sports, 1949. 182 pages.
Editor B.M. Chesnokov
Technical Editor B.G. Tyapkin

2nd printing house The Printed Court Yard A.M. Glavpoligrafizadata at the Ministerial Council of the
USSR. Leningrad, Gatchinsdaya, 26.

Chapter 1
The Basic Techniques of SAMBO Wrestling*1
The ploys used in SAMBO wrestling are techniques proven by science. In one case, it is
expedient to use the bodys leverage while in another case it is more expedient to use the laws of motion
dictated by the various parts of the human body. In a third case,
achieving lightning quick motions by means of additive speed, etc, is
used while in all cases of SAMBO wrestling, success depends not upon
casually finding a successful ploy, but from the correct analysis of the
movements of the human body.
In this given effort, let us dwell on only the most essential bases
and features for the techniques for throwing, hold downs, and
submission ploys that are known to allow the wrestler to realize
improvement through the effort of studying these ploys.
In SAMBO, each throw must end with a fall. Naturally, the
samboist who is thrown must soften his fall to the mat. If not, SAMBO
wrestling would be painful, and the samboist would be discouraged from
mastering the techniques in each ploy. Therefore, in SAMBO wrestling,
the samboist must learn self-protection when falling to mitigate the basic
energy of the throw. This mitigation when falling consists of:
a) A rolling motion by means of which the falling body instead of
striking the mat directly makes a softer landing by somersaulting;
b) As consecutive parts of the body contact the mat, instead of an
immediate lump sum impact of the body onto the mat from the fall, the
samboist pushes against the mat by striking to mitigate the impact of the fall.
All of the opponents throwing ability is based on the principles of unbalancing the samboists
body. Stability depends upon retaining a firm base to support the wrestler (up to his known limit); after
that, this base cannot support the wrestler who then becomes less stable and steady in his balance.
By analyzing a samboists stance, it is easy to determine at what times that he is stable on two
legs while moving on the mat, which also means by necessarily that he must share this two-legged
stability with slight instances when he is only balanced on one leg due to his movement. The area of his
support during such instants sharply decreases, and thus, creates the most favorable moments to carry
out a throw.
If when in standing wrestling, a samboist senses his opponents lines of force, the samboist can
lead his opponent into a position of false stability. For example, if the opponent is pressing into the
samboist, then he has forced his bodys center of gravity into the forward portion of his base. If the
opponent pulls the samboist, then his bodys center of gravity shifts toward the rear portion of his base.
1

The word SAMBO is an acronym derived from the initial letters of the three Russian words for self-defense without weapons.

In another case, the samboists resistance will cause the opponent to actively preserve his own
stability. From here, it is clear, that in both cases the samboist must apply his throw in the direction that
his opponents attack has shifted the opponents body weight.
Hence, the samboist can impact both his own and his opponents stability by:
1) Reducing the time required to find the smallest area for a base,
2) Moving the base area toward a specific direction through jerking and pushing the opponent.
The samboist must whenever possible be in an upright stance with a good sense of body
position.
The bent stance has three simultaneous deficiencies:
1) Due to the significant forward leaning of the upper part of the samboists body, the base of
the samboist is also shifted forward;
2) To preserve balance from this position, the samboist is forced to keep the lower part of his
body toward the rear edge of his base;
3) The pelvis and belt areas of the opponent are removed from easy access which practically
ends the opportunity to attack with the legs or the opponents legs.
Tactically, the conclusion from this is that the bent stance is almost defenseless against throws in
different directions (especially forward throws) and very unprofitable for offense as it virtually eliminates
the various throws that would use the attackers legs against his opponents legs.
To substantiate any throw, it is necessary to reveal first of all that principle on which a throw is
based. For example, all stepping throws are constructed on the discrepancy between the opponents
supporting base with the displacement of his bodys center of gravity. While his body may not move in
any direction, the shift in his center of gravity over his base (in this case, his legs) is blocked, so that he
cannot correct his discrepancy, and the opponent falls.
The samboist must always be able to exploit the principle of additive speed of motion to various
body parts made in any one direction.
For example, in the front sweeping throw, the samboist must very quickly jerk upon his
opponents sleeves. The required jerking motion must be made in the direction:
1) Toward the arms bent at the elbow joint;
2) Into the straighten shoulder joint (set to the rear of the arm);
3) With the body rotating to the side of the jerking motion.
If all three motions are executed simultaneously, the speed of motion for the gripping hand will
consist of the sum of speeds of motions of the body, the shoulder, and the forearm. In standing wrestling,
strong execution of any pull can be increased by adding the samboists power to that of his opponent so
that they are both applied in one direction.
So, if the opponent strongly pushes the samboist away from him, it is possible for the samboist to
pull simultaneously with his opponents push so that his opponent is drawn toward and to the samboists
side. If the samboist quickly increases his pull that increases his opponents push, so that the samboists
effort is added to his opponents effort increasing the effectiveness beyond only the power that the
samboist could have generated on his own.
Correctly exploiting body leverage provides the standing wrestler a huge advantage in
overcoming his opponents strength and power.
Let's imagine two samboists who are standing in relation to each other in the characteristic
position for beginning the rear stepping throw. Both of their forces are counterbalanced, and neither
wrestler can knock the other to the mat. This occurs not only because their power is equal, but
additionally the leverage at their shoulders is defined by the distance between such items as the leg
positions and arm grips for both samboists.
If the first samboist sharply increases his shoulder leverage by dropping to the knee of his
supporting leg (leaving his left grip at the same height), the second samboist is immediately dumped onto
the ground.

In standing wrestling, the samboist must use body weight to increase the power in his ploys. So,
if the sweeping throw does not take the opponent from the mat, the samboist can augment the power of
the throw by falling and turning into the mat. This "injection" of his body weight into the throwing ploy has
only one deficiency when applying the same throw using body weight, it will be very difficult for the
samboist to remain on his feet.
If his opponent possesses greater power, but reacts slower than the samboist, the samboist must
overcome his opponents strength in parts. Practically, this is accomplished in standing wrestling by
applying two consecutive throws in one direction. If the opponent reacts faster than the samboist, the
samboist must exploit his opponents reflexive movements and apply combinations of at least two throws
in various directions.
If the samboist is on top in par terre wrestling, he must always exploit his body weight. By the
same token, if he finds himself on bottom, he must work to disrupt his opponents balance, so that when
the opponent leans on the samboist, he is led into a false sense of stability from which he can be acted
against.
Hold downs occur when the opponents back is pressed to the ground, and this requires that the
samboists body weight be correctly applied. The drawn out opponent can be held, firstly, by correctly
setting part of the samboists body weight on him, and secondly, by the direct application of strength.
In par terre wrestling, strength that is applied during a submission ploy can rapidly increase the
application of the samboists various levers. Hyper extending the elbow joint is accomplished by turning
the opponents arm either inward or outward. When the attacked arm is rotated outward, the lever of the
first type is first applied to bring the lever fulcrum under the attacked elbow.
The Achilles tendon crush when applied also uses a lever of the first sort with the fulcrum set
under the Achilles tendon.
When the arm is turned inward for the elbow lever to hyper extend the elbow joint, a lever of the
second type is applied. The influence on the elbow joint is applied with any part of the samboists body
that is above the joint.
All knot submission holds are applied using levers of the third sort.
In addition to applied levers to strengthen submission ploys that act on the opponents arms or
legs where the influence is immediate, the samboist must use his arms and legs in combinations such as
two hands and a leg, a hand and two legs, hands and legs, etc.
Wrestling with quicker motions is really the sambists quickness being defined in relation to the
speed of his motions as they relate to the speed of his opponents motions. If the samboist manages to
control the opponents movements, so that the opponents motions become slower because the
samboist gets there first, then the samboist has gained the advantage in speed.
This is relatively easy to apply in par terre wrestling. Parts of the human body that are arranged
far from the body (forearm and hand, shin and foot), possess their own degrees of freedom, and also
degrees of freedom in relation to those body parts that are closer to the body (shoulder or hip), and also
the closer parts have lesser degrees of freedom than do those parts that are further from the body.
Practically speaking, the hand and foot have sufficient degrees of freedom to move in their space.
To catch such freely moving body parts with a ploy is very difficult. In this case, the samboist
must by increments restrict his opponents degrees of freedom for the parts that he wished to attack until
they are manageable.
First, the samboist should limit the mobility of his opponents body (retention), then the shoulder
and only after this occurs should he begin to easily grip the intended forearm that in this position has very
limited amplitude in its motion and entirely insignificant speed.
When applying submission ploys, the samboist must choose a direction to apply his force that
depends on what force and resistance is provided by opponent, so that the samboist can intercept to the
inside as his opponent resists by turning inside, i.e. if his opponents arm is straight, it will be easier to
turn that arm outside against a relatively weak muscle group. On the contrary, for the same reasons, if
the arm is bent at the elbow, it is easier to rotate the opponents forearm outward while to the inside is
more difficult.
In practice, we quite often see what only the best wrestlers who have perfectly grasped the
principles of the techniques within the ploys understand that even ones favorite ploys will be hard to
obtain against certain wrestlers. This says that in sambo-wrestling there is a style suited to each persons
constitution because a certain constitution may facilitate or even bar certain ploys from the wrestlers
repertoire. For example, when the samboist has a short torso but long legs, his most favorable fighting

range is likely to be the longer range. His best ploys in this case (based on strong legs) will be the throw
across the head from standing, and from par terre, any possible series of levers to the arms that are
assisted by his legs.
But to such a wrestler most often when wrestling from standing, he should be very careful with leg
grips. On the other hand, if the samboist has a long body with short legs, he should prefer the nearer
ranges and would find that his most convenient ploys would be the throws across the hip or back.
Sweeping throws, depending on the wrestlers height, must be adjusted to be applied higher or
lower to contact the area around the knee joint.
In both cases, attention must be paid to analyzing what is more favorable to adapt the positioning
to obtain the best leverage in relationship to the length of the samboists legs to his opponents legs.

Chapter II
TECHNIQUES OF SAMBO WRESTLING
SAFETY AND SELF-PROTECTION
In order to prevent painful bruises, strains, sprains, or any injuries in sambo-wrestling, special means for the
safety of the partner and the samboist are applied: self-protection. Those tasked to train in sambo-wrestling do so by
observing the training methodology and the rules for competitions serves this purpose as well.
The means for self-protection in par terre wrestling consist in the appropriate manipulation of the opponents
muscles in his arms and legs as the samboist grips his opponent to apply pain. Such resistance in this case depends
on the power orientation of the partner. However, categorically, the ploy is applied unexpectedly against the
opponents weakened limb. In this case, when the opponent finds himself in a submission hold that he cannot
escape, he signals his submission verbally or slaps his opponents body to signal his submission. Upon receiving this
signal, his attacker must immediately release his hold. At the same time, self-protection in applying his submission
holds correctly with calculated technical and power opportunities to address the level of resistance in applying his
ploys on another wrestler.

When throwing from standing is executed, so that the attacker also falls onto the mat, self-protection
for the partners consists in falling in a direction where the body can turn to dissipate the impact from
landing.
When throwing so that the attacker remains standing, the samboist mitigates the impact of his
opponents landing by pulling upward on his opponents uniform, and sometimes by moving the opponent
in a direction where he may roll with the landing.
Self-protection consists also of lessening the height of the fall from standing and the skills to do so
required specialized study to develop.
At falling, it is first necessary to take care to not fall onto the opponent, "or" that your opponent does
not fall onto you. Further, it is necessary to begin to learn to fall on the mat by receiving only a half
hearted push, and the falling partner must be coached to not tray to brace his hands on the mat to break
his bodys fall.
To study and develop a skill in falling follows a path of deliberate and specialized exercises to learn to
fall in sambo-wrestling using the following defined processes.

Grouping
a) Sit on the mat, in a position with the legs enwrapped by the arms and the chin
tucked into the chest. Bend the knees and shift to the back, so as to roll from the buttocks to the
shoulders and back to the starting position. If the body grouping is performed correctly the roll is done
slowly and without great effort.
b) Take up a half squatting position and wrap the arms around the legs and sit back to perform
the same roll. When performing this exercise, sit down on the mat as closely as possible to the heels.
c) Assume a basic stance and from a full squat wrap the arms around the legs and in time with
this motion roll onto the shoulders and back up to sit on the mat.

Arm Position when Falling onto the Back

Start with the back on the mat, and the chin is tucked into the chest. Extend the arms upward
and drop them to strongly strike the mat. In the moment of striking, the arms must be set, so that the
palms are facing downward into the mat. The body and the arms should form an angle of 45-50 degrees.

Falling On the Back with a Half Roll

a) From a sitting position. Sit on the mat with the arms extended forward, and the chin is
tucked into the chest. Roll onto the rounded back and without changing the position of the grouping, as
soon as the shoulder blades contact the mat, as described above, strike the mat with the arms and
hands (Figure 1).
b) From a half squatting position rise to a half squat with the

a r m s h e l d s t r a i g h t a n d c h i n t u c k e d i n t o t h e c h e s t . From this position,

sit on the mat as close as possible to the heels
hee and without stopping the motion,
ion, roll onto the back and
finish the fall with the arms striking the mat
mat.
c) From a basic stance, rise into a basic stance with the arms
s t r a i g h t a n d t h e c h i n p r e s s e d i n t o t h e c h e s t ". From this position
position, transition
to a half squat, and then, sit down onto them without stopping the motion.
motion Complete the fall by striking the
mat with the arms.

Limb Position
Posit
when Falling on the Side
Reclining on the right side.
side The right leg, bent at the knee, is drawn to the chest.
chest The left leg is
braced on the mat near the right knee.
knee The body is bent forward, and the chin is pressed into the chest.
chest
The left knee is raised as high as possible, and the right knee is on the mat.
mat The straightened
right arm is positioned on the mat with the palm downward.
downward The
he relation of the body to the
arms must be set at an angle of 45 - 5. The left arm is raised upward (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Completion of Falling onto the Back

Figure 2 Completion of Falling onto the Side

To learn to adopt this final position when falling sideways, it is necessary to train for both the right and left a
side.

Rolling on the Side

Sit on the mat. Draw the legs in and press the chin to the chest, round the back, and extend
the arms forward. Shift the bodys weight over the right buttock and roll onto the right side from the
buttock up to the shoulder and return to the sitting position.
position
Repeat the same roll but to the left side.

Falling on the Side

a) From the sitting position.. Sit on the mat was previously specified. Shift the body weight onto
the right buttock and roll onto
to the right in the direction of the right shoulder.. As soon as the bottom
edge of the right shoulder contacts the mat, strongly strike the mat with straightened edge of the
right hand and complete the fall onto the right side to end in the same position (see Figure 2).
b ) F r o m a s e m i - s q u a t t i n g p o s i t i o n . Adopt
dopt a full squat with the chin tucked
into the chest and the arms extended forward.
forward From this position,, sit on the mat with the
rightbuttock as close as possible to the right heel, and without stopping this motion, roll onto the
side. Finish falling onto the right as
a was specified above.
c ) F r o m t h e b a s i c s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n . Rise up in the basic stance with eh arms
extended forward, and the chin tucked into the chest
chest. From this position, correctly transition to the half
squat, and then, sit onto the mat on the right buttock, and without stopping this sitting motion, end with a
fall onto the right side as was done in the previous exercise.
exercise
The analogous exercises to a, b, and c would be executing tthe
he same tto
o the left
side.

Rolling from One Side to Another

Lie on the right side (see
see Figure 2). From this position, the right arm and left leg strongly drive
from the mat as the body rolls to its back into a position that reclines on the left side.
side
Ensure the correctness of the position on left side, and push off of the mat to roll with the left arm
and right leg to roll onto the right side
side. These rolls onto each side must gradually increase in execution
speed.

F a l l i n g o v e r a S t i c k o n t o tth
he Side
A partner holds a stick with both hands as shown
sh
in Figure 3. Ensure that the stick does not
contact his collar bone. Back up to the stick, so that right side of the body can raise up while the left side
remains on the mat. The left knee crook bends over the stick as the right hand grips the stick cl
close to the
right thigh.

Figure 3 Starting Position for the Fall over the Stick

The left arm is extended forward, the chin is tucked into the chest (see
(
Figure 3), the back
is rounded, the right hand firmly grasps the stick, as the body sits to the other side of the stick close to the
heel, so that the body falls around the stick at the left knee crook.
crook As soon as the fall is defined, the
left arm must within the falling motion be prepared to slap the mat as the back contacts the
ground. The left hand strikes the mat with the arm straightened and the palm facing the mat.
mat
In last moment before hitting the mat, it is necessary for the right hand to draw on the
stick to soften the fall.
To fall to on the mat, it is necessary to adopt the final position for falling onto the left

side (see Figure 6). To fall over the stick on the left side,, the fall must be over the right side .

Somersaulting
Si t d ow
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ing
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Somersaulting on the Diagonal

Figure 4 Somersaulting on the Diagonal

Rise up on the right knee and set the palms on the mat as shown in Figure 4. From this position, sliding
a palm along the mat, so that the right hand and arm moves between the legs and set the right shoulder on the
mat. The head moves toward the left shoulder. The chin tucks into the chest. Use the left leg to start the roll left
leg to begin to roll onto the back with the right shoulder directed toward the left buttock. Complete the
somersault with a strong strike on the mat
mat by the left hand and adopt the position for falling onto the left side.
side

Somersaulting over a Stick onto the Side

Figure 5

Figure 6

The partner holds the stick with both hands as shown in Figure 5, so that the stick does not touch his collar
bone.
Stand facing the stick so that the upper facing side of the stick is to the left of the body to permit a right side fall
fall.
The upper part of the right thigh contacts the stick, and the right hand grips the stick close to where the stick contacts
the left thigh. The left arm is extended forward and the chin is tucked into the chest (see Figure 5).
Bend the back, and retain a strong grip on the stick with the right hand, make a start to push off of the mat with
both legs, so that the head is followed by the heels over the stick. Ensure that the falling body is positioned to land
on the left side, so that the left hand must strike the mat. During the slap, the left arm is straightened with the palm
turned downward. The right arm continues to draw on the stick as it did in the final position for falling onto the left
side (Figure 6).
Similarly,, somersaulting over the stick to the left side is accomplished in equal numbers to falling over the right
side.

Falling onto the Hands

When falling in place with the opponent,
oppon
samboist
ist may have to use his hands to mitigate his fall. When applying
this technique, the samboist
ist must ensure that only his hands, stomach, and toes contact the mat, and most certainly
not his face. He does so by assuming a position where he braces
braces on his arms or hands on the mat.
mat

a)

F r o m a p o s i t i o n o n t h e k n e e s . Rise up onto the knees to move the arms forward

with the palms down. Without bending the arms or the body, fall forward. As soon as the
palms contact the mat, brace the bent elbows softening the fall, and let the body fall with
allowing the body to contact the ground
ground.

b ) F ro
r o m tth
he
e b a s ic s ta nc e , r is e u
up
p in tth
he
e s ta n ce
ce w
wit
it h th
t h e a r ms e xt e
en
nd
d e d f orw ar d a n d th e
p a l ms f a c in g downward. Without bending the body, fall forward and mitigate the fall using the hands as described
above.
c ) F r o m t h e b a s i c s t a n c e w i t h a t u r n . Rise up in the basic stance with the arms held
lower on the body. Holding the body erect, begin falling toward the back, and as soon as the body attains a 60 degree
angle in relation to the mat, sharply pivot the body to the left to complete the fall with the arms mitigating the impact.
Execute the same fall with the pivoting being executed to the right.
right

Jumping Fall onto the Shoulders

Assume the half squatting position with the chin tucked into the chest, and the arms extended forward with
the palms facing downward. Slightly throw the legs upwards and quickly make a strong strike with the hands on the
mat. The hands should contact
tact the mat first, and then, the shoulders should
d contact the mat with the fall already
softened before the body continues the rotation onto the back.
back The head during the entire fall leans forward with the
chin pressed into the chest. The legs remain in place with being strongly bent.
bent

Aerial Somersault
The right hand grips a comrades on the inside of the wrist, the comrade returns the same grip for the samboist. Both
rise up together facing in the same direction. The left arm is extended forward with the palm facing downward. Jumping
over the locked hands, the same jump is executed as in the somersault over the stick (see Figure 5) for a fall onto the left

side. The comrade

omrade during the fall should support the samboists arm to soften the fall.

STANCE, RANGE, GRIPPING, AND MOTION

The samboists
ists stance must be stable, mobile, and simultaneously convenient for defense and offense.
offense Crucial
importance in stance is found in the correct placement and positioning for the legs and body. The arrangements of the
legs provide an important condition for wrestling - the foundation for safely maneuvering on the mat within

a match.. The usual concept that the larger the supporting area,, the greater the stability cannot be
mechanically transferred to the samboists stance.
stance
The greater the distance
istance between a wrestlers feet, the more sharply reduced
reduce is his
maneuverability. The required area of a support, and the width of the feet in wrestling is an art the
depends on the wrestlers specific featuresin
features
particular, the length of his legs. To determine the proper
pro
distance between his feet, it is necessary to take the width of his shoulders, and depending on his height,
the distance between his feet can be increased within
within the limits of the distance measured to be 2 to 3
times the length of his foot.
The samboists feet are shown to be in the proper distancing in several situations in Figure 7.
However, the greater role in stance is played in the mid range and by the direction of the stance in
determining the area of support.
support

Figure 7 Foot Arrangement in Various Stances

If the legs are set very wide (Figure

Figure 7, ), such a stance is steady in a lateral direction but less so to
the front and rear. A better stance can be maintained by simultaneously stepping in both length and width
(Figure 7, ).
The best direction for the foot will be parallel to the other to cover all 8 standing directions with the leg forming an
angle of 35 - 45 (fig. 7,c).
The knees should remain aligned and not moved in a manner that disrupts a straight line with the feet. A stance is
considered a right stance when the right leg leads the left leg
leg. For the samboist to wrestle freely, he must be able to
wrestle from with a right or left stance.
stance His body should be held erect without permitting the upper body to move beyond a
convenient
onvenient supporting base for his legs while preventing his legs from being attacked while his own legs are available for
offense. The samboist does not want to fall into his opponent.
opponent
Besides the fact the leaning the body complicates preserving balance, and erect and correct stance allows for the
projection of his body's center of gravity which must be found close to the samboists center of gravity which should be
under his feetor
or at least behind the most forward leg (which is the that is most often att
attacked,
acked, and thus, should be the
most mobile (Figure 8). Certainly, in the course of wrestling, the legs must bend, and so must the body, but the good
samboist must return to an erect stance as soon as practical because that is his best position for both def
defense and
offense. Some wrestlers, without being bad wrestlers, use a low stance that naturally does lead to the application of
several ploys, but most wrestlers will be better served using the erect stance the opportunities that it provides.
provides

Figure 8- A Correct Arrangement of Two Standing Samboists

When two wrestlers are in standing wrestling, their distance from each other is called their range
which is defined as the distance between two samboists. All ranges in sambo-wrestling are covered in
one of five ranges.
1. The range where there can be no gripping where the wrestlers cannot touch each other,
and they are seeking a convenient moment to come to grips. To do so, they may use feinting
motions with the arms in their attempt to move on the mat in a way to close with their
opponents.
2. Far range where the samboists can grip each other on one arm or use both hands to grip a
sleeve.
3. Mid range where the wrestlers are able to grip each others arms, or the front part of
the jacket or body (see Figure 8).
4. Near range where the wrestlers can grip each other on the back of the uniform.
5. Close range where the wrestlers can wrap their arms around each other and press their bodies
into each other.
Wrestling from a convenient grip and range is very important because very seldom will both
wrestlers favor the same range and grip.
Obtaining the desired grip and exploiting it for applying ploys is a very important part of standing wrestling.
Gripping has a basic and reciprocal role if one wrestler grips the sleeve of his opponent at a
certain range because then he enables his opponent to capture his sleeves to move into the second
range.
The second wrestlers grip becomes the reciprocal grip the is the proper response to this hold,
and if the samboist was not prepared to move into this new range, then his own grip may be turned
against him if his opponent is able to exploit the new range.
There are 10 basic grips in standing wrestling.
1. Suppression gripping that consists of gripping the opponents uniform under his opposite side elbowt.
2. Gripping the uniform on the shoulder that consists of gripping the opponent on the shoulder part of the
opponents jacket from above.
. Gripping the clavicle that consists of a suppression grip on one arm while the second hand grips the opponents
uniform on the same side clavicle.
4. Gripping the shoulder cuff or armpit consists of a suppression grip on one of the opponents arms
and his uniform under his opposite side armpit.
5. Chest grip to the opponents uniform consists of a suppression grip to one of the opponents arms and a grip to his jacket
collar from the front.
6. Cross grip on the front of the opponents jacket that consists of a grip around the same side lapel, over the arm to the
side that where the throw is applied. This grip must be set below the other hand.
7. Grip belt from the front that consists of a suppression grip to one arm as the other hand grips the opponents
belt from the front and may be over hand or under handed.
8. Rear belt grip that consists of a suppression grip by one arm while the second hand grips the back of the
opponents belt from under his opposite side arm, or over that arm, or over the same side shoulder.
9. Outside leg grip that consists of grip to the outside of the opposite side leg at the opponents knee crook.
10. Cross grip to the leg that consists of a grip to the inside of the same side leg at the opponents knee crook.
A good grip is designed to be applied, so that the grip can be varied while denying the opponent his own
preferred holds. This must comply with the rules of sambo-wrestling yet facilitate applying ploys.

Reciprocal or retaliatory gripping is applied in sambo-wrestling in the following situations:

I. In replying to suppression grip, the samboist must apply a counter grip to his opponents jacket on
the shoulders.
2. In response to a grip on the uniform at the shoulders, it is possible to apply a suppression grip.

3. In response to a clavicle grip the samboist can apply a grip to the armpit or the uniform under
the same side shoulder cuff.
4. In responding to a grip to his armpit, the samboist can apply a grip to his opponents wrist, armpit,
or use both "hands" to grip his opponents shoulders at the same part of his opponents arms as he is
gripping on the samboist.
5. In responding to a grip to the chest of his jacket, the samboist can apply a grip to his opponents
armpit.
6. In response to the uniform being cross gripped on the chest, the somboist can apply a grip to his
opponents armpit.
7. In response to a grip to the middle of the belt, the samboist can apply a reverse grip to the shoulder
cuff or armpit- that is to grip the opposite side wrist on the arm that is holding the samboists belt, and
thus, the samboists thumb is closer to his own belt than his little finger. Therefore, his elbow will be
inside of the opponents armpit on the same side arm.
8. In responding to a belt grip from behind and under the arm, the samboist can use one
hand to provide a suppression grip while his second hand grips his opponents head, elbow
crook, or grips the back of his opponents belt over the same side shoulder .
9. In responding to an outside leg grab, the samboist can grip the back of his opponents
belt over the same side shoulder or hold down his opponents arm with both of his hands.
10. In response to a cross leg grab, the samboist can use one hand to apply a suppression grip on the
opponents arm that is gripping his leg, and his other hand can grip the armpit on his opponents same side
arm.
Stances are vital to the samboist, but if that stance remains static and in one place, any push into the
upper part of his body (or a jerk to his upper body) will be a constant threat to the samboists stability that may
lead to a critical loss of balance. Therefore, in wrestling at any moment, the samboist must be ready to
"preserve his balance and to parry the pushes and pulls of his opponent. When motion is necessary, he must
consider that each step means moving his supporting area and therefore, he must minimize those moments
when his balance is least stable as he moves each leg. He must preserve his balance by not crossing his feet
or providing any motion that his opponent can exploit against him. From there, the greater value in

wrestling in standing is played by stance as it applies to moving correctly in a manner that preserves
the samboists base and subtracts from the opponents base.
As a rule, to preserve the stable position must begin with a single step by the leg closest to the
intended direction of movement, and for this to occur the other legs motion must be somewhere between
the position that both feet began the movement from. For example, when in a right stance, to move
forward, the right foot should move ahead of the left foot.
It is necessary to take the least time possible to be in any stance where your feet are set
wider than ordinary, and absolutely the crossing of feet is to be avoided when moving the legs.
It is necessary for this purpose quick motion is required as a rule.
Moving does not require several successive actions because it may allow the opponent to predict the
samboists actions, and the samboist always acts, so that the opponent cannot exploit the samboists
actions.
Never do make unnecessary movement. It is necessary to aspire to move in relation to the opponents
motion to be able to apply ploys or to move the opponent from a stable position into a vulnerable position.

PREPARATION TO THROW
To apply a throw in sambo-wrestling, the samboist must vary with the moment as the opponents
positions change to be ready to exploit his opportunities to throw. These situations come up in the
following circumstances:
1) When the opponent is distracted in some manner that removes him from his wrestling on the mat;
2) When the opponent over steps his supporting area:

a) Leans forward and pressing on the partner,

b) Shifts weight to the rear or forward,
c) Shifts weight over one leg,
d) Crosses feet,
e) Jumps around the partner,
f) After a throw, rising from the mat without releasing the grip on the partner.

For exploiting motion and the other diverse opportunities and positions of the opponent, the
samboist must vary the speed of his reactions while being able to study his opponent to select the
corresponding ploy for each situation that develops on the mat.
Given a choice the opponent rarely will adopt positions risky for himself. Therefore, in a match, it
is necessary to be able to artificially create risky positions for the opponent where it will be convenient for
the samboist to initiate a throw. In other words, the samboist must be able to prepare his opponent to be
thrown.
The same preparation can be use to implement many throws. We shall dwell on the most often
used means for preparing the opponent to be thrown, and further, we shall look at taking these means to
apply various throws.

Knocking the Opponent onto One Leg

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The s ambois t s left hand adopt s a suppress ion
grip while his right hand grips his opponent on t he lef t armpit. I N t he moment when t he
oppon ent att empt s t o move by mov ing his right leg, t he sambois t t ak es a small step back
with his left leg and applies a strong jerk with his left hand downward and toward him as his right hand
pulls to the left and upward. The jerk should be made in the direction to continue the original motion
between the opponents left and right feet using his right shoulder to form a 45 angle downward and to
the left over that same angle.

Knocking the Opponent up onto the Toes

Both wre st le rs a re in righ t s t an ce. T he s a mb oist s lef t h an d a pp lie s a su ppres s io n g rip
wh ile his rig h t h a nd g rips t he b a ck of his opp o nen ts b e lt f ro m u n de r h is opp on e nt s le f t a rm. Both
of his hands then jerk his opponent in the direction of his toes, and then upward. Practice allows the
samboist to feel and define precisely the jerk when theoretically the jerk is defined as what is needed to lead a line to the
midpoint between the opponents feet and from that point outward to the sides of the toes perpendicular to that plane.
The jerk is applied in the direction of this motion.

Freeing One of the Opponents Legs from the Mat

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand supplies a suppression grip. In the
moment when the opponent is attempting to move his right leg, the samboist quickly sets his right forearm
over his opponents right elbow crook and shifts his body weight to fix his opponent over his right leg
which becomes slightly bent at the knee.

Freeing Both of the Opponents Legs from the Mat

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist applies a suppression grip, and in the
moment when his opponent tries to move his right leg, he quickly applies a strong jerk with both
hands downward to direct the jerk with each arm toward his opponents opposite side heel. In
this jerking motion, the samboist must be close to his opponent to use his body weight to not
only fix the shift of his opponents body weight over the heels, but to cause his opponents
knees to bend as well .

Instituting the Opponent

Both are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponents uniform on the shoulder. His left
hand draws the opponent in the direction of his right foot to shift his opponents body weight outside of his
area of support. His right hand presses to the left side of his opponents body, so that his jerk can fix his
opponent so that he is compelled to make a large step with his left leg diagonally forward and to the left.

Cross Institution of the Opponent

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponents jacket on the shoulders. In
the moment when his opponent tries to move his right leg, the samboists left hand draws downward and slightly to
the left to force his opponent to shift his base over his right leg. Simultaneously with this, his right hand presses
the left side of his body upward and forces his opponent to the left (toward his back), so that the
opponents left leg crosses behind his right leg.

Organized Pull
Both are in right stances. The samboist applies a suppression hold, then jerks and pulls his
opponent toward him to cause his opponent to resist these motions, so that his opponents stability is lost
as he begins to pull on his opponent. When this method of preparation is used the samboist must be ready to
defend against any reciprocal ploys or other offense leading to throws that may be applied by his opponent toward the
samboists back.

Organized Pressure
Both are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponents uniform on the shoulders. He pushes his opponent to
the side and away from ihim to cause his opponent to resist, so that to retain his stable position, his opponent must press back
into the samboist in a required direction. When applying this method of preparation, it is necessary to be ready to apply both
defense and reciprocal ploys against the opponent for any throws that he may attempt in the direction of the samboists chest.

Provoking the Opponent to Move a Leg to the Side

The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist applies a suppression grip
with his left hand. His right hand attempts to grip his opponents left leg. In the moment when his opponent desires
to defend his leg by moving it to the side and back, his body weight will be shifted to concentrate over his right leg.

Untwisting the Opponent

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist applies a grip to his opponents uniform at the shoulders. The
samboist untwists his opponent to the right and away from him. To do so, it is necessary for the samboist to turn to
the right, so that his left hand can slightly lift the right side of his opponent as his right hand presses his opponent to
the left. It is possibleto untwist to the left and away from the body as well, and if the opponent is in a right stance, he
will cross his legs, but in this case, , the samboist must adopt a left stance.

Over Turning the Opponent

Both are in a right stance. The samboists left hand grips the outside of his opponents right wrist
while his right hand grips his opponents left shoulder from behind closer to the arm. Both hands strongly jerk
the opponent toward the samboist and to the right to casuse his opponent to rotate onto his back. The
samboists right hand musts pull his opponents right arm and shoulder as far to the right and upward
as possible. His left hand energetically jerksthe opponents right forearm in front of him before
releasing to apply the required grip to realize the completion of the throw.

Lifting the Opponent

Lifting the opponent is somewhat easier to carry out with a higher grip on the opponent and
at a shorter range in the moment of application.
When lifting his opponent, the samboist must ensure that his opponent has no chance to
hook or entangle his legs in the samboists legs to frustrate the lift.

CL ASSIFICATION OF SAMBO WRESTLING THROWS

When a samboist contacts the mat, it is only with his feet in standing wrestling, but when the samboist applying any
ploy contacts the mat with any part of his body, other than his feet, he is considered to be wrestling in par terre, or to
be more precise, ploys applied in such positions for the wrestler are considered to be par terre ploys.
Throws are defined as those ploys by means of which the opponent is forced to adopt a par terre position from a
standing position. The wrestler applying the throw can remain standing or contact the mat with other parts
of his body.
The prone position on the back slows the samboist and limits his mobility, it is a more favorable
position for holding a wrestler in to apply submission ploys and hold downs, and therefore, the
purpose of every throw is to first of all turn the opponent onto his back, and the thrower is almost
always in a more favorable position when he is above his opponent.
All applied throws do not achieve this planned purpose. A number of them will be foiled by the
opponents resistance, and others may not succeed due to a number of actions related to the throw or
its preparation. In addition to these causes of failure to succeed in throwing the opponent, the ability
to throw is dependent upon a variety of skills required to execute the ploy. Proceeding from this, the
following throwing classification scheme was adopted for wresting evaluation and sport values:
1) Throws onto the back where the thrower must remain standing;

2) Throws onto the side where the thrower must remain standing;

) Throws onto the back where the throwers knees may contact the mat;
Throws onto the back with an intended fall:
a) When the thrower falls after the opponent,
b) When the thrower falls before the opponent;
5) Throws to the side where the throwers knee(s) contact the mat;
6) Throws onto the buttocks where the thrower remains standing;
7) Throws to the side with a falling motion intended in the throw:
) When the thrower falls after his opponent,
b) When the thrower falls before his opponent;
8) Throws onto all fours where the thrower remains standing;
9) Throws onto the knees or hands where the thrower remains standing;
10) Throws onto the knees or onto all fours with an intentional falling motion in applying the throw.
In the latter case, the opponent after being thrown must be over the samboist who threw him, so it is
imperative that the samboist rise up from his throw to standing or the value of his throw will be outstripped by
the opponents numerous new advantages from being above the samboist,. He must not be permitted to
take advantage of these.
The structures of the possible throws in sambo-wrestling are quite diverse, and thus, the scheme indicated
below on the next page is required. The throws are classified and divided into groups based upon their core
attributes and values in the sambo-wrestlings arsenal.
4)

Scheme for Classifying the Throws of Sambo Wrestling

TH R O W S
U N B AL AN C I N G

Unbalancing by Gripping the Heel

Both wrestlers are in right stances.
stances The samboists initial grip is to his opponents shoulder cuffs or
armpits. He then quickly squats to kneel on his left knee as his left hand grips the inside of his
opponents right heel as his right palm is set on the inside of his opponents right knee, so that his fingers
are facing to the left. Then, his left hand jerks the heel toward him and upward as his right hand presses
to the left and downward (Figure
Figure 9). When his opponent begins to fall, the samboist straightens his
body and lifts the trapped leg up to chest level.
level A variant of this
is ploy crosses the opponents legs.
The preparation for this ploy can serve to force the opponent onto one leg, and thus, shift his weight entirely
over his other leg.
The self-protection
protection when falling for this ploy is to use the half somersault onto the back.. The most common
mistake in executing this ploy is pressing the right hand into the opponents knee without the left and downward
pressure, but directly away from the samboist
samboist.

Figure 9 Unbalancing by Gripping the Heel

Unbalancing by Gripping the

th Head
Both wrestlers are in a right stance. The opponent has a low stance or attempts to grip the
samboists leg, so the samboist places his right palm on the nape of his opponents neck and
set his left hand goes under his right arm to grip his right for
forearm.
earm. With a sharp turn of his body
to the right and a large step back with his right leg, the samboist forces his opponent to roll
forward and onto his back (Figure 10).
Preparation for this ploy requires bending the opponent with a grip of the same side armpit
close to the back.
Se lf-protection
protection when falling: the forward somersault.

Figure 10 Unbalancing by Gripping the Head

Unbalancing with the Knee

Figure 11 Unbalancing with the Knee

The opponent is in a left stance while the samboist is in a right stance. The samboists left hand provides a
suppression grip. With a slight turn to the left, the samboist quickly drops onto his left knee and extends right leg to
place it place it between the opponent's legs, so that his foot is facing his opponent's heel. Simultaneously with this, the
samboists right hand grips the outside of his opponents leg at the knee crook. His left hand leans his opponent forward as
his
is right hand throws upward the trapped left knee to force his opponent into a forward diagonal somersault over his right
shoulder and onto his left buttock (Figure
Figure 11).

The preparation for this ploy can be driving the opponent up onto his toes, forcing him
him onto one leg, or general
organized pressure.
Self-protection
protection is the diagonal somersault.

Unbalancing with a Belt Grip

Figure 12 Unbalancing with a Belt Grip

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance.

stance The samboists left hand provides a
suppression grip while his right hand grips his opponent from over his right shoulder to grip the back of his belt. He
applies pressure to the right, and away from him on his opponent, and then, downward forcing the opponent to cross
his right
ght leg behind his left. As soon as this occurs, the samboist releases his suppression grip, so that his left hand
can grip the inside of his opponents left knee crook (Figure 12). He then strongly jerks his left hand left and upward
while his right hand
d presses to the right and downward to force his opponent to fall onto his back. As soon as the
samboist is sure that his opponent is falling, he releases his right hand from the grip on his opponents belt.
Preparation for this throw consists of driving into the opponent to grip the same side armpit closer to the
opponents back.
Self-protection:
protection: the samboist retains his grip on his opponents left leg to control his opponents fall.

Throws by Gripping Both Legs

Throw Gripping Both Legs

Figure 13 Beginning of the Throw by Gripping Both Legs

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist applies suppression gripping. He then strongly pulls
downward with both hands forcing his opponent back onto his heels. The samboist then steps forward
with hiss right leg as he uses both of his hands to grip the outside of his opponents knee crooks, so that
he can drive his right shoulder into his opponents stomach (Figure 13). Driving his right shoulder into his
opponents stomach, he forces his opponents u
upper
pper body away from him as both of his hands strongly
jerk his opponents legs upward and slightly to one side.

Figure 14 Completion of the Throw by Gripping Both Legs

As the opponent falls onto his back, the samboist moves his right leg back to then grip the opponents
shins under his armpits to soften his opponents impact with the mat (Figure 14).
Self-protection
protection is correctly falling onto the back. If the opponent bends his legs and pulls the samboist
into him, then this situation dictates that the samboist use another variant of this throw for gripping both
legs.
The best method for preparing
ing the opponent to apply this throw is to lighten the opponent on his feet
while using suppression gripping that causes the opponent to circle inside and upward before he is
attacked to the outside and downward at his knees. Toward that end, a belt grip with both hands can be
used with a strong pull by both hands to force the opponent to approach the samboist, so that his legs
can be gripped.
The throw by gripping
g both legs can be applied through various means including with a direct
lifting of the opponent from the mat.
mat In this case, when the samboist grips his opponents legs, he
straightens his back and lifts his opponent straight upward. After he lifts his opponent,
op
the samboist
can throw his opponent by pulling both of his opponents legs to one sideeither
side either the right or the
left.
A common mistake when executing this ploy is failing to move the right leg back when the
opponent falls.

Throw with a Reverse Grip on Both Legs

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist applies suppression gripping. Then, his left leg takes a large step
forward to be behind his opponent,, so that his right leg can move behind his opponents right leg, and the samboist can
release
lease his suppression gripping to allow his right hand to grip his opponents right knee from the outside while his left hand
moves in front of his opponent to grip the left knee from the outside (Figure 15).

Figure 15

The samboist sharply jerks upward and

and to the right with both hands to throw his opponent over the samboists left
leg. As his opponent falls, the samboist moves his left leg to the left and rear.

To protect the falling opponent, the samboist retains his grip on his opponents legs, and tthe self-protection for
this ploy requires the correct execution of the fall onto the back
back.

The best position to have the opponent in when applying the reverse throw by gripping
both legs is when the opponents legs are crossed .
The best preparation for his throw is to knock into the opponent or move one of his legs
off of the mat, or simply forcing the opponent to shift his body weight .

Throw with Separate Capture of Both Legs

Both wrestlers are in right stances
stances. Both clasp their opponent on the back with the right arm under the left
arm. Simultaneously with this, the left shoulder must be gripped under the armpit by the right forearm as the left arm
applies a suppression grip on his opponents jacket between the elbow and the armpit.

In the
he moment when the opponent moves onto his right leg, the samboists left hand provides a
strong grip left and downward and toward the samboist was his right hand pulls left and upward.
upward Using the
opponents weight as he settles it onto his rright leg, it becomes
s possible for the samboists left hand to grip the
outside of his opponents knee crook. Then, pulling the opponents right leg to the left and upward with the left arm,
the samboist sharply pushes with his right arm away from him and to the right tto
o force his opponent to shift onto his
left leg, so that in that moment, the samboist grip the outside of his knee crook to knock him to the ground by lift
upward and to the right.
If the opponent moves his left leg moves his legs further back to complicate the usual method
for gripping him, it is possible for the samboist to grip his opponents left knee crook with his right hand from the
outside in a reverse grip, so that the little finger over the thumb.

Over Turning the Opponent

Over Turning the Opponent
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists right hand grips his opponents collar over the right
shoulder behind his opponents neck as his left forearm holds the inside of his opponents right thigh. The samboist
steps forward on his right leg to set it between his opponents legs to lift him upward, and then, to shift his opponents
body, so that the head is facing downward before setting his opponents body down using a to the right, forward and
downward motion as he moves his opponents legs to the left, back, and upward (Figure 16). Taking a large step to
the rear on his right leg, the samboist directs his opponents body into a forward somersault by pulling downward on
his opponents head with his right arm while keeping his opponents head close to his body while his left arm drives
his opponents body away from him.

Figure 16

Safety in this ploy includes directing the opponents body in a smooth and slow circle forward, and the selfself
protection technique for this ploy is the forward somersault.
so
The most favorable position for this ploy for the opponent to be in occurs when the opponent stands erect
close to the samboist.
Preparation for this ploy consists of driving the opponent onto his toes and onto one leg.

The Front Turnover

Figure 17

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists right hand grips the back of his opponents belt over his
right shoulder, and his left hand clasps his belt from the front on his stomach. The samboist sets his left leg between
his opponents legs, half sits back on both legs. He presses his opponent to him and lifts him from the mat by
straightening his body and his legs (Figure 17). Leaning his opponents right shoulder forward, he uses his left arm to
lift his opponents body upward to fo
force
rce his opponent from the mat into a somersault that lands him on his back.
The most convenient position for applying the front turnover occurs when the opponent is at a close range
and leaning his body.
The best preparation for this ploy is bend the opponent
opponent over by gripping his same side armpit close to his
back.
The front turnover can be applied quickly in place to lift an opponent extremely high, and the samboist can
complete the throw by lowering his right knee and slightly turning his opponent over by strongly leaning his opponent.

The Rear Turnover

Figure 18 Turning the Opponent to Apply the Rear Turnover

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right wrist, and his right
hand grips the inside of his opponents
ponents same right arm. Then, both of the samboists hands strongly jerk the
opponents trapped arm toward the samboist and to the right.

In the moment when his opponent begins to turn to the right side, the samboist steps,
so that his left leg goes behind his opponents back, so that he can wrap his left arm around
his opponents body from behind at belt level (Figure 18). His right arm is turned, so that the palm is
upward to grip the inside of his opponents right thigh allowing the samboist to apply a strong jerk to the
right and upward to lift his opponent from the ground and into the air, so that the opponents body can be
turned, so that the head is facing
ng downward and the opponents legs are facing upward.
upward The samboist
moves his left leg back, so that he can set the upper part of his opponents back onto the mat (Figure
19).

Figure 19 Completing the Rear Turnover

The best circumstances for the opponent to be in for the samboist to apply the rear
turnover is when the opponent attempts to apply a throw by gripping the armpit or the throw
over the hip .
The preparation for applying this throw is to turn the opponent
opponent.

R E AR S T E P P I N G T H R O W
Rear Stepping Throw under One Leg

Figure 20 Rear Stepping Throw

Both wrestlers are in right stances

stances. The samboists left hand supplies a suppression grip, and his
right hand grips his opponents uniform at the right clavicle. The samboist steps to forward and to the right
on his left leg to set his foot near his opponents right foot. The samboists toes are turned to the left.
left
Then, moving his slightly bent right leg forward and to the left he places his knee crook behind his
opponents right leg, so that he is erect and fully standing on his feet with his right knee crook aligned with
his opponents right knee crook (Figure 20).
In the moment of execution of the stepping throw, the samboist must direct his body weight
forward onto his bent left knee. He then strongly jerks his arms and body to the left and downward to
throw his opponent toward his left toes. As his opponent is falling, the samboist must break his fall by
retaining his left hand grip on his opponents right sleeve (Figure 21).

A common mistake
take in executing the rear stepping throw is shifting the body weight over the right
leg, and then, bending that leg.
The best situations for executing this throw occur:
a) When the opponent bends his legs and pulls the samboist toward him;
b) When the opponent crosses his legs.
The best preparations for applying the rear stepping throw are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

When one or both of the opponents legs are free of the mat;
When smothering the opponent;
When cross smothering the opponent;
When applying organized pressure on the opponent;
When turning the opponent.

Stepping Throw under Both Legs

If the opponent stands in a narrow right stance, the samboist should attack as above with a rear
stepping throw, so that his right leg is set close to his opponents left Achilles Tendon. From there, the
throw is applied as it was in the rear stepping throw under one leg.

Stepping Throw with the Opponents Lateral Motion

If the opponent moves in the right side (from the samboists viewpoint, his left side), the samboist
moves his right leg to set it by his left,, so that as his opponent is moving his right leg, the samboist can
step forward and left with his left leg to set his right leg to his opponents left leg to apply the rear stepping
throw under both of his opponents legs.

Stepping Throw from the Knee

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand provides a suppression grip as his
right hand grips his opponents uniform on the right clavicle. He then steps left on his left leg to face his
opponents far leg and leans his body forward to drop onto his left knee. At the same time, his right leg
applies the rear stepping throw under his opponents right leg (Figure 22). The samboist strongly jerks
with his arms and body to the left and downward to throw his
his opponent toward the samboists left knee.
The opponents fall is mitigated by the samboist retaining his grip on his opponents right sleeve. The
opponent mitigates his own fall using the ploy for the fall onto the left side.

Figure 22 Rear Stepping Throw byDropping to a Knee

Stepping Throw with a Falling Motion

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents uniform under
his right elbow. His left leg takes a large step as he strongly throws his body forward and energetically

applies the rear stepping throw with his right leg u

under
nder his opponents right leg as the samboist falls
directly forward. As he does so, his right arm shifts over the shoulder portion of his opponents right arm
as he mitigates the fall by placing his right palm on the mat in front of him and to the left.
Self protection and fall mitigation includes the opportunities to sit close to the samboists heels
while strongly curving the back, so that the opponent and samboist roll smoothly.

Stepping Throw with a Leg Gripped from the Outside

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists right hand grips his opponents sleeve under
the left elbow, and his left hand grips his opponents jacket on the chest. He then strongly jerks his
opponent to force him to shift his weight over his right leg.
To prevent his legs from being drawn together and to prevent losing his balance, the opponent is forced to
slightly lift his left leg from the ground.. The samboist exploits this moment to allow his right hand to grip the
outside of his opponents left knee crook.
crook Turning
g his body to the right, the samboist applies the rear stepping
throw with his left leg under his opponents right leg to throw his opponent to the ground close to the samboists toes
on his right foot (Figure 23).

Figure 23

When applying this ploy, the partners fall is mitigated by the samboists left hand keeping hold of his grip on
his opponents chest while his right hand holds his opponents left leg. The opponent protects himself by using the
fall onto the back ploy.

Stepping Throw with the Cross

Cross Leg Gripped
Both wrestlers are in right stances.
stances The samboist applies suppression gripping and applies a cross
institution.. In the moment when the opponents left leg crosses behind his right leg, the samboists right
hand grips the inside of his oppo
opponents
nents right knee crook to lift the trapped leg toward his right hip. He then
applies the rear stepping throw with his right leg under his opponents left leg, so that his Achilles tendon is close to
his opponents Achilles tendon (Figure 24). When using
using this ploy, the samboist mitigates his opponents fall by
preserving his grip on his opponents right sleeve as he releases his grip on his opponents leg.

Figure 24

Stepping Throw at the Heel with the Arm Gripped over the Back
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips the opponents jacket on the right forearm.

The samboist clamps his opponents right arm under his right armpit, and he turns sideways to his opponent, so that
his right leg is beside and behind his opponents right leg, and as he pivots to the left, he sets his left foot behind and
very close to his opponents heel. His right hand grips his opponents uniform on the right forearm to pull his
opponent close into his back. The samboist presses
presses his left arm into his opponents chest forcing his body to the rear
(Figure 25). The samboist strongly bends his right leg to sit down onto his left buttock as close as possible to his
opponents right heel as he also turns his body to the left forcing
forcing his opponent to roll over his back and onto the mat.
Mitigating the fall involves smoothly rolling over a well bent back.

Figure 25

Stepping Throw at the Heel with an Arm over the Neck

The same throw as the previous throw except that the opponent
opponents
s right arm must be gripped not under
the armpit but by the right forearm. Thus, after turning
ing and setting the stepping throw, the samboist does
not press his opponents right arm into his back but into his neck.
neck

Front Stepping Throws

Front Stepping Throw

Figure 26 Front Stepping Throw

The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand applies suppression
gripping while his right hand moves under the opponents left arm to grip the
he back of his opponents jacket near the
armpit. Pivoting his body left, the samboist arcs his left leg to the rear and right to set his toes close

to the toes of his opponents left foot, so that both of them are facing in the same direction.
direction
He then swings his right leg left and upward and exploits this motion to set the front stepping throw, so
that the samboists right knee crook is braced against his opponents right knee, and the samboists toes
on his right foot facing the same direction (Figure 26).
The samboists body weight must be shifted over his bent left knee while his right leg is fully
straightened as the samboist stands on the mat.
mat By turning his body and jerking with his arms to
the left and downward, the samboist throws his opponent to land close to the samboists
samboi
left
foot.
The samboist must mitigate his opponents fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponents

right sleeve. The common mistake in setting the front stepping throw is not setting the right foot in front of
the opponents leg but beside the
he leg. Mitigating the fall is the same as performing the somersault over
the stick to land on the left side.
When the opponent attempts a front stepping throw, he may not apply a right hand grip on the back
of the belt. In this case, it is better for th
the
e samboists right hand to grip the opponents jacket under the
left elbow, so that the palm of the samboists right hand is facing straight upward and his thumb is not so
much forward as it is facing right and upward.
If the opponent leans his body f orward and shifts his body weight over his toes, this is
a convenient situation for applying the front stepping throw.
Basic preparation for applying the front stepping throw has three methods:
a)
Instituting the opponent where the ploy is applied under the leg in the moment when its
foot contacts the mat or under the leg as the foot turns on the mat;
b)
Driving the opponent onto one leg;
c)
Driving the opponent onto his toes.

Front Stepping Throw from the Knee

Figure 27 Front Stepping Throw from a Knee

Both wrestlers are in right stance

stance. By turning his body to the left, the samboist drops onto his left
knee against his opponents left foot, and he sets his right leg for the front stepping throw, so that his right
calf is braced into his opponents right shin (Figure 27). The set up and preparation for the front
stepping throw from the knee is the same as for applying the front stepping throw
throw.

Stepping Throw with the Elbow Crook Gripping

The samboists left hand provides a suppression grip, and his right elbow crook grips his opponents
left shoulder close to his armpit.. By jerking with his hands and body, the samboist forces his
opponent to the right and away from him so that he is in position to apply the front stepping
throw under his opponents right leg. He subsequently jerks his body and arms to the left and downward
to throw his opponent down by the toes of his left foot.
foot He reduces the impact of his opponents fall by retaining
his left hand grip on his opponents right sleeve. His opponent protects
protects himself in the fall as he normally would
do in any front stepping throw.

Stepping Throw with the Knee to a Knee

Both wrestlers are in right stance' The samboists left hand provides a suppression grip while his right
hand moves under his opponents left arm to grip his uniform on the back. His right foot it set close to
and inside of his opponents right foot, and his right knee into the outer part of his opponents right knee.
o
By turning his body left 90 he is able to move his left leg in an arc to the rear and left to set its knee
onto the mat. Jerking his hands and body to the rear and turning left, he rolls his opponent over his
right knee. The samboist mitigates his opponents fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponents
right sleeve. His opponent protects himself as he did when performing a somersault over a stick to

land on his left side.

Stepping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside

The opponent is in a left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponent under his right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponents uniform on the chest. By
sharply jerking his opponent, the samboist forces him to shift his body weight behind his rig
right leg. To
prevent bending his leg or losing his balance, the opponent responds by slightly moving his left leg.
The samboist exploits this motion by using his right hand to grip his opponents left knee crook from the
outside to lift the trapped leg as high as possible toward his hip, and without stopping this motion the
samboist executes a front stepping throw with his right leg under his opponents right leg. When
applying this ploy, the toes of the samboists right foot must face in the same direction
directio as his
opponents right toes (Figure 28). As soon as the samboist realizes that his opponent is falling, his
right hand releases its grip on his opponents trapped leg. The opponent protects himself from the fall
as he did when somersaulting over the sstick to land on his left side.

Figure 28

Figure 29

Stepping Throw at the Heel with a Lifting Shin

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand provides suppression gripping, and his
right hand grips his opponents uniform under his
hi s opponents right armpit. The samboist then sets his
straightened right leg outside of his opponents right heel, so that the lower third of his right shin is
pressed against his opponents right shin. His straightened left leg is on the outer edge of h
his base to
suppress his opponents motion by moving as deeply between his opponents legs as possible (Figure
29).
The samboist falls onto his left side as he pulls strongly with his arms to the left and downward and
into him as his right shin drives his opponents right shin upward to force his opponent to fall over the
samboist in a diagonal somersault that carries him over to his back over his right shoulder and
eventually onto his left buttock.

Lateral Stepping Throws

The Lateral Stepping Throw

Figure 30

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand provides suppression gripping while
his right hand grips his opponents left shoulder cuff. Taking smaller steps to the left and back, the
samboist squats and sharply jerks his body and arms to
t o move his opponent onto his right leg.
Continuing to pull with left hand toward him as well as to left and downward, the samboist sits down
onto his left buttock while driving his left leg forward, so that he can set his heel to permit his left shin
presses
ses against his opponents right shin or calf (Figure 30). His right leg can assist up lifting upward
on his opponents left leg to augment the effectiveness of the ploy. As his opponent falls, the
samboists left hand and arm draw his opponents right arm
a rm as closely as possible to him, which in turn,
draws in and rotates his opponents body so that his opponent is forced into a diagonal somersault over
his right shoulder to land on his left buttock.
The self-protection
protection for this ploy is the diagonal som
somersault
ersault onto the back. The common mistake in
applying the lateral stepping throw is sitting down onto the mat without actually unbalancing the
opponent.
It is easiest to apply the lateral stepping throw when the opponent:
a) Stands to the side of the samboist.
samboi
b) Stands in a narrow stance.
c) Stands with his legs crossing.

Stepping Throw at the Hip or Thigh

This ploy is applied the same as the lateral stepping throw except that the samboists left leg
must be pressed close to the outside of the opponents right leg.

Inside Hooking Throws

The Inside Hooking Throw
The opponent is in a left stance and the samboist in right stance. The samboist grips his
opponents uniform on the shoulder part of his upper arms.
The samboist takes several smaller steps forward on his left foot and slightly sits with a slight
twisting motion. As he does so, he hooks his right knee crook around his opponents left knee crook
from the inside.
Lifting his opponents hooked left leg upward and toward the samboist and somewhat to the
right, the samboist sharply straightens his left leg as he strongly pushes his opponent away and
downward with his arms (Figure
ure 1).
Safety in the inside hooking throw
throw includes when entering the hook that the samboist take care
not to strike his opponents groin, and if the samboist falls, to not land on his opponent. The
opponents self-protection
protection is the half-somersault
half
fall onto the back.
The best situations for the opponent to be in for applying the inside hooking throw are:
a) Instituting the opponent (see Figure 31);
b) Organized pressure on the opponent;

c) Freeing the opponent from the mat.

Figure 31 Inside Hooking Throw

Twisting Inside Hooking Throw

The samboists right leg hooks his opponents left leg as he did above. Then, the samboist lifts
his right leg high and upward while his right arm jerks to the left and upward and his left arm pulls
toward him and left and downward. The opponent will fall beside the samboists
s amboists left leg.
To mitigate his opponents fall, the samboist retains his left hand grip on his opponents right
sleeve. The opponents self-protection
protection requires using the fall onto the left side.

Inside Hooking Throw Prepared by Instituting

Both wrestlers
tlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponents uniform on the
shoulders at the upper part of his arms. The samboist forces his opponent to shift his body weight over
his right leg as his right arm draws his opponents left arm toward the samboist
s amboist and upward as the
samboist takes a diagonal step forward on his left leg. Without giving his opponent an opportunity to
set his left foot onto the mat, the samboist lifts the hooked leg inward and upward with his right leg, and
without stopping the
e motion, turns 1800 to the right. As he turns, the samboist applies a strong jerk with
hands to the right and downward. The opponent must be thrown to the mat in the direction directly
opposite counter to his initial position.
Safety and self-protection
protection are the same as in the inside hooking throw. The inside hooking
throw prepared by institution also can be set up with a grip by the left hand to the opponents right
armpit and with the right hand gripping the back of the uniform from under the opponents
opponent left arm.

Inside Entwining Throw

Figure 32 Inside Entwining Throw

The opponent is in a left stance while the samboist is in a right stance. The samboists left
hand provides a suppression grip as his right hand moves under his opponents left arm to
t grip him on
the back of his uniform. The samboist steps slightly forward on his left leg before he slightly sits. The
upper part of his right shin and calf (closer to his knee crook) hooks his opponents left knee crook from
the inside as the samboist entwines (grape vines) with his shin from behind, so that he can hook his

foot on the outer part his opponents same shin (Figure 32). He applies a strong motion with his right
leg and turns his body to the right to lift his opponents hooked left leg and with this effort to throw his
opponent in place and onto his back to land by the samboists right foot.
Safety measures include not falling onto the opponent. The opponent will protect himself from
the fall using the half somersault for landing on his ba
back.

Outside Hooking Throws

The Outside Hooking Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand applies a suppression grip as his
right hand grips his opponents uniform on his chest. The samboist then steps forward on his left leg
and slightly to the left. The upper part of his right shin hooks his opponents right knee crook before the
samboist applies a strong motion to lift his opponent from the ground. The samboist jerks his arms and
body to the left and downward to throw his opponent onto his back in place, so that he lands by the
samboists right leg.
Safety measures include the samboist retaining his left hand grip on his opponents right
sleeve. The opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for falling onto his left side.
The best situations for applying the outside hooking throw on the opponent occur when the
opponent:
a) Stands to one side of the samboist;
b) Has one leg farther forward than the other;
c) Bends his legs and pulls the samboist forward.
The bestt preparations for this ploy are those ploys to lift the opponent from the mat or lessen
his body weight on the mat.

Opposite Side Leg Hook

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand provides a suppression grip while
his right hand grips
ps his opponents uniform on the chest. The samboists right leg steps left, so that his
right toes are outside of the toes of his opponents right foot. The samboists left shin and calf hook his
opponents right knee crook. Then, the samboist sharply jerks his body and arms forward and slightly
left to throw his opponent onto his back. In applying the jerking motion, the samboist must fall forward
in place with his opponent, but he knows for sure that his opponent is falling, the samboist stops his fall
fa
to remain standing while his opponent continues falling.
To mitigate his opponents fall, the samboist retains his grip on his opponents right sleeve. To
protect himself, the opponent uses the ploy for falling onto his back using the half somersault.
somersault

Sitting Hook with a Lifting Foot

Figure 33

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under
the right elbow. The samboists right hand grips his opponents left shoulder cuff. Then, the samboist
forces his opponent to shift his body weight onto his right
r ight leg, so that the samboist can sit down onto

his left buttock, so that his left knee crook is wrapped around the lower part of his opponents right shin
and calf area. The samboist turns his body to the left and strongly jerks with his left arm to the left and
downward while his right arm jerks to the left and upward to force his opponent to lean to the left and
away from the samboist. Exploiting the opponents position, the samboist lifts upward with his left leg
that is precisely placed with its knee
knee crook on his opponents right foot (Figure 33).
To mitigate his opponents fall, the samboist ensures that his opponent smoothly somersaults
diagonally on to the mat without his shoulder first contacting the ground. To protect himself, the
opponent executes
utes a diagonal somersault onto his back over his right shoulder to land on his left
buttock.

Foot Hook
The opponent is in right stance while the samboist is in left stance. The samboist grips his
opponents uniform on the shoulders. He applies a strong jerk with his hands in the direction of his
opponents left heel, and as soon as his opponent shifts his body weight over his left leg, the samboists
uses the toes of his left foot to hook behind the Achilles tendons on his opponents right leg (Figure 34).

Figure 34

Using a strong motion with his left leg, the samboist lifts his opponents right leg to
toward him
and to the right, and as he does so, his arms and body jerk to the left and downward. As the opponent
falls, the samboist bends his left knee and sets the leg to the left and rear.
To mitigate his opponents fall, the samboist retains his grip on his opponents right sleeve.
The opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for falling onto the left side. If the opponent
defends his right leg from the samboists left leg by moving it further away, it will be difficult to execute
the ploy,
y, but the samboist can turn his right heel outward (closer to the opponent) to perhaps close the
distance.
The best position for applying the foot hook occurs when the opponent has one leg further
ahead of his other leg.

Lateral Sweeps
The Lateral Sweeping Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponents jacket under his elbows.
The samboist then jerks his arms in the direction of his left foot, so that his opponent is compelled to
shift his body weight over his left leg.
leg. The samboist then applies the toe portion of his left foot sole to
sweep laterally into his opponents right foot (Figure 35). His left leg thus lifts his opponents right foot
to the right and upward, and as the samboist jerks his hands to the left and
a nd downward, his opponent
begins to fall. When he is certain that his opponent is falling, the samboist bends his left knee and
moves his leg to the left and back to maintain his own stability.

Figure 35

The samboist mitigates his opponents fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponents right
sleeve. The opponent protects himself from the fall by using the ploy for falling onto the left side.
The common mistake in executing the lateral sweeping throw comes from sweeping into the
opponents leg with the wrong part of the foot.
The best situations for applying the lateral sweeping throw occur when the opponent:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Has one foot ahead of the other;

Crosses his feet;
Steps heavily or hops;
Drops to one knee while gripping the samboist.

The best means for preparing the opponent to be thrown with the lateral sweep are:
a) Cross body institution;
b) Driving him to one side of his leg or forcing him back on a heel.

Sweep Prepared with a Cross Body Institution

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponents jacket under the elbows.
The opponent moves forward. When his opponent sets his right leg onto the mat, the samboists left
hand jerks left and downward while his right hand jerks left and upward and slightly toward the
samboist.
oist. This forces the opponent to cross his left leg behind his right leg. In that moment when the
opponent begins to lift his right leg to better the stability and convenience of his position, the samboists
left leg sweeps laterally to lift his opponen
opponents
ts right leg. When using this ploy, the safety procedures and
self-protection
protection as the same as for the lateral sweeping throw.

Sweeping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside

The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist grips his
opponents uniform under the elbows to force him to shift his body weight over his right leg, so that the
samboist can use his right hand to grip the outside of his opponents left knee crook. The samboist lifts
the trapped leg as high as possible and pulls it toward him. To prevent losing his balance, the opponent
will move forward on his right leg, as he is doing this, he may become airborne, so the samboist applies a
lateral sweep with his left leg (Figure 36). When the samboist is sure that his opponent is falling, he
releases his right hand grip on his opponents left leg. As a safety measure, the samboist retains his left
hand grip on his opponents right sleeve. To protect himself in the fall, the opponent employs the ploy for
falling onto the left side.

Figure 36

Sweeping when the Opponent Is Approaching

The opponent approaches from a right stance while the samboist retreats from a left stance. In
the moment when the opponent sets his right leg onto the mat and begins to lift his weight off of that foot
(but while his foot still contacts the mat), the samboist uses his left leg to apply a lateral sweeping throw
under his opponents right foot. Basically, the ploy is applied that same as it was for the lateral sweeping
throw.

Sweeping when the Opponent Is Retreating

The opponent retreats from a right stance while the samboist advances from a left stance. In the
moment when the opponent is lifting his right foot from the mat, the samboist applies a lateral sweep
under that foot using his left leg. Basically, this ploy is applied the same as the lateral sweeping throw.

Sweeping with a Timed Step (or Timed Hop)

Both wrestlers are in a front stance. The samboist grips his opponents jacket under the elbows.
The opponent
nt steps forward and to the left while the samboist steps forward and to the right. In that
moment when the opponent begins to move his right leg to the left, the samboist laterally sweeps under
his opponents right leg with his left foot (Figure 37). As his leg sweeps, the samboist strongly jerks his
body and arms to shift his opponents weight mostly toward him. The samboist breaks his opponents fall
by retaining his left hand grip on his opponents right sleeve.

Figure 37

Sweeping from the Knees

The opponent is on both knees while the samboist is in a right stance. The samboist then grips
his opponents uniform under the elbows. He then draws his opponent up as if to stand him on both feet
but follows this effort by laterally sweeping his left lleg
eg under his opponents right leg. A strong opponent
who is kneeling when raised upward can have his power minimized for the support of his right leg by
applying a variant of the lateral sweeping throw. If the opponent rises to his feet, as he sets his left
l foot
on the mat, the samboist steps on it with his right foot and executes a right side lateral sweeping throw.

Front Sweeping Throws

The Front Sweeping Throw

Figure 38

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponents jacket under the elbows.
The samboists right leg steps right and forward, so that his body can turn left as his right toes are outside
of his opponents left toes at a right angle. Simultaneously, the samboist performs a strong jerk with his
hands to the left and upward as if he is attempting to throw his opponent over his left shoulder. As soon
as his opponent rises up onto his toes, as the samboist continues the jerking motion of his arms
(supplemented by his body), he sweeps with the toe part of his left ffoot
oot sole into his opponents right
ankle (Figure 38).
Mitigating his opponents fall requires that the samboist retain his left hands grip on his
opponents right sleeve. To protect himself, the opponent uses the ploy for somersaulting over the stick
to
o land on his left side. The common mistake in executing the front sweeping throw is sweeping the
opponent when he is not unbalanced.
The best positions for the opponent to be in for executing the front sweeping throw are when:
a) The opponents legs are in a narrow stance, and he is leaning forward;
b) The opponent crosses his feet.
The best preparations for setting up the opponent for the front sweeping throw are:
a) Driving the opponent up onto his toes;
b) Instituting the opponent.
There are other entries into the front sweeping throw than what is described above. Before taking
a right step forward, step back. This helps to bring the opponent up onto his toes.
The difficulty in this approach
pproach lies in the fact that after stepping back the opponent may not have
h
risen up onto his toes and maintains a stable stance. Thus, to exploit his step forward, the samboist must
continuously use his arms and body to drive his opponent up onto his toes.

Sweeping Throw with a Falling Motion

If in performing the front swe
sweeping
eping throw, the opponent is difficult to compel into falling, in that
moment when the opponent begins to lose his balance, the samboist can add his own body weight to
augment his opponents fall by strongly arching his body back and turning his opponent to
t the left. At the
same time, his left arm, bent at the elbow, strongly draws his opponents right arm toward him and as he
smoothly begins to fall, the arm vector changes to upward as his right hand drives the left side of his
opponent away from him (Figure
gure 39). To mitigate his opponents fall, as his opponents fall is determined,
the samboist must not permit his opponents right shoulder to strike the mat. He must throw his opponent
so that he falls directly onto his back. The opponent will protect himself using the ploy for rolling onto
either his right or left side.

Figure 39

Sweeping at the Knee

If the opponent stands in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance, the opponents right leg
will be very difficult to attack.. In this,
this, the toe side of the foot sole should sweep at the opponents right
knee (Figure 40).
). In completing the sweep, the fall mitigation and self
self-protection
protection are the same as what
were used in the front sweeping throw.

Figure 40

Samboists of shorter heights find it very difficult to apply the front sweeping throw against taller
opponents, but the front sweeping throw applied at the knee can be used by them very well.

Sweeping Throw Prepared by Instituting the Opponent

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboist grips his
opponents jacket on the shoulder part of the arms. He then forces his opponent to shift his bodys weight
over his left leg before his left hand draws his opponents right arm toward him and upward to compel his
opponent to step diagonally forward on his right leg. As his opponent begins to lift his right foot from the
mat, the samboists left leg applies a front sweeping throw under his opponents right leg. In completing
the sweeping throw, the fall
all mitigation and self
self-protection
protection used are the same as for the front sweeping
throw.

Sweeping Throw with a Lifting Foot

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The opponent stands on wide set legs and leaning his body
forward. The samboist grips his oppon
opponents
ents jacket under the elbows. He then drives his opponent up onto
his toes as his right leg steps further forward, so that he can set his right heel inside and close to his
opponents left heel. The samboist then sharply turns his body left and bends his right knee to sit down
on his left buttock as close as possible to his right heel. Simultaneously, both of his arms strongly jerk to
throw his opponent over his left shoulder as his left leg moves under his opponents right leg. When his
opponent loses his balance and begins to fall, the samboist sets his right instep over his left leg. To
mitigate his opponents fall, he does not permit his opponent to set his right arm into the mat, he does not
permit his opponents right shoulder to strike the mat, b
but
ut he does force his opponents body to fall into a
forward somersault diagonally onto his back. The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for
falling in a diagonal somersault onto the back leading with his right shoulder and ending on his left
buttock.

Figure 41 Rear Sweeping Throw

Rear Sweeping Throws

The Rear Sweeping Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponents uniform, so that his left
hand is under his opponents right elbow, and his right hand is under his opponents left elbow. He then
sets his right foot outside of his opponents right foot with his toes turned inward. Simultaneously, he
jerks in the direction of his opponents left leg to remove his opponents weight from his right leg as the
t
samboist sweeps the toe part of his left foot sole under his opponents right heel (Figure 41). Lifting his
left leg, the samboist lifts his opponents right leg as high as possible while jerking his arms to the left and
downward to throw his opponent onto the mat.
The samboist mitigates his opponents fall using his left hand on his opponents right sleeve. The
opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for falling onto the back with a half somersault.
The best position for the opponent to be in when applying the rear sweeping throw is when is he
standing laterally to the samboist.
The best preparation for the opponent is to institute him into crossing his legs.

Sweep at the Knee

This ploy is applied the same as the rear sweeping throw ex
except
cept that the toe part of the left
insole is not aligned with the opponents right heel, but at the opponents right knee crook.

Knee Sweep to the Same Side Leg

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under
un
the
right elbow. His left leg then takes a large stop left and forward on a half bent right knee to lunge forward.

Figure 42

Then he aligns the toe part of his right insole with his opponents right knee crook to sweep into
the back of his opponents knee with his bent leg. As he does so, he throws his opponent by jerking with
his arms to left and downward, so that his opponent lands by the samboists left leg (Figure 42).
As his opponent falls, the samboist retains his left hand grip on his opponents right sleeve, and
his protects himself in his fall by using the ploy for falling onto the left side.

Inside Sweeping Throws

The Inside Sweeping Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under his
right elbow while the samboists right hand grips his opponents jacket over his left clavicle. Jerking his
opponent in the direction of his opp
opponents
onents left leg, he forces his opponent to shift his body weight over
his right leg, and from there, the samboist his right insole under the inside of his opponents right leg by
his heel. Lifting his right leg, the samboist also lifts his opponents rig
right
ht leg left and upward as the
samboists hands jerk his opponent left, forward, and downward to throw him to the ground (Figure 43).

Figure 43

The samboist must take care not to fall onto his opponent. His opponent protects himself in the
fall using the
he ploy for falling onto the back with a half somersault.
The optimum position for the opponent to be in for executing the inside sweeping throw is when
he stands with wide set legs. The best preparation for this throw is to institute the opponent.

Inside Sweeping Throw with Institution

Inside
The opponent is in a left stance while the samboist is in a right stance. The samboist grips his
opponents uniform on the shoulder part of the arms. He forces his opponent to shift his body weight over
his left leg as the samboists left arm draws his opponents right arm toward the samboist and upward to
force his opponent to take a deeper diagonal step forward on his right leg. In the moment when his
opponent begins to lift his foot from the mat, the samboist execute
executes
s the inside sweeping throw. He can
sweep to the inside under his opponents left leg with his own left leg in the moment when his opponent
sets his right foot onto the mat which frees his opponents left foot from a greater share of the opponents
body weight.

Sweep to the Inside of the Knee

Figure 44

The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponents jacket on the right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponents left shoulder cuff. The
samboist steps forward on his left leg with the toes of his left foot strongly turned to the left. Bending his
right knee sweeps the sole of his right foot into the inside on his opponents left knee (Figure 44). The
samboist turns his body left
ft and somewhat forward using a strong motion by his right foot and leg, he lifts
his opponents left leg back and upward, so that the more that the samboists right leg leaves the mat, the
more the opponent is forced to turn to the left until he falls onto
ont his back.
To mitigate his opponents fall, the samboist retains a grip on his opponents left sleeve. The
opponent protects himself from the fall as he did when somersaulting over the stick to land on the left
side.

Lifting Throws
The Work Horse
Both
th wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under the
right elbow while his right hand grips his opponents back from under his left armpit. The samboists left
foot, with its toes turned to the left, steps in p
place
lace behind his right leg. He bends his right knee to press its
center into his opponents right leg close to that knee (Figure 45). Closely drawing his opponent toward
him, the samboist sharply leans his body to the left while using his right leg to throw
throw his opponent upward.
When his opponent is airborne, the samboist twists his leg to the right and throws his opponent toward
the left to land by his left leg (Figure 46).

Figures 45 and 46

The samboist mitigates his opponents fall by retaining his left

left hand grip on his opponents right
sleeve.
The best situation for the opponent to be found in to execute this throw is when the opponent is
standing in a higher stance and leaning this body forward.
The best preparation for this throw is driving the opponent
opponent off balance and instituting his body.

Work Horse with an Elbow Crook Grip to the Opposite Side

If the opponent does not allow the samboist to grip behind his back, the samboist can apply the
following grip: his left hand grips his opponents jacket
jacket under the right elbow while his right elbow crook
traps his opponents shoulder part of his left arm from behind and close to his body.
In applying the throw, the fall mitigation and self-protection
self protection are the same as in the previous ploy.

Work Horse with the Aid of a Foot

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents uniform under
the right elbow, and his right hand grips the back of his opponents belt. His left foot, with its toes turned
to the left, steps in
n place behind his right leg. His right leg, bent at the knee, presses his upper part shin
into his opponents right leg at the inside close to his opponents knee with the outer edge of the

samboists right sole press to the opponents same shin close to the foot. From there, the execution of
the throw is the same as the basic throw.

The Outside Lifting Throw

Figure 47

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right shoulder as
his right hand goes under his opponents left arm to grip the back of his opponents belt. He squat slightly
on both legs and steps forward on his right foot to set it between his opponents legs. Pressing his
opponents body to his own, the samboist grips firmly and arches his body while straightening his legs to
lift his opponent from the mat. Shifting his weight over his right leg, the thigh of his bent left leg lifts his
opponent upward, and when his opponent is high enough, the samboists same thigh drives his opponent
to the right
ght and away from him. When lifting from the outside, the samboist can hook his foot and shin
inside of his opponents trapped leg to assist in throwing his opponent (Figure 47). By jerking his arms
and turning his body to the left and downward, he throws
throws his opponents back to the mat. When his
opponent is falling, the samboist is able to remove his left leg, still bent at the knee, to move that leg as
far as possible to the left and rear.
Fall mitigation is achieved by the samboist retaining his left hand
hand grip on his opponents jacket on
his right arm. The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for falling onto the left side.

The Inside Lifting Throw

Figure 48

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponents belt on the right side by going over top of his opponents right arm. His right hand grips
the back of his opponents belt from under his opponents left arm. Squatting on both legs, the samboists
right leg stepss forward to set his foot inside and close to his opponents left leg. Using a strong arm lift,
the samboist arches his back and straightens his legs to lift his opponent from the ground to press the
thigh of his opponents right leg to the outside of his bent left thigh and shin to throw his opponents body
weight over the samboists left leg as the samboists arms and body pull left and downward (Figure 48).

Major Outer Reaping Throws

The Major Outer Reap

Figure 49

Both wrestlers are in right stan

stance.
ce. The samboists left hand grips his opponents uniform under
the right elbow, and his right hand applies pressure to his opponents right collar bone. The samboist
compels his opponent to shift his body weight over his right leg as the samboist simultaneously
simult
steps
forward and to the left on his left leg with the toes of his left foot turned to the left. He quickly drives is
bent right leg to the left and forward, so that a strong stroke of that leg to the rear is aligned with his
opponents right knee
e crook as the samboist strongly jerks his arms to the left and downward (Figure 49).
To mitigate his opponents fall, the samboist left hand must keep a grip on his opponents right sleeve.
His opponent will protect himself from the falling using the ploy
ploy for falling onto the left side. The best
position for the opponent to be in when the samboist applies the major outer reap is when his opponents
leg(s) are further forward.

The Major Outer Reaping Throw Prepared by Institution

The samboist is in right
ht stance while his opponent is in left stance. He grips his opponents
uniform under the shoulder parts of his arms. He then forces his opponent to shift his body weight over
his left leg as the samboists left hand draws his opponents right arm toward him and upward forcing his
opponent to take a further diagonal step forward with his right leg. As the opponent lifts his foot from the
mat, the samboist applies the major outer reap as described above. As he applies the throw, his right
hand changes itss grip to press against his opponents right collar bone.

Major Outer Reap on the Retreating Opponent

Both wrestlers are in a right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right sleeve,
and his right hand grips his opponents jacket on the chest. His opponent backing up adopts a right
stance as the samboist advances. During the moment when the opponent rearranges his stance by
moving his left leg back, the samboist takes a large step forward on his right leg and a larger step forward
and to the left on his left leg to stand on his bent right leg
leg. When his opponent begins to retreat with his
rightt leg moving to the rear, the samboist follows applying the major outer reaping throw as described
above.

Major Outer Reaping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists right hand grips the opponents jacket on the
chest while his right hand grips the outside of his opponents right knee crook. Lifting the trapped leg
upward and to the left, the samboist places his right leg forward and between his opponents legs to align
his knee crook with his opponents
ents left knee crook.
To mitigate his opponents fall, the samboist retains his right hand grip on his opponents chest.

Major Outer Reaping with the Legs Crossed

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist institutes his opponent to cross his opp
opponent
with his right hand gripping the inside of his opponents right knee crook. Lifting the trapped leg upward
and to the right, the samboist steps his left leg close to his opponents left leg and applies a right leg
major outer reaping throw to his opponents
opponents left knee crook (Figure 50). When his opponents fall is
assured, the samboist moves back his right leg and uses his left hand to mitigate his opponents fall by
retaining his grip on his opponents right sleeve. The opponent protects himself in falling using the ploy
for falling onto the left side.

Figure 50

Alignment

Figure 51

The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist grips his
opponents uniform on the shoulder part of his opponents arms. Th
The
e samboist hops in close to his
opponent with his legs placed so that his right leg is set close to his left leg with his left foot poised on
toes that are turned to the left. In the hop, the right leg is moved to be behind the left leg. An energetic
motion
on by the samboists right shin is aligned with his opponents left knee crook as the samboists arm
motion drives his opponent to the right (Figure 51).
When the opponents fall is defined, the samboist begins to mitigate the fall using his left hand to
draw on his opponents jacket in the area of his right sleeve, and during this same time, the samboists
right leg continues lifting his opponents left leg as high as possible. The opponent protects himself using
the ploy for falling onto the right side
side.
The best position for the opponent to be in when applying the alignment occurs when the
opponent stands laterally to the samboist with wide set legs.

Sweeping Hip Throws

The Sweeping Hip Throw

Figure 52

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right sleeve,
and his right hand grips his opponents back by going under his opponents left arm. The samboist pivots
left on his right foot (turning the heel by being on the toes) as he sets his left leg behind his right leg which
allows the half bent leg to move left and upward. Pressing his right side into his opponents body, the
samboist strongly strikes using the thigh of his straightened right leg into the front part of his opponents
right thigh. The samboist then pulls with his arms and body to the left and downward to throw his
opponent by his left leg (Figure 52).
The samboist mitigates his opponents fall by retaining his left hand grip on his opponents right
sleeve. This opponent protects himself from the fall using the same ploy as for somersaulting over the
stick to land on the left side.
Preparations for applying the sweeping hip throw include:
a) Driving the opponent onto one leg.
b) Driving the opponent up onto his toes.

Sweeping Hip Throw with an Elbow Crook Grip on the Opposite Side Arm
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right sleeve, and if he is
not gripping his opponents jacket on the back from under his opponents left arm with his right hand, the
samboist uses his right elbow crook to grip the shoulder part of his opponents left arm closer to the
shoulder joint. From that point, the execution of the ploy is the same as in the previous ploy.

Throws over the Head

The Throw over the Head

Figure 53

Figure 54

The opponent stands in a front stance, and slightly leans into the samboist. The samboist is in
right stance. He grips his opponents uniform under the elbows. He steps his left leg forward to his heel
facing his opponents toes (Figure 53). He then strongly jerks his arms toward him and upward as if the
samboist intends to throw his opponent over his body as he then sits on the ground as close as possible
to his left heel and sets his strongly bent right leg on his opponents belt
b elt over his stomach area. Without
stopping this motion, the motion is timed to roll his shoulders and back onto the mat as he drives (without
striking) the toes of his right foot into his opponent. The direction of the pushing motion of the leg must be
upward and back to a place behind the samboists head (Figure 54). After the leg push, the opponent is
directed over the samboists left shoulder and his right shoulder. Mitigating the opponents fall also
includes that the samboists arms provide a frame to prevent his opponents head dropping into the
samboists face, and that these same arms provide a strong pull to ensure throwing the opponent over
the samboist sufficiently to prevent his opponents head from hitting the groun
ground.
The opponents own self-protection
self protection includes using the ploy for the forward somersault or the
diagonal somersault onto the back. From these, the opponent can fall in the following way: beginning
with a front somersault except that when his shoulder blades contact the mat, he must
mu quickly arch upon
a base of wide set legs. After his shoulder blades contact the mat, his legs must not be crossed, and the
purpose of this effort is prevent his lower back from contacting the mat.
The best situation for the opponent to be in for executing
executing the throw over the head is when the
opponent bends down and forward
orward while attempting to push the samboist around on the mat.
mat
The best means for preparing the opponent are:
a) Organized pressure,
b) Moving the opponent onto one leg

Throw over the Head with a Knee Propped in the Stomach

Figure 55

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists right forearm grips his opponents left armpit,
and both hands grip his opponents jacket on the shoulder part of the opponents same arm. The
samboists left leg steps as far forward and as close to his opponent as possible to set that foot between
his opponents legs. The samboist sits close to his left heel and sets his right knee into his opponents
belt with his right instep braced into the inner par
partt of his opponents left thigh, so that the samboist can
straighten his shin and jerk toward him with his arms to throw his opponent over his head (Figure 55).
When the opponents body is falling toward the mat and over the samboists head, the samboist m
must
draw his opponent toward him using the trapped arm.
The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for somersaulting diagonally onto the back
over the right shoulder to the left buttock.

The Scissors Throw

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboists right hand
grips his opponents jacket on the chest from under the opponents left arm, so that the samboists little
finger (in a reverse grip) is on top. The samboist moves
moves beside his opponents left side, so that he can
jump into the air and apply his legs as scissors, so that his right leg is at his opponents chest, and his
left leg is behind his opponents knees (Figure 56). As soon as the samboists legs are wrap
wrapped around
his opponent, he applies a sharp motion to drive his right leg to the rear, and his left leg forward to knock
his opponent down. When his opponent begins to fall, the samboist uses his left leg to lift his opponents
legs as high as possible.
The samboists fall mitigation includes bracing his left arm on the ground. The opponent protects
himself using the ploy for the half
half-somersault onto the back.
The best positions for the opponent to be in to apply the scissors throw are when:
a) The opponent
onent is standing laterally to the samboist;
b) The opponent pulls the samboist to him;
The best preparations for the throw include:
a) Instituting with legs crossed;
b) Instituting.

Figure 56 Scissors

Figure 57 The Saddle

The Saddle Throw

The opponent stands in a front stance with his body held erect. The samboist grips his
opponents uniform under the elbows. The samboist jumps up and onto his opponent as if to sit atop his
opponents body. Holding his legs around his opponents body, the ssamboist
amboist allows his back to fall to the
mat. His hands move to grip his opponents opposite side heels as he moves his right foot toward his
chest, and then drives his right foot away from him as he simultaneously jerks his arms to pull his
opponents heelss toward him, so that his opponent falls onto his back on the mat (Figure 57).
Fall mitigation includes pressing his shins and calves into his opponents body (to prevent kicking
him in the thorax).

The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for the half somersault to the back. The
best position for the opponent to be in to apply the saddle throw occurs when the opponent is standing
erect or with his body leaning slightly to the rear.

Throws over the Hip (or Thigh)

The Throw over the Hip
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under the
right elbow, and his right hand moves under his opponents left arm to grip the back of his uniform.
Forcing his opponent to shift his body weight onto his toes, the samboist pivots left on the toes of his right
foot, so that his left buttock is close to his opponents right hip. Simultaneously with this pivot, the
samboist brings his left leg to his right leg to slightly squat on both legs (Figure 58).
Aligning
gning his left buttock with the inner part of his opponents right thigh from below to the rear, and
then, upward causes the opponent to fly over the samboist, and when the opponents body rotates over
the samboists hip, but before his opponent contacts the mat, the samboist releases his grip on his
opponents back.

Figures 58 and 59

To mitigate his opponents fall, the samboist retains his left hands grip on his opponents right
sleeve.
To protect himself from the fall, the opponent uses the ploy for falling onto the left side as done
when falling over the stick. The common mistak
mistake
e when executing the throw over the hip is to align the left
buttock with the opponent with only an upward motion that does not include the vector to the rear.
The best situations for applying this ploy on the opponent occur when the opponent attempts to
grip
rip the back of the samboists jacket.
The best preparation for the throw over the hip occurs (except in the special circumstances to be
described below) by:
a) Instituting the opponent;
b) By forcing the opponent onto one leg.

Throw over the Hip with the Bel

Beltt Gripped over an Arm
In response to the opponents left hand grip to the back of the samboists belt from under his right
arm, the samboists left hand grips his opponents right sleeve, and his right hand grips the back of his
opponents belt by going over
ver his opponents left arm, so that the samboist can apply the throw over the
hip as described above.

Throw over the Hip Gripping the Collar

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists right hand grips his opponents lapel over his
chest while his left hand grips his opponents left side of his collar. The samboists right hand must be
below his left hand. He then applies the throw over the hip as described above.

Throw over the Hip Prepared by Bumping the Knee

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponents right sleeve as his right hand grips the back of his opponents belt. He then sets his right
foot inside, and close to, his opponents left foot. His right knee presses
presses into the inside of his opponents
left knee, and when his opponent begins to lose his balance, the samboist applies the throw over the hip.

Throw over the Hip Prepared by Heaving the Thigh

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right sleeve, and
his right hand moves under his opponents left arm to grip the back of his jacket. Both of the samboists
hands strongly jerk the opponent to the left and downward as he simultaneously slightly squats. When he
feelss his opponent resist, the samboist spirals the motion to the right and upward and behind his back to
throw his opponent into the samboists right buttock. Simultaneously with this motion of moving his
opponent toward him, the samboist converts the motion into the entry for the throw over the hip.

Throw over the Hip with the Head Gripped and a Falling Motion

Figure 60

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right sleeve,
and his right elbow crook grips his opponents head. Simultaneously with gripping his opponents head,
the samboist turns, so that he executes a pivot to the left on his right foot, so that his left buttock is
outside of his opponents right hip or thigh (Figure 60). Completing his pivot, the samboist sets his left leg
beside his right leg and shifts his weight over his left leg. Slightly moving the toes of his right foot to the
right, the samboist stands with his right knee close to his left toes. He rotates his opponent over his back
forcing
cing him to somersault with his back to the mat. When his opponent begins to roll onto his back, the
samboist sits down onto his right buttock close to his opponents right side and presses his opponent into
the lateral hold down position (see figure of tthe lateral hold down).
To mitigate his opponents fall, the samboist retains a tight hold on his opponents head, so that
his opponents head does not strike the mat, and the samboist sits down on the mat with his opponent
and ensures that he does not fall onto his opponents body.
The opponent protects himself in the fall by tucking in his head and using the ploy for the forward
somersault.

Reverse Throw over the Hip

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right sleeve.
The samboist pivots on his right foot to the left, so that his heels are to his opponents toes, and his back
is to his opponent, so that his right arm can wrap around the shoulder part of his opponents back from

behind, so that the samboists right

ight hand is on his opponents right shoulder. Then, his left hand moves
between their bodies by his opponents right side to wrap around his back. Quickly, the samboist sets his
left buttock and throws his opponent forward over the samboists back without
without releasing his right arm
while attempting not to allow him to brace his left arm on the ground (Figure 61).

Figure 61

Throw over the Hip by Approaching around the Leg

If the opponent stands in a left stance with his right leg advanced, shown in the basic ploy, the
opponent can easily attack the samboist with a lateral sweeping throw under the samboists advanced
right leg. In this case, the samboist would be better served to approach from around the leg. Thus, he
should use his left hand to grip his
his opponents jacket under the right elbow while his right hand should
grip the back of his opponents belt. The samboists left leg should be set, so that its heel is by his
opponents toes on his left foot to maximize the samboists turn to the left. He then forces his opponent to
shift his weight onto his right leg, so that the samboist can pivot on his left leg to the left to set his hip
under his opponent as in the basic ploy.

Throw over the Hip with an Entry by Swapping

The samboists left hand grips
grips his opponents jacket under his right elbow, and the samboists
right hand grips the back of his opponents belt. Quickly and strongly, the samboist forces his opponent
to shift his body weight over his heels. Then the samboist strongly jerks with both
bot h hands toward him and
simultaneously thrusts his right hip under his opponent as the samboist pivots on his right foot as he
would do in the basic ploy.
The approach by swapping is a very active ploy, but for it to be applied, the opponents weight
must be
e properly manipulated, and the hip inserted with excellent timing in the swap.

Sweeping Hip Throw from the Throw over the Hip

Figure 62

The samboist begins the basic ploy, the throw over the hip with his right buttock intercepting the
inner part of his opponents right thigh. Shifting his body weight over his left leg, the samboist uses his
right leg to apply the sweeping hip throw as shown in the ploy under that name.

Under Hooking from the Throw over the Hip

To begin this ploy, do as above.
above. As soon as the body weight is shifted over the samboists left
leg, his right leg, bent at the knee, moves to the right. Then, the samboist presses his right shin/calf area
outside of his opponents right shin, so that the shin is blocked (Figure 62). The samboist lifts his
opponent upward by straightening his left leg as his right calf drives his opponent leftward and over his
back, so that his opponents unsupported body must fall with his back onto the mat.

Throws by Gripping the Arm with the Armpit

The Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit
The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponents uniform under the right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponents jacket at the left
shoulder. By jerking his arms, the samboist forces his opponent to shift his body weight over up onto his
toes. At the same time that his arms are jerking, the samboist advances his left foot, so that its heel is
close to his opponents toes on his left leg, so that the samboists toes on his left foot are facing decidedly
to the left.
He continues to pull on his opponent in the direction that his toes are facing as he steps his right
foot close to his body as his right arm grips his opponents right
right shoulder under his armpit. Then, the
samboist sharply turns his body to the left as his right leg swings in an arc behind his opponent as the
samboist sets his right palm on the mat with a left and forward motion before reclining on his right side to
force his opponent to somersault onto his back (Figure 63).

Figure 63

Mitigating the opponents fall includes holding the opponents right arm and shoulder close in to
the samboists body as he hits the mat when rolling over the samboist. Also the samboist
sa
must take great
care not to land on his opponent, and to ensure that he does not, the samboist must first recline onto his
right side.
The opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for the diagonal somersault onto the
back.
The best position
osition for the opponent to be in to apply the throw by gripping the arm under the
armpit is when opponent bends or leans forward and is pushing with his arms.
The best preparation for setting up the throw occurs by:
a) Institution;
b) Institution with a grip by the same side armpit beside the opponents back (as shown in the
following ploy).

Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit Set up by Institution

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right sleeve
while his
is right hand goes over his opponents right shoulder to grip his jacket behind his right armpit. The
samboist draws on his opponent, so that his opponent shifts his body weight over his right leg. Holding
his opponent with his left arm, the samboist app
applies
lies a motion with his right arm that is slightly upward to
force his opponent to take a wide diagonal step on his left leg. Intercepting his opponents left leg with his
own left leg, the samboist applies the throw by gripping the arm under the armpit as described above.

Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit with the Foot Hook
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents right sleeve,
and his right hand grips his opponents uniform on the chest. The samboist forces his opponent to shift
his body weight onto his heels and simultaneously sets his left foot to the outside of his opponents right
foot. The samboist pivots left on his left foot to place his right leg between himself and his opponent, so
that he can
an release his previous grip with his right hand to grip his opponents right arm under his right
armpit. Bending his right knee, the samboists right leg and toes hook his opponents right leg on the shin
closer to his foot (Figure 64).

Figure 64

The samboist sits down as close as possible to his left heel while strongly turning his body to the
left to force his opponent to roll onto his back on the mat.
The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploy for the half somersault onto the back.

Throws by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder and Forearm

The Throw by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under
the right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponents
opponents jacket on the chest. He then forces his opponent
to shift his weight over his right leg before turning his back on this opponent by pivoting left on his right
foot with his heel turned to his opponents toes. His hand arm grips his opponents right arm and
positions his right shoulder under his opponents right armpit (Figure 65). Firmly drawing the trapped arm
to the samboist and his shoulder, the samboist sharply leans forward on his half bent knees.

Figure 65 Start for the Throw

To mitigate his opponents fall, both of the samboists hands retain their grip on the opponents
right sleeve.
To protect himself in the fall, the opponent uses the ploy for somersaulting over the stick.
The best position for the opponent to be in to apply this throw
throw is when the opponent attempts to
grip the samboists neck.
The best set-ups
ups and preparations for applying the throw gripping the arm on the shoulder are:
a) By instituting;
b) By instituting with a grip by the same side armpit and by executing the ploy as described
de
in
the ploys below.

Figure 66 Completing the Throw

Throw with the Arm Gripped on the Shoulder Prepared from a Leg Grab Attempt
The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponents jacket under the right sleeve, and his right hand grips attempts to grip his opponents left
leg at the outside of the knee crook. In the moment when his opponent is moving back his left leg, the
samboist draws his left hand toward himself and slightly upward.
upward. This causes his opponent to lean
forward and straighten his right leg which allows the samboist to apply the throw by gripping the arm on
the shoulder as described above.

Throw by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder Prepared by Instituting

Both wrestlers
tlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents uniform under
the right sleeve, and his right elbow crook grips the back of the shoulder part of his opponents right arm.
The samboist strongly jerks his body and right arm to institute
inst itute the opponent to the right as the samboist
attempts to draw his opponent toward his back. When the opponent is to the right of the samboist, he
amplifies this motion to apply the throw by gripping the arm over the shoulder.

Throw by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder from the Knees

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponent under his right
armpit while the samboists right hand grips his opponent under the same armpit. Turning his back to his
opponent by pivoting on his right leg to the left, so that his heel is beside his opponents toes, the
samboist places the shoulder portion of his right arm under his opponents right shoulder. Keeping this
arm to his shoulder with his arms and pressing his opponents
opponents armpit into his shoulder, the samboist
sharply leans his body forward and quickly drops down onto both of his knees (Figure 67). He draws his
opponents right shoulder as closely as possible to him, and this compels his opponent to execute a
forward somersault.
To mitigate his fall, the samboist does not permit his opponent to brace his hands on the mat.
The opponent protects himself from the fall using the ploy for the diagonal somersault to the back, so that
he impacts the mat from his right shoulder to his left buttock.

Figure 67

Figure 68

Throw Gripping the Arm on the Forearm

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under
the right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponent on his right lap
lapel.
el. The samboist turns his back on
his opponent as he did in the throw with the arm gripped on the shoulder with his right elbow elevated
upward, so that his right forearm is braced into his opponents right armpit from below (Figure 68).
Basically, this throw is analogous to the throw by gripping the arm on the shoulder.

Throw Gripping the Arm in the Elbow Crook

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under
the right elbow while his right elbow crook g
grips
rips under his opponents right arm at the shoulder joint.
Attempting to draw his right elbow crook upward, the samboist lifts his opponents right arm and turns his
back to his opponent as when throwing with the arm gripped on the shoulder, so that he ca
can apply that
very same throw.

Throw by Gripping the Arm in the Elbow Crook and Sitting under
The samboists left hand grips his opponents right wrist or his uniform on his right forearm and
the samboists right elbow crook grips the shoulder part of his opponents right arm from below. The
samboist sets his right foot inside his opponents right foot with his knee moving to the outside (Figure
69).

Figure 69

The samboist use both of his arms to strongly press his opponents right arm into the samb
samboists
body as the samboist sits his left buttock down onto the mat by his right heel. Straightening his left leg to
set it as far as possible between his opponents legs, the samboist raises the outer edge of his left foot
from the mat. The samboists bent
ent right knee must be outside of his opponents right leg, and when the
opponent leans to the point that he begins to fall onto the samboist, the samboist raises his right leg
upward to raise his opponents right leg. The opponent, then falling over the samboist, executes a
forward somersault onto his back onto the mat.
To protect his falling opponent, the samboist does not permit his opponent to brace his right hand
on the mat, and does not allow his opponents right shoulder to strike the mat.
To protect himself from the throw, the opponent applies the diagonal somersault over his right
shoulder and onto his left buttock.

Throws over the Shoulder

Figure 70

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist uses his left armpit to grip his opponents right
forearm. Simultaneously, his left hand grips his opponents belt by going over top of his opponents right
arm. His right hand grips his opponents uniform on the left shoulder. The samboist steps forward on his
right leg to set his foott between his opponents legs. Strongly arching his back, the samboist aligns his
stomach to his opponents body from below as he works to throw his opponent over his left shoulder
(Figure 70). Falling to the rear, the samboist sharply turns his body to the left in a circle reckoned to lift
his opponent and throw him over the samboists left shoulder, so that his opponents back falls onto the
mat.
To protect his falling opponent, the samboist does not permit his opponent to brace his right hand
on the mat,
t, and the samboist does not drop his body weight onto his opponent. The opponent protects
himself from the fall using the diagonal somersault over the right shoulder and onto the left buttock.
The best position for applying the ploy on the opponent occur
occurs
s when the opponent wraps his
arms around the samboists back.
The preparations and set-ups
set ups to use on the opponent for this given throw include organized
pressure on the opponent.

The Mill Throws

The Mill

Figure 71

Both wrestlers are in right stan

stance.
ce. The samboists left hand grips the upper side of his opponents
right sleeve. The samboist then applies a strong left hand jerk toward him that is angled slightly upward
as he simultaneously lunges under his opponents right shoulder, so that the upper
upper part of his right side
meets his opponents stomach (Figure 71). The samboists right hand grips the inside of his opponents
right knee crook, and the samboist energetically lifts his opponent upward driving his opponents trapped
leg to the right. When
hen the opponents body attains a 90 degree angle to the samboists body, the
samboist throws his opponents right arm and shoulder upward. Simultaneously, the samboist steps back
with his left leg toward his left and rear pulling with his left hand downwa
downward
rd and toward himself, so that his
opponents right arm leads his opponent to fall with his back on the ground.
The samboist protects his falling opponent by using his left hand grip to pull up on his opponents
trapped right arm.
The opponent protects himself
himself from the fall using the ploy for somersaulting over the stick to land
on the left side.

The Reverse Mill

Figure 72

The samboists right hand goes over his opponents right shoulder to grip his uniform from
behind. The samboists left hand grips the inside of his opponents left knee crook, and he steps under
his opponent, so that his shoulders are under his opponent, and he can throw his opponent toward his
right leg by forcing his opponent into a forward somersault to land his back on the mat (Figure 72).
To protect his falling opponent, the samboists left hand retains its grip on his opponent, and he
forces his opponent into a smooth forward somersault.
The opponent protects himself in falling by using the ploy for the forward somersault.

The Mill Gripping Both Hands

The samboists left hand grips his opponents right forearm while his right hand grips his
opponents left wrist, so that the samboists thumb and index fingers are close to the inside of the
opponents thumb than to his little finger. Slightly turning the opponents left arm inward, the samboist
draws his opponent close to place his opponent up onto his back (Figure 73). The samboist can throw
his opponent to either the right or the left. If he throws to the right, his left hand must release its grip on
his opponents right arm.

Figure 73

Mitigating the opponents fall requires keeping a hand gripping on the side that the opponent is
thrown to.
The opponent protects himself in the fall using the ploys for falling onto
onto the side.

The Mill By Gripping the Belt

Figure 74

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket on the
shoulder part of his right arm while his right hand grips his opponents belt on the stomach close to the
right side. The samboist applies a strong jerk toward him with his left hand with a slight upward vector
allowing the samboist to duck under his opponent to place the upper part of his right shoulder into his
opponents stomach close to where his right hand is gripping his opponents belt. He raises his right
elbow as high as possible to the left, so that it is outside of his opponents right thigh as he firmly draws
his opponent to his shoulders to energetically lift his opponent upward (Figure 74).
74). This ploy is analogous
to the basic mill.

Throwing Combinations
Combinations of throws in sambo
sambo-wrestling
wrestling are defined as the subsequent execution of two or
three throws. The basic throw is considered to be included in the combination. In defining a throwing
combination, it is ordered in reverse from the final throw used to the first throw applied which is defined as
the basic or initial throw, or the throw from.
Combinations may be characterized through one of two roles:
1) Combinations that are based upon what develops from the first throw. In these combinations,
subsequent throws develop from the previous effort that begins with a previous throw, so that the ensuing
actions are directed from what happened in the initial throw.
2) Combinations that are based upon the opponents counter actions to the initial throw. These
combinations are directed to the side or the opposite side of the opponents actions to counter the initial
throw.
In composing combinations of throws it is very important to use gripping that facilitates moving
from the first throw to subsequent throws. If the selected grip is unable to support the transition from the
first to a second throw, that grip must change to transition from the first to the second throw then the
greater goal of the throw is threatened.
If it is impossible to maintain a single grip between two throws, then the continuity of the
combination requires a convenient transition from the first grip to the second grip.
Within this book, we give bu
butt the most basic combinations. Every trainer must in the process of
his work develop other combinations for the given throws.

Combinations Based on What Develops in the First Throw

The Throw with a Reverse Grip on Two Legs from the Lateral Sweeping
Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponents uniform at the elbows. He
then begins to execute the lateral sweeping throw with his left leg under his opponents right leg, and
when his opponents leg is sufficiently lifted, the samboist quickly steps his left leg forward to apply the
reverse leg grip with both hands.

Rear Stepping Throw from the Rear Knee Sweep

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket at the
right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponents uniform on the chest. The samboist begins to apply
the rear knee sweeping throw to the right knee, and when his opponent begins to bend the attacked knee,
the samboist transitions to the rear stepping throw with his right leg under his opponents right leg.

Rear Stepping Throw from the Lateral Sweeping Throw

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponents uniform under the elbows.
He begins to apply the lateral sweeping throw with his left leg under his opponents right leg, and when
his opponents right leg is raised sufficiently high, the samboist quickly steps forward on his left leg with
his toes turned left. Without giving his opponent time to reset his right leg on the mat, the samboist
executes the rear stepping throw with his right leg under his opponents left leg. In the moment when the
samboists right leg begins its arc for the stepping throw his right hand shifts its grip to the opponents
jacket in the chest area.

Front Stepping Throw from the Inside Knee Sweep

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponents right sleeve while the samboists right hand grips his opponents left shoulder cuff. The
samboist begins to apply the inside knee sweeping throw, and when his opponents left leg is raised
sufficiently high, the samboist transitions to the front stepping throw with his right leg under his opponents
right leg.

Laterally Stepping Throw from the Lateral Sweeping Throw

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboist grips his opponents jacket under the elbows.
The samboist begins to apply the lateral sweeping throw, and when his opponents right leg is raised
sufficiently high, the samboist transitions to the lateral stepping throw with his left leg set so that his heel
is set far enough that his opponent cannot step his right leg over the samboists left leg.

Rear Sweeping Throw with a Reverse Leg Grip from the Lateral Sweeping
Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboist grips his opponents uniform under the elbows.
The samboist begins to apply the lateral sweeping throw, and when his opponents left leg is raised
sufficiently high, the samboists right forearm grips his opponents left knee crook from the outside. He
transitions to the rear sweeping throw with his left heel under his opponents left heel. When his
opponent fall is assured, the samboist releases his right hand grip on his opponents leg.
Mitigating his opponents fall requires the samboist to retain his left hand grip on his opponents
right sleeve.

Inside Knee Sweep from the Throw over the Hip

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips this opponents jacket under the
right elbow, and the samboists right moves under his opponents left arm to grip the back of his jacket.
The samboist then begins to apply the throw over the hip, and as soon as he has turned his back to his
opponent, his right foot guides his knee to sweep inside of the inner part of his opponents right knee.

Springing Inner Hip Throw from the Inside Sweep at the Knee
The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponents jacket under the right elbow, and his right hand moves under his opponents left arm to
grip the back of his jacket. The samboist begins to execute the inside knee sweep throw with his right leg
under his opponents left leg. As soon as his opponents left leg is sufficiently raised, the samboist
applies the springing inner hip throw with his right leg under his opponents right leg.

Major Outer Reaping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside from the
Inside Sweeping Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under the
right elbow, and the samboists right hand grips his opponents jacket on the chest. The samboists right
leg executes the inside sweeping throw under his opponents right leg. When his opponents right leg is
sufficiently raised, the samboist grips the outside of his opponents right knee with his left hand. Without
releasing his opponents right leg after the opponent is swept to the mat, the samboist applies the major
outer reaping throw under his opponents left leg from the inside.

Scissors from the Lateral Sweeping Throw

The opponent is in left stance, and the samboist is in right stance. The samboist grips his
opponents jacket under the elbows. The samboist begins the lateral sweeping throw with his right leg
under his opponents left leg. When his opponents left leg is sufficiently lifted from the mat, the samboist
executes the scissors throw so that his right leg is planted in his opponents chest, and his left leg is
behind his opponents knees.

COMBINATIONS BASED UPON WHAT DEVELOPS FROM THE

OPPONENTS RESISTANCE TO THE INITIAL THROW
Throw by Gripping the Legs from the Throw over the Hip
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents jacket under
the right elbow, and his right hand moves under his opponents left arm to grip the back of his opponents
jacket. The samboist begins to execute the throw over the hip. When the samboists back is turned to his
opponent, he senses his opponents resistance by his opponent bending his knees and leaning to the
rear, so the samboist quickly grips the outside of both of his opponents knees to apply the throw by
gripping both legs.

Front Stepping Throw from the Inside Hooking Throw

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponents right sleeve, and the samboists right hand grips his opponents left shoulder cuff. The
samboist uses his right leg to begin the execution of the inside hooking throw under his opponents left
leg, and when he begins to feel his opponents resistance by attempting to drive the samboist away from
him, the samboist quickly guides his right leg (without setting on the ground when releasing his hook) into
the front stepping throw under his opponents right leg.

Front Stepping Throw at the Heel from the Rear Stepping Throw

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents uniform under
the right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponents jacket at the right clavicle. The samboist begins
to apply the rear stepping throw, and when his opponent begins to move the attacked leg (the right leg)
and uses his arms to drive the samboist back, the samboist quickly executes the front stepping throw at
the heel.

Inside Hooking Throw from the Throw over the Hip

Both wrestlers are in right stances. The samboists left hand grips his opponents uniform under
the right elbow, and the samboists right hand grips his opponents left shoulder cuff. The samboist
begins to apply the throw over the hip. When he turns his back to his opponent, he feels his opponents
resistance because his opponent is bending his knees and leaning to the rear, so the samboist quickly
applies the inside hooking throw with his right leg under his opponents left leg.

Front Sweeping Throw from the Rear Stepping Throw

Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponent uniform under the
right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponents jacket over the right clavicle. The samboist begins to
apply the rear stepping throw, and when his opponent moves his right leg back and begins to use his
arms to drive the samboist away from him, the samboist quickly applies the front sweeping throw with his
left leg under his opponents right leg.

Front Sweeping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside from the
Inside Hooking Throw
The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left hand grips
his opponents right sleeve while his right hand grips his opponents left shoulder cuff. The samboist uses
his right leg to begin the inside hooking throw under his opponents left leg. When the trapped leg is lifted
from the ground and the opponent begins to resist, the samboists right hand grips the outside of his
opponents left knee. From there, the samboist sweeps his opponents right leg from the mat using his
left leg.

Springing Hip Throw from the Inside Hooking Throw

The opponent is in left stance while the samboist is in right stance. The samboists left-hand grip
his opponents right sleeve, and his right hand grips his opponents left shoulder cuff. The samboists
right leg applies the inside hooking throw to his opponents left leg, and when the samboist feels his
opponents resistance, he quickly, without moving his right leg back to the ground after the failed hook,
applies the springing hip throw under his opponents right leg.

Major Outer Reaping Throw from the Inside Hooking Throw and the Throw
over the Hip from the Inside Hooking Throw
Both of these combinations are applied similarly to the combination above: the springing hip
throw from the inside hooking throw.

Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit from the Rear Stepping Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The samboists left hand grips his opponents uniform under
the right elbow, and his right hand grips his opponents right lapel. The samboist begins to apply the rear
stepping throw with his right leg under his opponents right leg. When his opponent begins to move his

attacked leg to the rear, and his arms begin to drive the samboist away from him, the samboist quickly
applies the throw by gripping the opponents right arm under the samboists armpit.

DEFENSES AGAINST THE BASIC THROWS

Defense against throws are defined as those actions directed toward stopping or mitigating the
opponents throw. Pure defense without offensive ploys is not a true path toward victory. In his defense
though, the samboist must work to stop an opponents throw as it begins or as it develops.

Defenses against the Throw That Is Beginning

Stopping the opponents body motion can be accomplished by the samboist bracing a palm
against an appropriate part of his opponents bodyfor example, if the opponent initiates the throw over
the hip by gripping the samboists back from under the samboists left arm, the samboist must brace his
left palm into his opponents right hip joint. Stopping the opponents body motion by bracing against his
hip joint can be accomplished successfully when the opponent applies:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

The front stepping throw,

The sweeping hip throw,
The throw over the hip,
The throw by gripping the arm under the armpit,
The throw by gripping the arm on the shoulder.

To stop the opponents body motion by bracing against his shoulder joint can be successfully
applied when the opponent applies:
a) The mill,
b) The throw by gripping both legs,
c) All throws by gripping the outside of the leg.

Stopping the Attacking Limb

The attacking limb can be stopped by the samboists hand or arm. For example, the opponent
attacks with the throw over the head. As he attempts to set his right foot in the samboists stomach, the
samboists left hand parries his opponents attacking foot right foot away from his body and to the right.
Parrying the attacking limb can be successfully applied against:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

The throw by gripping both legs,

The mill,
The rear stepping throw and the major outer reaping throw,
The throw over the head
The scissors and the saddle.

Stopping the Attacking Leg

The attacking leg can be addressed through counter gripping including by the samboist gripping
the attacking leg. For example, the opponent initiates a rear stepping throw with his right leg under the
samboists right leg, so the samboist moves his attacked leg back and counters by attacking his incoming
opponent. Stopping the opponents attacking leg can be successfully applied against the:
a) Throw by gripping both legs (by stopping the opponents front leg)
b) Rear stepping throw and major outer reaping throw,
c) Inside hooking throw,

d) Foot hook and lateral sweeping throw

e) Mill.

Loading the Opponents Attacking Leg

In attacking the samboist with his leg, the opponent removes his body weight from his attacking
leg, and the samboist can take quick advantage of his to push his opponent. If the push compels his
opponent to shift his weight back onto his attacking leg, then the opponent cannot execute his intended
attack. For example, the opponent attempts to app
apply
ly a rear stepping throw with his right leg, so as he
draws the leg to attack, the samboist pulls his opponent to the left and away from him in to move his
opponent on the mat, so that as his opponent begins to attack with the rear stepping throw, he cannot
canno
complete his intended throw. Loading the opponents attacking leg can be most successfully applied
when the opponent attempts to the:
a) Rear stepping throw or major outer reaping throw,
b) Laterally sweeping throw and foot hooks.

Hooking the Foot and Shin

When applying his throw, the opponent stands so that he is close to the samboist in a manner
that permits the samboist to hook his opponents leg with his foot. Thus, the foot hook is a reasonable
counter as the opponent begins his throw. For example, the
t he opponent keeps his right hand on the
samboists back, and he begins to apply the throw over the hip, so that he turns his back to the samboist
who therefore applies his left foot to hook his opponents left shin or calf, or the samboist can use his left
shin from the outside to prevent his opponent from being able to complete the throw over the hip (Figure
75).

Figure 75

Exploiting the foot and shin hook occurs most successfully against the:
a) Front sweeping throw by using foot hook to the inside of the opponents opposite side leg,
b) Throw over the hip by using the inside foot hook to the opponents same shin or by hooking
the outside of the opponents same side leg,
c) Throw by both arms gripping the shoulder with the foot hook being applied as it was wi
with the
throw over the hip.

Defense against the Developing Throw

Stepping over the Attacking Leg
If the opponent attacks to throw the samboist, and the samboist has time available, he should step
over the attacking leg and shift his body weight into his opponent. For example, the opponent,
opponent applies
the rear stepping throw with his right leg set behind the samboists right leg, the samboist steps
back with his right leg over his opponents attacking right leg to prevent his opponent from throwing
him with the rear stepping throw. Stepping over the attacking leg can best be applied against the
opponent when he attempts the:

a)

Rear, front, or lateral stepping throws,

b)
Inside hooking throw,
c)
Front, lateral, or rear sweeping throws and the inside sweeping throw.

Shifting the Opponents Weight over His Supporting Leg

If the opponent in attacking the samboist
samboist, shifts his body weight over one of his legs to
t support him as he
attacks, often the samboist with relatively little effort can shift his opponents weight so that all of his
opponents weight is over is supporting leg, and to retain his balance, his opponent will be forced to break off
his attack. For example, the
he opponent attacks the samboist with a front stepping throw,
throw so he turns his back
to the samboist and moves his right leg to apply the stepping throw. At this point, the opponents body weight
is set over his left leg, so if the samboist jerks
jerks his opponent to the left and away from him, to maintain his
balance, the opponent cannot complete his attack with the stepping throw.
To defend by shifting the opponents weight over his supporting leg, the samboist can be most successful
when his opponent
ent attacks with the:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Front stepping throw.

Inside or outside hooking throw
Lifting throws
Sweeping hip throw.

Hooking when Lifted from the Mat

If the opponent attacks to throw by lifting the samboist from the mat, the samboist can often
successfully counter by applying a shin or foot hook.
For example, if the opponent grips the samboist to apply the mill, as the opponent lifts the
samboist from the ground, the samboist hooks the shin from his free leg to the outside of his opponents
near leg (Figure 76).

Figure 76

This ploy can be exploited against being lifted from the mat when the opponent applies the:
a) Mill where the samboist hooks his free shin to the outside of his opponents near leg,
b) Turnover and lifting throws by hooking the foot inside
inside of his opponents opposite side leg.

Subterfuges
When the opponent applies a throw, he may unbalance the samboist intending to throw the
samboist onto his back, but as the samboist begins to fall, he may work to land on his side, his stomach,
or onto allll fours, so that from one of these positions the samboist can regain his feet and continue to

wrestle.
In addition, the samboist may apply one of the following subterfuges:

Figure 77

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

By gripping both legs from the side or behind (Figure 77),

By gripping one leg to the side of the supporting leg,
By using the throw over the head to the side of the attacked leg,
By using the inside hook to the side of the leg while being on the ground,
By attacking with the scissors or the saddle from beside the
the opponent.

Reciprocal or Retaliatory Ploys to Respond against Throws

Reciprocal ploys against throws in sambo-wrestling
sambo wrestling are defined as those ploys that a samboist
applies against his opponent in response to a throwing ploy that his opponent applies to tthe samboist.
Such ploys basically are used in various situations that are created by the opponent, and thus, often
exploit the energy that the opponent used in applying his throw.
Often with reciprocal ploys, the counter ploy is often defined by the throw that is first applied by
the opponent. It is appropriate in that in corresponds to the throw that the opponent applies. Both ploys
are connected by the word against. Reciprocal ploys can be applied in the beginning of the opponents
throw, or somewhat later as the throw develops.

Reciprocal Ploys at the Beginning of a Throw

Unbalancing
When applying any throw, the attacker from one second to another will adopt several positions in
several situations. If the samboist can find time as these positions change, he can apply an appropriate
jerk or pull that will cause his opponent to fall to the mat. This jerk or pull must be timed to cause his
opponent to lose his balance while allowing the samboist to have his full strength for jerking or pulling. If
the opponent attacks the samboist so that one of the attackers legs is raised high, he cannot use that leg
to brace against the mat, so it is relatively easy to induce that opponent into falling. However, if that same
opponent attacks so that both of his feet are close to the ground, if not on the ground, then jerking the
opponent to the side of his attacking leg places him in a disadvantage where the opponent always is
slowed in his attack if not stopped completely. In this case, the samboist quickly jerks
je
to the side of his
opponents supporting leg.

Unbalancing by Gripping the Head against the Throw by Gripping Both

Legs
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The opponent attempts to apply the throw by gripping both
legs. In response, the samboist unbalances
unbalances his opponent by gripping his opponents head.

Rear Stepping Throw with the Leg Gripped from the Outside against the
Front Sweeping Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The opponent attempts a front sweeping throw with his right
leg under the samboists left leg or a sweeping hip throw with his right leg under the samboists right leg.
The samboists left hand grips the outside of his opponents right knee crook, so that the samboist can
apply the rear stepping throw with his right leg un
under his opponents left leg.

Rear Stepping Throw with a Cross Leg Grip against the Rear Stepping
Throw or the Major Outer Reaping Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The opponent attacks the samboists right leg with a rear
stepping throw or the major outer reaping throw. In the moment when the his right leg moves behind the
samboists right leg, the samboists right hand grips the inside of his opponents right knee crook, and the
samboist uses his right leg to apply the rear stepping throw unde
underr his opponents left leg.

Lateral Sweeping Throw against the Lateral Sweeping Throw

The samboist is in left stance while his opponent is in right stance. The opponent attacks with a
lateral sweeping throw, so that his right leg is under the samboists left leg. In the moment when he
sweeps the samboists left leg, the samboist bends the knee of his attacked leg, and as soon as his
opponents right foot contacts his left leg, he moves his left foot to apply a lateral sweeping throw as
detailed earlier in this book.

Rear Stepping Throw at the Heel Against the Front Stepping Throw, the
Sweeping Hip Throw, the Throw over the Hip, the Throw by Gripping the Arm
under the Armpit, and the Throw by Gripping the Arm on the Shoulder
Both wrestlers are in right sstance.
tance. The opponent applies the front stepping throw with his right leg
or one of the other throws named above. The samboist sets his left leg for the rear stepping throw at the
heel (Figure 78) and sits on his left buttock by his right heel to throw his opponent to the left over him, so
that his opponent lands on his back.

Figure 78

Figure 79

Reciprocal Ploys as the Throw Develops

Throw by Gripping the Head and Body against the Throw by Gripping Both
Legs
Both wrestlers are in right stances. The
The opponent applies the throw by gripping both legs by
gripping the samboists legs and driving his right shoulder into the samboists stomach. As the samboist
falls, his right hand grips his opponents head under his armpit, and his left arm wraps around his
opponents body. The samboist places his right leg between his opponents legs, and as the samboist
rolls onto his right side, he throws his opponent over himself in the direction of his own fall, so that his
opponent lands on his back.

Rear Knee Sweep against the Inside Hooking Throw

The samboist is in left stance, and his opponent is in right stance. The opponent applies an
inside hooking throw by hooking his right leg to the samboists left leg from the inside. The samboist
drives his left hip and thigh into his opponents right thigh, so that the samboist can sweep his left leg
under his opponents left knee crook as the samboists arms strongly pull left and downward to throw the
opponents back onto the mat (Figure 80).

Figure 80

Lifting
ing Throw with a Fall against the Rear Stepping Throw
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The opponent applies the rear stepping throw with his right leg
under the samboists right leg. Falling, the samboist forces his opponent to shift his body weight over his
right leg, and in time with his fall, the samboist applies the lifting throw with a falling motion.

Throw over the Head against the Inside Hooking Throw or the Lateral
Sweeping Throw
In the opponent applies the inside hooking throw with his left leg on the samboists right leg, as
the samboist falls, his free right leg is set and braced in his opponents stomach, so that the samboist can
apply the throw over the head.

Diving against the Front Stepping Throw, Throw over the Hip, and the
Throw by Gripping the Arm under the Armpit
Both wrestlers are in right stance. The opponents left hand goes under the samboists right arm
to grip the back of the samboists belt as the opponent applies the front stepping throw with right leg
under the samboists
s right leg and unbalances the samboist so the begins to fall.

The samboist tightly clamps his opponents right arm under the samboists left armpit, so that the
samboist can drive his right leg across his opponents right leg, so that his right leg is m
midway between his
opponents legs with his toes pointing in the same direction that he is facing. At the same time that the
samboist hops in, he strongly jerks his hands and body as if he is throwing his opponent over his right
shoulder (Figure 81).

Figure 81

Falling to the rear, the samboist pivots strongly to the left and throws his opponents back onto
the mat. If the samboist is falling onto his left side as he contacts the mat, then the samboist ensures that
his falling opponent continues falling by rotating his body to the left and pressing his opponents back into
the mat.

Ploys for Par Terre Wrestling

The ploys for par terre wrestling include hold downs and escapes from hold downs, turnovers
onto the back, and finally, submission ploys.
To be able to see the full volume of material in this part of the book, one must study the following
scheme of the basic par terre ploys in sambo wrestling:

Hold downs
Hold downs in sambo wrestling are defined as those means to keep an opponent on this
thi back
and pressed into the mat without applying submission holds.

The Lateral Hold down

The opponent lies with his back to the mat. The samboist sits on the mat close to his opponents
right side and facing his head. His right hand grips his opponent head, and his left arm grips his
opponents armpit and pulls his opponent to the samboist. The samboist strongly leans his head forward,
and he sets his left foot on the ground so that his left hip is perpendicular to his opponents body. His
right leg is straightened forward. Both of the samboists hands grip his opponents jacket at the right
shoulder.
To prevent his opponent from being able to throw the samboist over his body, without releasing
his grip, the samboist sits on the mat close to his opponents
oppone
far side (Figure 82),

Figure 82

Lateral Hold down without the Head Gripped

This ploy is applied the same as the lateral hold down except the right arm does not grip the
opponents headjust his body.

The Reverse Lateral Hold down

The opponent lies on his back. The samboist sits close to his opponents right side facing his
legs. His right hand grips his opponents right armpit, and his left arm wraps around his opponents body
close to and aligned with his opponents chest. The samboists ri
right
ght leg is straightened to the right and
back while his left leg is straightened close to his opponents body with his feet directed beside his leg
(Figure 83).

Figure 83

Hold down beside the Shoulder

Figure 84

The opponent is lying on his back. The samboist is on his knees so that the opponents right
shoulder is between the samboists wide set knees. The samboists right armpit clamps down on his
opponents right arm, so that he can grip his opponents collar, and the samboists left hand grips his
opponents left armpit from under his left shoulder. The samboist presses his chest into his opponents
chest, and the samboists right leg is straightened to the rear and to the right for support. The samboist
pulls his opponent from the side and can
can use his straightened left leg to adjust his position to parry any
attempts by his opponent to escape (Figure 84).

Hold down beside the Shoulder with the Opposite Arms

This ploy is applied the same as the hold down beside the shoulder, but this time th
the samboists
left hand grips his opponents jacket on the right armpit from under his opponents right shoulder, and his
right armpit clamps down on his opponents left arm, so that the samboists right hand can grip his
opponents collar.

Hold down beside the Head

Figure 85

The opponent is lying on his back. The samboist sets his knees beside both sides of his
opponents head. From under his opponents shoulders, he presses the shoulder part of his opponents
arms into his body, and his hands, from under
under his opponents arms, grip the right and left sides of his
opponents belt. Pressing chest to chest with his opponent, the samboist jerks and moves his
straightened legs to maintain his supporting base (Figure 85).

Hold down beside the Head without Gripping

Gripping the Arms
This ploy is applied the same as the previous ploy, but this time, the samboists elbows are set
into his opponents armpits, so that his forearms can press into his opponents sides.

Cross Body Hold down

Figure 86

The opponent lies on his back. The samboist kneels close to his opponents right side. He sets
his right knee close to his opponents belt, and his left knee presses his opponents right arm into his
opponents head. His left elbow presses his opponents head into his op
opponents
ponents right arm. The
samboists left forearm is clamped under his opponents left arm from the outside, so that the samboist
can grip his opponents jacket at the left armpit. His right hand is guided under his opponents left arm
from the inside to grip
rip his opponents jacket on the shoulder part of his left arm. The samboist applies
chest to chest pressure, and his straightened right leg is set back and to the right.

Cross Body Hold down with a Grip from under the Head
This ploy is applied the same
same as the cross body hold down, but the samboists left forearm in this
case is set under the opponents head, and his left hand grips his opponents uniform at the left armpit.

Hold down beside the Legs

The opponent lies on his back. The samboist kneels
kneels between his opponents legs with his knees
set wide and facing his opponent. His arms are set under his opponents armpits and his grips his
opponents collar. He then presses his chest into his opponents chest (Figure 87).

Figure 87

Hold down beside

beside the Legs by Gripping the Belt
This ploy is applied the same as for the hold down beside the legs, but the shoulder parts of the
samboists arms press his opponents hips into the samboists hips, and the samboists hands grip the
sides of his opponents belt.

Hold down from above

Figure 88

The opponent lies on his back, and the samboist sits atop him with his knees on the mat.
Leaning forward, the samboist presses his chest into his opponents chest as he grips the back of
his opponents jacket. The samboists elbows are wide set (Figure 88).

Escapes from Hold downs

Escaping from the Lateral Hold down
The opponent grips the samboist in the lateral hold down and is found near the samboists right
shoulder.
The samboist wrings his opponents neck with the samboists leg.. The samboists left palm
drives into his opponents chin as much as possible away from him. He then hooks his left leg on his
opponents neck, and wrings his opponents head away from him, and thus, moves his opponent away
from him (Figure 89).

Figure 89

Turning the opponent over the samboists body

body.. The samboists left hand grips his
opponents belt on the left side, and he draws his opponent as closely as possible into him, so that he can
roll his opponent over his leftt shoulder and across his body using both of his hands to pull strongly as he
turns his own body.
Rocking his opponent until the samboist sits up.
up. If the opponent is high as he holds the
samboists head to his body, the samboist quickly raises his legs upward
upward and hooks his left leg under his
opponents chin and energetically sits up and rocks his opponents back onto the mat.

Escaping the Cross Body Hold down and the Hold down beside the
Shoulders
The opponent grips the samboist in the hold down beside the
t he shoulders or the cross body hold
down and if found close to the samboists right shoulder.
Turning with the opponents head gripped and lifting with the forearm.
forearm The samboists left
arm grips his opponents head in the samboists armpit and the samboists
sambois ts right forearm is guided under

his opponents stomach. The samboist presses his opponents head upward and then downward as his
forearm drives his opponent upward to throw his opponent over his body.
Turning the opponent with a belt grip. The samboists right hand grips his opponents belt at
the stomach as his left hand grips the back of his opponents belt, so that the samboist can roll his
opponent over his body.

Escaping the Hold down beside the Head

The rolling twist. The opponent grips the samboist in the hold down beside the head. The
samboist grips the back of his opponents belt and uses his forearm to suppress his opponents motion.
Then, the samboist strongly arches and uses a rocking motion to one side before sharply rolling his
opponent to the other side to roll his opponent under him.
Throwing the opponent over the samboists body. The opponent grips the samboist in the
hold down beside the legs without his arms gripping. The samboist straightens his arm on his head and
grips his opponents legs close to the knees. With a strong effort by his arms and body, the samboist
throw his opponent over him to land beside the samboists legs.
Rolling escape from the hold down beside the head. The opponent grips the samboist in the
hold down beside the legs. The samboists right palm drives his opponents left knee as far as possible in
the direction of his right heel. The samboist sets his right heel on his opponents left knee and strongly
drives his opponent away from him. When his opponents left leg is nearly straight, the samboist sharply
turns right to roll his opponent under him.
Rolling escape from the hold down from above. The opponent grips the samboist in the hold
down from above. Straightening his left leg, the samboist presses that shin into his opponents right leg.
His left hand then grips his right arm, and the samboist sharply turns left to throw his opponent over him.
The opponent cannot counter the samboists roll using his right leg or right arm because they are
suppressed, and thus, he falls onto his right side where the samboist can easily roll him onto his back.

Turnovers onto the Back

Turnovers in sambo-wrestling are defined as the ploys where the opponent is moved from a
position on all fours or lying flat on the mat into a position to be rolled or turned into a position on his
back. Turnovers are not considered in sambo-wrestling as scoring techniques but as a means to
transition to hold downs or submission ploys.

Turnovers for an Opponent on All Fours

Turnover by Gripping the Sleeve
The opponent is on all fours. The samboist kneels close to his opponents left side. His left hand
grips his opponents nape from under his opponents right arm, and the samboist guides his right hand
under his opponents chest to grip his opponents right sleeve. The samboist presses his left downward
on his opponents nape, so that his opponents head is pressed into his opponents chest as he strongly
draws his opponents sleeve downward with his right hand, and then into himself before changing the
motion to upward and into himself. The opponent is then forced to roll forward.

Turnover by Gripping Both Arms

The opponent is on all fours. He is close to his opponents left side. His hands grips the outer
part of his opponents right shoulder. His arms then hold and press his opponents right arm toward the
samboist and upward as the samboists chest drives his opponents left side forward and somewhat
toward his opponents head. If the opponent does not immediately fall onto his back or onto his right side,
the samboist continues his original motion until his opponent turns onto his back.

Turnover by Gripped Hands

The opponent is on all fours, and the samboist is close to his opponents right side. The samboist
sets his right forearm on his opponents nape, and the samboists left hand is guided under his
opponents chest to lock with the samboists right hand, so that the four fingers of one hand are wrapped
around the four fingers of the other hand. The samboi
samboist
st presses downward on the nape of his opponents
neck and he lifts upward with his left forearm to turn his opponent onto his back.

Turnover by Gripping the Arm and Inside Leg

The opponent is on all fours with the samboist close to his left side. The samboists
s
left hand
goes under his opponents left arm to grip the outside of his opponents right shoulder, and the samboists
right hand grips the inside of his opponents right thigh. The samboist strongly jerks his arms into himself
and upward as he drives
rives his chest into his opponents left side to roll his opponents back onto the mat.

Turnover by Gripping the Arm and Outside Leg

The opponent is on all fours with the samboist close to his left side. The samboists left hand
grips the outside (front)) of his opponents right shoulder, and the samboists right hand grips the outside
of his opponents right thigh from behind. The samboist strongly jerks his arms toward himself and
upward as he drives his chest into his opponents left side to turn his opponent until his back is on the
mat.

Turning over an Opponent Lying Flat on the Mat

The opponent is lying with his stomach on the mat with his chin under his arms. The samboist is
close to his opponents legs on his opponents left side. The samboist
samboists
s right hand grips the inside of his
opponents left shin to lift the shin as high as possible. The samboist guides his left hand under his
opponents left thigh to set his palm on the rear upper part of his opponents right thigh. He then applies
the leverage
everage of this hold to turn his opponent onto his back.
If the opponent shows resistance, the samboist releases his grip on his opponents shin and his
right hand that is under his opponents thigh grips his opponents right hip, so that the samboist can apply
the strength of both of his arms and hands to turn his opponent onto his back.

Covering
Covering in sambo-wrestling
wrestling is defined as the basic means for moving an opponent from a
position where he is kneeling, sitting, or lying on one side to a po
position
sition with his back on the mat.
Covering, as with turnovers, is not a scoring method in sambo
sambo-wrestling,
wrestling, but it is a means to
realize a hold down or submission hold.
Covering is most often attained by jerking to the side opposite of an opponents resistance.
resistan

Covering an Opponent Who Is on His Knees

Figure 90

In the opponent is kneeling on both of his knees or one his right knee, the samboists left hand
draws him to the left and downward as his right leg energetically steps over his opponent to place his
opponent between the samboists legs and drive his opponent downward onto his back (Figure 90).

Covering the Sitting Opponent

If the opponent falls onto his buttocks, and his legs are straightened forward, the samboists left
hand draws him left and downward while the samboist energetically steps over his opponent with his right
leg, so that his opponent is driven onto his back as he appears between the samboists legs.

Covering the Opponent Lying on One Side

If the samboist has retained a grip on his
his opponents sleeve after his opponent has fallen onto his
right side, the samboist strongly draws upward with his left hand that is gripping his opponents right
sleeve as the samboists right leg steps over his opponent, so that his opponent is driven o
onto his back as
he appears between the samboists legs.

Submission Ploys
Submission ploys in sambo
sambo-wrestling
wrestling are defined as those ploys that influence the joints of an
opponents limbs that place the opponent in a sufficiently dangerous position that he must signal his
defeat.
In the best technical cases when attacking the opponent demands that the opponent apply
desperate action to preserve his position, these are the moments when his position can be worsened
through ploys that cause him pain. However, the
t he rules demand that for the samboist to apply a
submission ploy, he must do so without a sharp motion or in a manner to cause instant injury. As soon as
the opponent signals his submission, the samboist has won, and he must instantly release his hold.
Submission ploys in sambo
sambo-wrestling are only applied in par terre wrestling. That said,
submission ploys are widely used and applied by samboists who are found on top of an opponent or
below an opponent.

Submission Ploys Applied to the Upper Part of the Body

Hyper-extending the Elbow Joint

Figure 91

Hyper-extending
extending the elbow joint can be applied to the arm by straightening the elbow joint. If the
opponents right arm rolls outward, the elbow joint can be straightened upward. For the position of the
arm in the elbow hyper-extension,
extension, the upper part of the opponents body must be pressed downward to
apply pressure from on above on the opponents elbow joint.
The outward arm lever. The opponent is on all fours. The samboist kneels close to his
opponents
s right side. The samboists right hand grips his opponents right wrist from the inside and
raises his opponents trapped right arm upward as the samboists left armpit grips his opponents right
shoulder. The samboists left armpit firmly tucks the trapped
trapped arm into the samboists body. The samboist

turns the trapped arm outward as far as possible and allows his left hand to grip his opponents right
forearm to apply the hyper-extending
extending pressure against the natural bend of his opponents elbow joint.
Att the same time that he is gripping his opponents right arm, the samboists left shin moves
forward, so that the samboist can sit on the mat. The samboist moves his right leg to the right and back
to increase his stability (Figure 91).
The outward arm lever assisted by a leg on top. The opponent is on all fours with the samboist
located by his left side. The samboist braces his left hand on the mat as his right hand grips his
opponents left wrist. At the same time, he slides his left leg between his opponents legs and arms, so
that the samboists left foot meets his opponents right forearm. Then, the samboist reclines on his left
side using his left hand to grip his opponents left wrist from the inside as he hooks his right leg ove
over his
opponents left arm, so that the samboists right foot is under his opponents neck.
Using the strength of both of his arms, the samboist rotates the trapped arm outward and hyperhyper
extends the trapped elbow against its natural bend. Simultaneously, h
he
e presses on the elbow joint from
above using his right leg (Figure 92).

Figure92

The elbow lever with the assistance of a leg on top can be applied in diverse positions and
situations; however, there is one particularly useful variant.
The opponent is lying with his back on the mat. The samboist kneels facing his opponents head,
so that his body is found between the samboists legs. The opponent does not want to give up the hold
down, so he clamps his arms onto his chest. The samboist grips the outs
outside
ide of his opponents wrist on
his opposite side hand and falls to the left and onto his left side. Simultaneously with falling, the
samboists right leg hooks over his opponents left arm, and the samboists left hand grips the inside of his
opponents left
eft wrist. The samboist pulls the trapped arm toward him and turns outward, so that his right
leg can drive his opponents head away from him. As in the previous variant, the correct motion for
hyper-extending
extending the elbow joint is against the elbows natural
natur bend.
This variant can be applied opponent from sitting atop him. It must be exploited in the moment
when the opponent is trapped under the sitting samboist and the opponent begins to straighten his body
under the samboists body.
If the opponent falls with the samboist to the left, the samboist still must insert his right leg over
his opponents left arm. If the opponent and samboist fall to the right, then the samboist must insert his
left leg over his opponents right arm.
Elbow lever applied with the
t assistance of the body on top. The opponent lies on his back.
The samboist kneels close to his opponents left side. To fight a hold down attempt, his opponent has
braced his arms on his chest. Both of the samboists hands grip his opponents left wrist.
wr
Firmly holding
the trapped arm, the samboist turns his opponents body and continues this motion forward until his
opponent can turn no further onto the right side of his stomach on the mat. The samboist turns his
opponents trapped arm outward, so tthat
hat his opponents elbow faces upward. Using the downward
pressure of his own body, the samboist lifts the trapped arm upward to hyper
hyper-extend
extend his opponents
elbow against its natural bend (Figure 93).

Figure 93

Figure 94

Elbow lever over the thigh. The samboist grips his opponent in the lateral hold down by holding
his opponents head with his right arm. His left hand grips his opponents right wrist and presses the
trapped elbow into the samboists right thigh. The samboist applies the correct m
motion to hyper-extend
his opponents elbow against its natural bend. When hyper
hyper-extending
extending his opponents right arm, his
opponents arm must be kept in such a position that his opponents little finger faces the mat (Figure 94).
If the samboists left arm is not strong enough on its own to apply the lever over the thigh, the samboist
can position his left knee on his opponents right forearm and apply pressure from above to assist his left
arm in applying the ploy.

Figure 95

Elbow lever over the forear

forearm. The samboist holds his opponent in the hold down from above,
but while they are close, he is not pressing his body into his opponent. Wishing to free himself, the
opponent braces against the samboists chest with both hands to drive the samboist away from him. The
samboist grips his opponents right forearm under the samboists left armpit, so that the outside of his
opponents trapped elbow is over the samboists left forearm. The samboist braces his right palm on the
base of his opponents right shoulder,
oulder, and the samboists left hand grips the samboists right forearm.
The samboist lifts his opponents trapped elbow by moving the samboists left forearm upward as
his left armpit presses his opponents trapped wrist downward to apply the hyperhyper -extension against the
natural bend of his opponents elbow joint (Figure 95).
Another variant of this ploy is applied from the hold down beside the head. In this case, the
samboists left hand grips his opponents right wrist and he sets his left elbow on the mat near his
opponents right side, so that he can position his opponents right forearm close to his body. The
samboist applies the outer edge of his right forearm under his opponents right elbow, so that his right
hand can grip his left forearm.
The samboist
amboist presses his left hand downward onto his opponents right wrist as the samboists
right forearm lifts his opponents elbow upward to hyper
hyper-extend
extend his opponents elbow against its natural
bend.
Elbow lever over the forearm with the shoulder gripped iin
n the armpit. The samboist grips
his opponent in the lateral hold down so that the samboists right arm grips his opponents head. The
samboists left hand grips the opponents right wrist from the inside. Releasing his opponents head, the
samboist quickly
kly grips the shoulder part of his opponents right arm under the samboists right armpit. He
then applies his right forearm under the outside of his opponents right elbow, and his right hand grips his
left forearm.

Figure 96

The samboist presses his left hand down on his opponents right wrist while the samboists right
forearm lifts up to hyper-extend
extend his opponents right elbow against its natural bend (Figure 96).

Figure 97

Somersaulting the opponent to set the elbow lever over the forearm. The opponent is on all
fours. The samboist is by his opponents left shoulder. He then wraps his left shin around the outside of
his opponents left shoulder and rolls his opponent forward over that shoulder to allow his right hand to
grip the inside of his opponents right wrist. Following the roll over the opponents right shoulder, the
samboist, while his opponent is rolling, uses his left shin to grip his opponents left arm from inside.
Rolling onto his back, he throws his legs over his opponent, so that
t hat his opponents right arm is trapped
between the samboists arms, so that the samboists left arm is closer to the legs. The opponents
shoulder must be trapped in the samboists legs.
The samboists arms draw the opponents right wrist to the samboists
samboists head to straighten the
trapped arm. The samboists left forearm is applied under the opponents trapped elbow and his left hand
grips his own right forearm. His right hand presses on his opponents right wrist from above, so that when
the samboist raises
aises his left forearm, he is hyper-extending
hyper extending his opponents elbow against its natural bend
(Figure 97).
Clamping the arms with the thighs and hyper-extending
hyper extending the opponents elbow over his
arm.

Figure 98

The sambist grips his opponent in the hold down from above with the samboist holding his
shoulders back and away from his opponent, and from there, the samboist quickly hops with his knees
forward, so that his knees are on his opponents shoulders where the samboist strongly clamps his thighs
against the
he shoulder part of his opponents arms with his opponents arms crossed. His right hand then
grips his opponents right wrist, and the samboists left hand grips his opponents left wrist.
The samboist then hyper-extends
hyper
his opponents left elbow over his
s opponents right arm or body.
The opponent may also submit when his arms are crossed as the samboists thighs clamp his arms into
his body.
Hyper-extending
extending the elbow by turning the shoulder outward. If the opponents arms are
straight as he lies with his
is back on the mat so that his elbow joint is facing downward, the samboist
should position himself to hyper--extend
extend his opponents elbow joint by guiding the elbow under some
section of the samboists body. If the opponent is lying on his stomach, the samboist
sam boist must turn his
opponents elbow to face upward. In this case, is pressure is applied in an upward direction.
Elbow lever by gripping the arm between the legs. The opponent lies on his back with the
samboist near to his right side. The samboists left
left hand grips his opponents right sleeve, and his right

hand grips his opponents right wrist from the inside. Simultaneously with this, the samboist sets his right
foot close to his opponents right armpit. Then the samboists left hand grips his opponents
oppon
right arm
near to his right hand simultaneously, his straightened left leg positions its thigh over his opponents neck.
The samboist sits his left buttock on the mat as he strongly draws his opponents right arm toward him
and upward. The samboist frees his right leg from under his opponents body and sets it atop his
opponents chest so that the samboists Achilles tendon on his right leg lightly contacts his left shin.
The samboist straightens his legs as his thighs clamps together around his opponents
o
right arm
at its shoulder. The samboist turns his opponents right palm in the direction of his opponents head to
hyper-extend
extend his opponents elbow against its natural bend over the samboists right leg (Figure 99).

Figure 99

Somersaulting the
he opponent into the elbow lever between the legs. The opponent is on all
fours, and the samboist is close to his left side. The samboist steps his right leg over his opponents and
sets his foot close to his opponents right armpit as he simultaneously uses his left elbow crook to grip his
opponents right arm. Then, the samboists left leg is set to bisect the angle between his opponents right
shoulder and head. The samboists right hand grips behind his opponents right elbow, and the samboist
somersaults
aults forward and across his right shoulder and uses a strong leg motion to move his opponent left
and away from him. During the somersault, the samboists arms grip the inside of his opponents wrist to
apply the elbow lever by gripping the arm between the
t legs as described above.
Upsetting or over turning the opponent and applying the elbow lever with the arm gripped
between the legs. If the opponent when the somersaulting elbow lever with the arm gripped between
the legs (see above) is applied to him shows
shows strong resistance to this motion, the samboist can take his
ploy to the other side by quickly moving his body directly to the rear with his opponents trapped arm
firmly gripped. From this position, he slowly and smoothly falls to the rear and onto his
h back with his
opponents straightened right arm firmly gripped between his legs. To complete the ploy, the samboist
applies the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs.
The elbow lever gripping the arm between the legs from the hold down beside
besi
the head.
The samboist grips his opponent in the hold down beside the head without gripping the arm. He then
firmly grips his opponents right arm under his right armpit and sets his left palm on his opponents left
shoulder as he moves his knees to the
the right. As soon as the samboist is able, he throws his left leg over
his opponents neck while gripping his opponents free right forearm with both of his hands. The samboist
then draws strongly upward and toward him on the trapped arm. Simultaneously with this, he sets his
right leg on his opponents chest and concluses this ploy by applying the elbow lever with the arm gripped
between the legs.
The elbow lever gripping the arm between the legs by lying on the stomach. The opponent
is on all fours. The
he samboist is on his left knee close to his opponents left side. Both of the samboists
hands grip his opponents right arm just before the samboist throws his right leg over his opponents head
as the samboist reclines onto his stomach with his crossed legs wrapped around his opponents right
arm.
The samboist then turns his opponents trapped arm with its palm toward his head to hyper
hyperextend his opponents elbow joint by pressing down on the joint with his stomach.

Twisting the Opponents Shoulder Joi

Joint
nt Outward
Twisting the opponents shoulder joint can be applied as a supplement to the lever in the case
where an attack on the opponents forearm and shoulder if foiled by the opponent bending his elbow. If
the opponents forearm is facing his head, the shoulder joint can be twisted outward.
Cross body arm knot. The samboist holds his opponent in the cross body hold down, so that
his right knee is near his opponents right side, and his left knee presses his opponents right arm into the
opponents head.
ead. The samboists left hand grips his opponents left wrist from the inside, so that the

samboist can set his left elbow close to his opponents left ear. The samboist guides his right forearm
under his opponents left shoulder, so that his right hand can grip his left forearm from above.
He pulls his opponents left elbow into his opponents side.
Lifting his right forearm, he lifts his opponents shoulder upward as his left hand presses his
opponents left wrist downward.
To complete twisting his opponents
opponents shoulder joint, the opponents body must be on the ground
close to the samboists body (Figure 100).

Figure 100

Figure 101

Arm knot by gripping the forearm in the armpit. The opponent lies on his back while the
samboist is on his knees close to his right side. The opponent, in attempting to avoid the hold down, uses
both of his arms to drive the samboist away from his chest.
The samboist then grips his opponents right forearm
forearm under his left armpit, and he applies his left
forearm to the outside of his opponents right elbow to grip his right hand with his left hand. Then, the
samboist steps his right leg over his opponents body to set his foot close to his opponents lleft side. The
samboist lifts his opponents right elbow upward toward his head as his left armpit presses downward on
his opponents right wrist (Figure 101).

Figure 102

Leg knot. The samboist grips his opponent in the lateral hold down, so that the samboists right
arm holds his opponents head. His left hand grips his opponents right wrist and the shoulder part of his
right arm is set on the samboists right thigh. The opponent in an attempt to avoid the elbow lever over
the thigh bends his right elbow.
Driving his opponents right wrist forward and downward, the samboist hooks it under his right
shin close to the knee. Sliding his right heel under his left leg, the samboist also drives forward and
upward with his right hip to twist his opponent
opponents shoulder joint (Figure 102).
Leg knot from reclining under the opponent. The samboist applies the leg knot as described
above. When the samboist grips his opponents right wrist and positions his right thigh at his opponents
right shoulder, he moves close
lose to his opponent and leans slightly to the right. The opponent unbalances
the samboist and rolls him over his body. In the moment that he is being rolled, the samboist slightly
raises his left hand to draw his opponents trapped arm under the sambois
samboists
ts right shin.

Driving his body weight into his opponents left arm, the samboist uses this motion to drive his
right shin away from him to twist his opponents shoulder joint from a position of being under the
opponent.

Twisting the Opponents Shoulder Joint Inward

Twisting the opponents shoulder joint inward can be applied much the same as twisting his
shoulder outward as a supplement to the elbow lever. The lever is applied until the opponent blocks the
lever by bending his elbow, but the forearm in this case is directed not toward the opponents head but
toward his legs.
Knot with the forearm directed downward. The samboist has secured his opponent in the
cross body hold down. His right hand grips his opponents left wrist beside his opponents fo
forehead and
drives the trapped wrist into the mat. The samboist sets his right elbow close to his opponents left side,
and he guides his left forearm under his opponents left shoulder beside his opponents head, so that the
samboists left hand can grip his right forearm.
The samboist raises his left forearm to lift his opponents left elbow upward as the samboists
right hand drags his opponents away from the samboist and downward. Simultaneously, the samboist
turns his right hand to rotate his opponen
opponents left wrist inward to execute the ploy.

Figure 103

Twisting the shoulder by raising the elbow. The samboist grips his opponent in the lateral
hold down so that the samboists right arm is holding his opponents head. The opponent to avoid the
submission
mission hold to his arm locks his hands behind the samboists back.
The samboist clamps his opponents right wrist under his left armpit and locks to his hands to be
able to use both arms to lift his opponents right elbow upward (Figure 103).

Achilles Tendon
ndon Crush Executed to the Opponents Straightened Leg

Figure 104

Achilles tendon crush from the hold down beside the legs. The samboist grips his opponent
in the hold down beside the legs. The samboist raises his body, so that his right arm can drive his
opponents left knee away from him to the right, and his right shin can turn its heel to the left. Then the
samboist energetically throws his left leg over his opponents chest as the samboist grips his opponents
right foot under his left armpit.
The
e samboist guides the outer edge of his left forearm under the Achilles tendon of the gripped
leg (close to the opponents heel). The samboists right hand grips his opponents left wrist. The left palm
is turned toward the samboist. The samboist then rreclines
eclines onto his left side without allowing his opponent
to retract his attacked leg, so that the samboists left arm radial bone presses upward into his opponents
Achilles tendon. The samboist arches toward his opponents toes while keeping the trapped leg under his
armpit (Figure 104).

Figure 105

Figure 106

Achilles tendon crush when the opponent lies on his stomach. The opponent lies on his
stomach with his chin tucked in under his arms, and his legs are straightened. The samboist kneels by
hiss opponents left leg. The samboist leans forward so that his right hand can grip his opponents right
shin and calf under his right armpit (Figure 105). The samboist throws his left leg over his opponent, and
then the samboists entire body follows with the attacked leg firmly clamped under his right armpit. In this
transition, the samboist wraps both of his legs around his opponents trapped leg to apply the Achilles
tendon crush as described above (Figure 106).
Achilles tendon crush with the opponent on all fours. The opponent is on all fours. The
samboist approaches his opponent from behind, so that his right hand can grip the back of his opponents
belt. Setting his left hand on the mat, the samboist slides his straightened left leg between his opponents
op
legs, and as he releases his grip on his opponents belt, he throws his right leg on top, so that he can
clamp his legs around his opponents left leg as he rolls onto his back. During this roll, the samboists
right armpit grips his opponents lleft
eft calf, so that he can apply the Achilles tendon crush as described
above.

Achilles Tendon Crushes when the Opponents Leg Is Bent

Achilles tendon crush by sitting on the opponent. The samboist grips his opponent in the
hold down beside the legs. Straightening
aightening his body, the samboist uses his left hand to drive his
opponents right knee left and downward. He then grips his opponents left shin and calf area under his
right armpit (Figure 107).

Figure 107

Then using a strong motion the samboist throws his right leg over his opponent and turns his
opponent onto his stomach. The samboist stands on his right foot forward as far as possible as he sits on
his opponents buttocks. From there, the samboist guides his right forearm under his opponents left leg,
so that the samboist can grip can use his left hand to grip his own right wrist. Arching his back, the
samboist applies upward pressure with his right radial bone to his opponents Achilles tendon (Figure
108).

Figure 108

Achilles tendon crush when lying on the opponent. The opponent is lying on his back, and to
avoid a hold down, he has pulled his knees to his chest. The samboist is close to his opponents right
side.

Figure 109

The samboist grips his opponents right foot under his right armpit. Simultaneously, his left hand
strongly presses into the outside of his opponents right knee, and using both hands and his body, the
samboist rolls his opponent onto his stomach.
Without releasing hiss hold on his opponents right foot, the samboist lays his chest on his
opponents buttocks, and guides his right radial bone under his opponents Achilles tendon, so his left
hand can grip his right wrist. He uses this hold to lift upward. At the same ttime,
ime, his right armpit presses
downward on his opponents right foot.

Hyper-extending the Knee Joint

Figure 110

Knee lever by gripping the calf to the shoulder. The samboist holds his opponent in the hold
down beside the legs. Straightening his body, the samboists left arm moves his opponents right knee to
the left, so that it is only lightly on the mat. The samboists left knee is on the mat behind his opponents
right thigh, so that the samboist can use his left shin to suppress the motion of his opponents thigh.
He sets his opponents left calf on the samboists right shoulder, and the samboists right radial
bone presses on the tendons in his opponents quadriceps muscles close to the knee joint. To increase
his pressure, the samboists left hand
ha grips his right wrist.
Using the strength of both arms and the rising motion of his body, the samboist hyper-extends
hyper
his
opponents knee joint against its natural bend (Figure 110).
Knee lever and knot assisted by a leg on top. The samboist grips his opponent
o
in the hold
down beside the legs. Straightening his body, the samboists hands grip his opponents left shin and calf
area. Moving his body back, the samboist sits on the mat with his left foot braced in his opponents right
knee crook. Simultaneously,
eously, the samboists right leg is thrown is thrown over his opponents left leg, so
that the toes of the samboists right foot can hook behind his opponents left knee crook.
Using both hands, the samboist lifts his opponents left foot as the samboists
samboist right calf presses
downward on his opponents trapped knee (Figure 111).

Figure 111

Twisting and Hyper-extending the Hip Joint

Figure 112

The leg knot. The opponent reclines on his stomach. The samboist sits to the left side of his
opponent facing his legs. The samboists left arm is wrapped around his opponents body, and his left leg
is set close to his opponents left leg.
His right heel moves inside to drag his opponents left shin toward him, so that his opponents left
knee must bend. The samboists right hand grips his opponents shin calf area to assist in bending the
opponents knee (the samboists left hand can assist as well). The samboist slightly lifts his opponents
left thigh as the samboists right leg applies downward pressure on his opponents left foot.
Simultaneously, the samboists right arm drives his opponents bent right leg away from him and to the
left (Figure 112).

Figure 113

The lever on both thighs. The samboist grips his opponent in the hold down beside the legs.
Straightening his body, the samboists right hand and arm move his opponents left knee to the right, so
that is lightly rests on the mat. His right knee moves across his opponents left thigh, and his right shin
presses his opponents thigh into the mat. The samboists left hand sets his opponents right calf to the
samboists left shoulder. The samboists left shoulder drives his opponents right leg away from the
samboist in a forward and to the left direction Figure 113).
Thigh lever with the shin gripped and a foot braced in the knee crook. The samboist grips
his opponent in the hold down beside the legs. Extending his body, the samboists left arm drives his
opponents right knee away from him and to the left. The samboist braces his left foot in his opponents
right knee crook as the samboist simultaneously sits back to grip his opponents left calf under the
samboists right armpit.

Figure 114

Using a strong body motion, the samboist drives his opponents left leg away from him to the
right, and the samboists left leg drive his opponents right leg away from him to the left (Figure 114).

Submission Ploys on the Top Wrestler

When wrestling in par terre, the samboist who is wrestling from underneath his opponent can
escape from under his opponent to attack with any of the ploys described above. However, he can also
directly apply submission ploys from the position that he is already in when he is found beneath his
opponent.
Often, the submission ploys applied to the wrestler on top are a direct response to some ploy or
action applied by the top wrestler.
In the naming of such ploys, the accepted practice is to place the ploy to be used in
front of the ploy to be countered, and to separate the two ploys with the word against. That
is, in summary, the top samboist is considered to be in a position of advantage, but the
bottom wrestler can exploit some advantages of his own to successfully apply several ploys .
Elbow lever with the leg assisting from above against the hold down beside the legs. The
opponent attempts to grip the samboist in the hold down beside the legs. The samboist braces his right
foot in the opponents left knee and drives his opponents left leg as far as possible away from the
samboist. At the same time that he does so, both of his hands grip his opponents right arm, and he
strongly turns the trapped arm outward. As soon as his opponent leans to the right and away from the
samboist, the samboist clamps his leg over his opponents left arm to apply the elbow lever with the
assistance of a leg on top as described earlier in this book.
Elbow lever over the forearm with the opposite side armpit gripping against the lateral
hold down or the hold down beside the shoulder. The opponent attempts to grip the samboist in
the lateral hold down by gripping the samboists head with his right arm or he attempts to apply
the hold down beside the shoulder by kneeling close to the samboist on the samboists right
shoulder. The samboist braces his right arm into his opponents right shoulder joint area to drive
his opponent away from him as far as possible. At the same time, the samboist grips his
opponents right wrist under the samboists left armpit. He then guides his left forearm around
the outside and under his opponents right elbow, and the samboists left hand grips his own
right forearm. The samboist throws his left calf over his opponents neck, so that the samboist
can drive his opponents head away from him.
The samboist applies downward pressure on his opponents trapped elbow with his left forearm to
hyper-extend the elbow against its natural bend.
Elbow lever over the forearm with the opposite side armpit gripping against the hold down
from above. The opponent sits atop the samboist and attempts to apply the hold down from above. The
samboist grips his opponents right wrist under the samboists left armpit. The samboist braces his
right arm into his opponents right shoulder joint area to drive his opponent away from him as
far as possible. He then guides his left forearm around the outside and under his opponents
right elbow, and the samboists left hand grips his own right forearm. The samboist braces his
right thigh on his opponents left shin, and the samboists left thigh is braced against his
opponents right shin.

The samboist applies downward pressure on his opponents trapped elbow with his left forearm to
hyper-extend the elbow against its natural bend.
Elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs against the hold down beside the legs.
The opponent grips the samboist in the hold down beside the legs. The samboists right hand grips the
inside of his opponents right wrist, and his left hand grips the outside of his opponents right shoulder.
The samboists left hand presses his opponents trapped arm to the right, and the samboists right hand
performs the same action toward the left. There is a variant to this ploy when the opponent leans toward
his right arm where the samboist clamps his left leg over his opponents neck to drive him onto his back
and to the left away from the samboist. As the opponent falls onto his back, the samboist throws his right
leg over his opponents chest, and both of the samboists hands grip his opponents right arm, so that the
samboist can pull the trapped arm toward him and upward, so that his opponents elbow is over the
samboists right thigh.
From there, the samboist applies the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs as
described above.

Figure 115

Leg knot from below against the cross body hold down. The opponent attempts to grip the
samboist in the cross body hold down, and he is near the samboists right side.
The samboists right arm grips his opponents head and pulls it toward the samboists chest.
Then, the samboists left hand grips the inside of his opponents right wrist. Strongly bending his right
thigh, the samboist presses his thigh to the shoulder area of his opponents right arm. From there, the
samboist drives his opponents bent right forearm away from himself to hook the limb with his right calf to
apply the leg knot from below (Figure 115).
The Achilles tendon crush against the hold down from above. The opponent attempts to
apply the hold down from above on the samboist, but the samboist uses his left thigh to press his
opponents right shin into the mat, and he wraps his left wrist around his opponents right hand. The
samboist presses the palm of his right hand into his opponents left elbow against its natural bend forcing
his opponent to fall to the left and away from the samboist. As this occurs, the samboist applies the
Achilles tendon crush as described above.

Defenses from Submission Ploys

Defensive ploys against submission ploys must:
a) Must deprive the opponent of his stability causing him to lose his balance in a manner that
deprives him of the strength required to execute a submission ploy,
b) Free the samboist of his opponents hold in a manner that prevents his opponent from
gaining the control required to attack the samboists limbs further,
c) Counter the opponents efforts to bend, straighten, or twist. The attacked limb should be
turned inward or outward.
If the opponent attempts to apply the:

a) Outside lever,
b) Elbow lever with the assistance of a leg on top,
c) Downward forearm knot:
The samboist turns his attacked limb inward (suppination).
If the opponent attempts to apply the:
a) Elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs,
b) Cross body arm knot,
c) Leg knot:
The samboist defends by turning his attacked limb outward (pronation).
If the opponent applies the Achilles tendon crush, or attempts to hyper-extend the samboists
knee by straightening his trapped leg, the samboist should defend by bending both his leg and toes and
attempt to draw the attacked limb toward him. If the opponent attempts to apply the Achilles tendon crush
to the samboists bent leg or he attempts using one of his legs to apply a knot to the samboists leg, the
samboist defends by applying his entire strength in straightening his attacked leg.

Transitions from Standing Wrestler to Par Terre and the Reverse

Wrestling tactics demand that the samboist be prepared to fight an opponent who is sometimes
standing and sometimes in par terre, and the samboist must be equally prepared to wrestle both when he
is standing and when he is on the mat. This relationship to his opponents positions accounts for
situations that are both beneficial and contrary to the samboists intended offense and defense.
Therefore, the samboist, in his desire to wrestle from the most beneficial positions for himself, must be
prepared with ploys to wrestle both from standing and par terre and with ploys to transition to and from
both of these situations.

Transitions from Standing Wrestling to Par Terre

1. When the opponent is thrown onto his knees or buttocks, there are several transitions to
covering the opponent including when the opponent is found reclining between the
samboists legs whereby the samboist can then transition to the elbow lever with the arm
gripped between the legs.
2. When the opponent is thrown onto all fours there may be turnovers to transition the opponent
into a position that the samboist can use to apply a hold down, or if the opponent and the
samboist are both on all fours, the samboist can proceed directly to the following submission
ploys:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Outward lever,
Elbow lever with the assistance of a leg on top,
Elbow lever over the forearm,
Somersaulting the opponent into the elbow lever with the arm gripped between the legs,
Achilles tendon crush on an opponent on all fours.

3. When the opponent is thrown onto one side or his back but is using his legs or knees to block
the samboist from further offense, so that the samboist must apply the appropriate
preparations to transition to par terre to continue his offense.
If the opponent falls on his side by the samboists legs, the samboist should apply the elbow lever
with the arm gripped between the legs, the lateral hold down, or the cross body hold down.
If the opponent falls so that his head is by the samboists feet, the samboist should apply the hold
down beside the head.

If the opponent falls with his legs by the samboists feet (the samboist may be standing between
his opponents legs), the samboist should apply the Achilles tendon crush or the hold down beside the
legs.
4. When the opponent is thrown onto his back or side, and the samboist follows his opponent in
falling, so that the samboist lands close to his opponents side to transition into applying the
lateral hold down.
5. When throwing the opponent over the head, the samboist rolls behind his opponents
somersault to sit atop his opponent to transition into the hold down from above.
6. When throwing the opponent with the arm gripped under the armpit, the samboist transitions
to the elbow lever with the arm gripped under the armpit.
7. When covering the opponent:
a. If the opponent attempts to apply the throw over the head, and the samboists
successfully moves the attacking leg from his stomach, the samboist can transition to the
Achilles tendon crush or the lateral hold down.
b. If the opponent attempts to apply the saddle, and the samboist is able to move one of
his legs to the rear, he can transition to the hold down beside the legs for the Achilles
tendon crush.

Transitions from Par Terre Wrestling to Standing Wrestling

If the samboist attempts to apply some throw, but his opponent covers him, then the
samboist must be in one of two positions:
1) The opponent successfully uses his body to cover the samboist.
2) The opponent is found in some other relationship to the samboist.
If the opponent attempts to grip the samboists body in a hold down, the samboist uses his
arms and legs to drive his opponent away from him and rocks his body to one side and turns onto
his back or his stomach or from one side to another. As he does so, he pulls his legs under him to
rise to standing.
If the opponent knocks the samboist down onto his stomach, there are several means that
the samboist can use to rise up onto all fours, and from the all fours position, there are several
ways that the samboist can attack:
a) Turning the opponent over,
b) Applying submission ploys to the opponent.
If the opponent attempts to turn the samboist over without providing the samboist an
opportunity to rise to standing, the samboist must take back the initiative from his opponent by first
rolling to his back, then all fours, and then standing.
If the opponent attacks the samboist with a submission ploy, the samboist must grip one of
his opponents legs and rise back into standing wrestling to lift his opponent off of the mat.
If the opponent grips the samboist leg for the Achilles tendon crush, the samboist must pull
the attacked leg to his chest, and grip the chest area of his opponents jacket to draw himself into
his opponent before rising to standing.
If the opponent applies the elbow lever with the assistance of a leg on top, the samboist
must attempt to rotate the attacked arm inward and attempt to rise back up to standing.
As he rises, the samboists free arm should grip his opponents leg that his found higher
than the samboists leg and draw the trapped leg into a convenient position for retaining his hold
on that leg.

Chapter III
The Tactics of Sambo-wrestling
In a sport style of wrestling such as sambo-wrestling, no one technique or physical quality
can guarantee success in competition. Tactics are all of the variety of plays in each individual
match, but in the overall complex of what happens in an entire competition, they play a huge role.
Therefore, in sambo-wrestling we study the many rational means for victory over the opponent
that are most important toward that end. Thus, is should be obvious that the mastery of tactics
must be worked on by every samboist at every opportunity.

Studying the Most on Ones Own

For victory over the opponent, it is necessary that the samboist measure his strength.
Therefore, it should follow that to measure strength, the samboist must study strength .
First of all, the samboist must study all of the qualities for this given attribute and the opportunities
therein.
Growth. The samboist must define his growth in relation to the growth of his opponents in a given
weight class.
The average growth of wrestlers in a weight class is defined by the limiting number of
kilograms in weight for a specific weight class. This limit also means that most likely, an
opponent will within a certain height range in centimeters, so a combined height and weight figure
can express the samboists growth in relation to his opponents. For example, the limiting weight of
72 kilgograms (CM) could be stated as 72 kg + 100 cm = 172 . This average growth for that given
weight class can be measured against the samboists own height and weight.
If the samboists growth for a given weight class is below the average for that weight class,
then he should pay greater attention studying ploys from mid and closer ranges because at
these ranges he is more likely to meet with greater success.
If the samboists growth for a given weight class is above the average, then he should pay greater
attention to ploys at the longer ranges.
Weight. About his weight, the samboist must carefully study. He must weigh himself before and
after every training session. After each training session, he must note his exact weight and
compare that to what his recommended weight for competition is. If he is 1-2 kg below his
planned weight category, he should consider going to a lighter category or working less hard in practice
to preserve his strength. For this purpose, each he must work to either lose the weight for the required
for his weight class, or he must work to not lose too much weight for his weight class by watching his
foods and liquids. Non-sport experimentation indicates that great weight in sambo-wrestling
does not necessarily correlate with success, but it certainly is unhealthy.
First, there must be a diet based upon medical advice for attaining the samboists desired
weight any time the samboist is considering losing 3 or more kilograms .
Strength. Average strength for the samboist is expressed by the number of times, and the
amount that the samobist can lift on a horizontal bar 8 to 10 times successively, lifting a kilogram
barbell a certain number of time, and half-squatting on one leg 3 to 5 times successively.
If the samboist cannot meet these specifications, he must increase his training for his strength and
wrestle only in matches where he does not hope for his strength to win for him, and he must actively work to
exploit his opponents own strength against him.
If the samboist meets or exceeds these specifications, then it follows that the samboist should
concentrate his attention on those ploys such as the mill, turnovers, lifting throws, and submission ploys
when in par terre wrestling .
Endurance. The samboists endurance depends first of all on his training. It is not innate but acquired as a
result of systematic training.
The samboist must apply his endurance in matches run at a high tempo. Such matches must last
4-5 minutes to define good endurance, and matches of 8 to 10 minutes to define excellent endurance.
If the samboist only possesses good endurance, it is favourable to offer his opponent quick tempo
matches, and if he does not possess sufficient endurance then the contrary is true.
Mood and feelings. Close attention is required to feelings and moods. The samboist must

analyze these aspects be aware of their impacts on his ability to wrestle or train. He must always strive for
the best of moods and attitude to feel good about his training and to make the most of his opportunities.

Steady, vigorous, optimistic feelings bode well. This mood must be regularized and maintained
in training so that the samboist does not lead himself to decline or error.
This given distinction is courage and a thirst for victory while at the same time over
confidence, a lack of respect, and injury. These feelings must be must controlled not only during
sambo-wrestling training, but also in every day life.
Negative feelings fear, confusion and nervousness detract from the samboists strength.
These feelings are important because in their presence, the samboist only concentrates his attention on
one or two aspects of the opponent without noticing any of his opponents deficiencies. It is recommended
that the samboist keep his hands ready and study fully his opponent, with his feelings properly controlled,
so that the samboist can exploit the appropriate tactics that will lead him to victory.
A bad mood (negative feelings) also occurs in situations where the samboist has
insufficient or deficient training. If his training is inadequate, the samboist will perform poorly
in competition. If his training is correct, then his opportunities to medal are increased
dramatically.

Studying the Opponent

If the opponent is tall, then he will most likely prefer that the match be kept at longer ranges,
so the samboist must avoid being held in his opponents preferred ranges and grips. The
samboist should consider that the holds of a taller opponent usually are poorly extended, and
that it is dangerous for his opponent to be in closer ranges.
Sometimes, a beginning samboist is absolutely and vainly frightened of a taller
opponent.
The taller opponent is often less dexterous and quick in comparison with a samboist of average
height.
Shorter wrestlers in the various weight classes are almost always very strong, but as
experience demonstrates, they possess lesser coordination and mobility. Thus, these wrestlers, for
example, are often vulnerable to well done sweeping throws.
The opponent of average height is by definition well proportioned to his body, so he is best suited
to the given task of wrestling with a natural means toward those actions.
Further, the wrestlers body that is longer with shorter limbs will be strong, and thus, he can be
dangerous at shorter ranges and in par terre.
The shorter body on a wrestler with longer limbs will be strong for working with light and mid weights
without varying his ploys for their sizes. Under other conditions, it is possible that he can work to take

advantate of his greater endurance. In the end though, to be varied in his approach, the samboist must
carefully calculated.

Scouting in Matches
As it is well to study a given opponent, in truth, to truly study a given opponent can only
take place within a match .
The samboist may try right at the beginning of his match to scout his opponent by noting from what
stance his opponent likes to work from the most. It is necessary for this purpose for the samboist to pay
attention to his opponents stance and how his opponents stance reacts to this or that motion by the
samboist. Usually, in the moment that an opponent adopts a stance, it is a reflection of some plan
that the opponent wishes to carry out. This stance is intended to support his opponents planned
motion, and therefore, the stance becomes a reflection of his plansjust as the samboists own
stance, grips, reflect the samboists own intentions. If the stance is not convenient for the
opponents plans, it is more difficult for him to act on his plans.
Learning about the opponent, as in observing his stance, leads to greater confidence for the
samboist. As soon as the opponent adopts a new stance, he creates several strengths that must be
explored by the samboist jerking him in various directions to see if his opponent can be unbalanced.
If a given stance that is adopted by the opponent is well executed in training, then he can work from

130

this stance with greater confidence. The opposite is true as well, if a given stance adopted by the
opponent is unfamiliar and seldom used, he will replace that stance with a more familiar one at his
earliest opportunity.
Evaluating an opponents weaknesses and strengths in his stances:
To attack the opponent, the samboist should strive to make his move when his opponents
stance is at its weakest position.
A strong opponent is difficult to deal with, but in any case, if the opponent is well supported in the near
range, he is working from an even stronger position.
An opponent with quick reactions can be uncovered by attempting to grip his leg. By noting how quickly
the opponent is able to withdraw the attacked limb, the samboist can measure his opponents speed for
reacting.
An opponent who is stronger than the samboist must be dealt with using combinations that
are based on throws in one direction, and when in par terre wrestling, by attacking one of the
opponents limbs using both hands.
The opponent who has quicker reactions must be dealt with from standing using a mobile
stance with combinations made from throws in diverse directions.

To Prevent Being Trapped

If in a match, the samboist is swept into such a position by the opponent that is obviously
profitable for applying one of the ploys from our diverse arsenal, he should not rush. The samboist
should prepare deal with is opponents intended trap, and if possible, convert the situation to his own
benefit.
In this case, the samboist can avail himself of several stances, diverse grips, and directions of
motion with his attention focused on, as is his opponents attention, on exploiting these alterations of their
situations.
If in a given situation, the samboist understands that he is being trapped, he can alter his
situationwhether it is his offense or his defense, to resume his offense.

Tactics against Diverse Opponents

If the samboists opponent is strong with good technique, but lacks endurance, then the samboist
should select the tactics of wearing down the opponent. The samboist may elect to move to par terre
wrestling in an attempt to work on his opponent by being on top of him to force his opponent to carry the
samboists weight. Over two to three minutes of standing wrestling, the samboist conducts a quick time
match to develop a dangerous situation for his opponent. As his opponent wears down, the opponent will
have more difficult rising up from the mat and moving on the mat as his heart works harder and harder.
As this occurs, his wrestling style will transition to a defensive style allowing the samboist to be more
aggressive in his offense.
If the opponents endurance is superior to the samboists, then it is more likely that the samboist
would be worn down dangerously by applying the above tactics.
With such an opponent, it is better if the samboist begins his match as he does with most matches by

using resolute attack to develop success with motions that move toward victory.
If his opponent is very energetic and assertive with uninterrupted attacks, the samboist closely
observes his opponents movement until the samboist determines that there is a monotonous pattern that frees
the samboist to push his opponent around on the mat. If this is the case, then each of the opponents attacks (once the
opponent is committed to that attack) allows the samboist to transition to a ploy of his own.
After 4-5 minutes of the opponents energetic offense, his offense will begin to run down causing
him to generate more defense and less offense until he finally transitions to virtually all defense. As this
transition occurs, the samboist applies greater pressure on his opponent.
If the opponents actions are very cautious, then the samboist indicates a kind of behavior that is intended to
frighten his opponent to increase his timidity and to discourage his opponents offense. The opponent may eventually
calm himself, so the samboist would be well advised to immediately adjust his offensive tactics to transition to the
next ploy that will lead to his victory over his opponent. If he provides his opponent with breathing room, as the

match continues, his opponent will continue to maintain a stronger defensive posture that will be very difficult to
breach.
To counter a samboist who persistently wins his matches, the samboist must use the tactics of ensnaring or
trapping. The most common traps are forcing the opponent to cross his legs or various grips designed to set up the
opponent for a throw. Traps must be made well and somewhat flexible, so that they are dangerous over wider
applications.

actics against Opponent in Various Stances

An opponent in an erect stance in gripping range demands that the samboist be alert with a vigilant
readiness to apply appropriate gripping with the simultaneous launching of a throw.
Against such a stance, the samboist can expect to apply favorably the throw by gripping the legs
and wrapping his arms around his opponents body.
An opponent in an erect stance can be gripped on his jacket sleeves and the front part of his
body which can allow the samboist to attack the side of his opponents body to unbalance him, to
sweep his opponent, or to sweep his opponent by hooking him with his shin or foot.

Against his stance, the samboist may well apply every possible action that uses his legs against
his opponents legs and to attack his opponents legs by gripping them with his own legs.
An opponent in a low stance in gripping range is a threat to the samboists legs and the lower
part of his body. Against this stance, the samboist can favorably apply the throw by gripping the arm under
the armpit, knock his opponent down onto all fours, or grip the back of his opponents belt to throw with the
throw over the head or body.
The opponent in a low stance may grip the samboists sleeves or the front part of the
samboists body.. This is basically a passive stance with the opponent intending to attack the
samboists legs. Nevertheless, it follows that he can be countered with the throw over the head, and he can apply the
same to the samboist. When n opponent applies such a stance, the samboist may favorably apply the throw
by gripping the arm under the armpit, using various take downs, and gripping the back of the opponents
jacket to apply the throw over the shoulder.
If the opponent in a low stance grips the samboists belt or the back of his jacket, this indicates his intention
to move toward one side of the samboist to apply the throw over the hip or the shoulder. Against such an opponent,
the samboist act with resolve and take the initiative by applying the throw by gripping one leg, or ducking under his
opponent to throw, or otherwise take the attack to his opponent.

Adopting the Resolve and Offense

This concept consists of having an offensive plan with special attention given completing the intended ploy.
The more clearly that the samboist can manage his wrestling to come to the final portion of his ploy, the greater his
chances of success.
Avoiding any attempt to attack cannot lead to success. This path is not only fruitless but more perilous to
the samboist than pressing his offense.
When the samboist scouts out and plans for a given opponent in the course of a match, he must
do so without diverting his attention from the course of the match. He does not have the luxury of time in considering
his optionshe must be economical in his time to support resolute action.

Nothing of value can be discovered without preparation to attack.

Before there can an attack, there must be suppression of all of the opponents offensive facets. Then, there
must be the appropriate adjustment of the samboists planned targets for his intended ploys. A passionate desire to
win must be joined with strong action to realize the samboists plan. In the attacke, the ploy must be applied with the
samboists full power and committment.
If the samboist does correctly choose his moment to attack, then he may meet successful resistance from
his opponent.
The opponent happens to be more vulnerable during such moments as when he crosses his feet, forgets to
breath, or any other actions that take away from his wrestling ability.
Having chosen his instant, the samboist secures his grip and resolutely applies his intended ploy with all of
his might. In carrying out that ploy, it is necessary to deem the action as life and death and be convinced that the
ploy is vital and will succeed. All thoughts are set aside except for those directly required to finish the ploy.

Chapter IV
The Techniques and Methods for Studying Sambo
Wrestling
The technique for studying sambo-wrestling considers the questions of the sequence for training
as well as training in ploys and tactics for this wrestling style.
In order to correctly to carry out this training process, it is necessary f irst of all to
develop an annual work plan for the sambo - wrest ling section.
In this case, the work in the plan must address:
I) Study of practical and theoretical sambo-wrestling material;
2) Preparation for the trainees to be delivered to meet the required GTO standards and complexes;
3) Training for competition;
4) Organizing and running competitions;
5) Propagandizing the sport and making it available to larger audiences;
6) Participation in mass actions conducted by the DSO and the local committee on affairs for
physical culture and sports.
Then, one must develop the program for the sports section. In this program, all teaching material is
divided into sections based upon its degree of difficulty in mastering and arranged into lesson plans. The
material from the general physical preparation is collected and planned from the GTO documentation, so
it is stated in the GTO complexes publications and manuals.
Safety training and self-protection against injuries must be learned to the extent that is stated in this
present manual.
Study of the ploys for par terre and standing wrestling is conducted in parallel. Proceeding from the

preparatory group of trainees, the conditions are modified for training based up a systematic methodology
for the ploys.
Preparing the opponent to be thrown is aimed at studying these ploys separately from the throws,
so that each preparation can be exploited for applying several throws. Then, as a measure of passage to
throwing an opponent, so that the processes are linked into one ploy applied as a whole.
To study combination of ploys, the samboist must start by learning the var ious ploys that can be
applied in comb inat ions with other ploys.
Defensive and retaliatory ploys are not studied until the second year of training. However, once this is
set up, the intent is that the ploys are studied in parallel with their use against the appropriate ploys in longer matches
where ploys to be countered are often executed incorrectly or incompletely.

Planning for general physical preparation and the GTO standards as well as planning for the
study material for the first and second training years is stated in detail in the Program for the Sport of Sambowrestling in the Section for the Complex for Physical Culture [Published by Physical Culture and Sports 1948].
The subsequent study of applying throws follows from the following tasks:
a) An ordered arrangement to develop the throws that must be acquired and improve the previous throws
with the assistance of material acquired in subsequent events;
b) Transitioning to throws and subsequent material and combined, so that each period of study for the samboist contains the
material for his practical study of throwing in longer matches.

The first task moves in two directions.

The first, is for the novice samboist must overcome the difficulty for developing the correct technique for
throwing while he is still learning the basic skills for throwing, and these skills cannot be fully learned until the young
samboist has mastered the material and techniques for falling correctly onto the mat.

This compels the samboist to apply throws from various groups depending upon the size of his
falling partners body weight, so that his partner is able to correctly slap the mat to mitigate the impact of the
fall, and thus, it follows therefore, that the self-protection for falling must be developed to a higher degree.
In the second task, the throws are accomplished based upon their degree of difficulty depending

upon the level of coordinated motion required for the wrestler to throw his partner. Note that the
performance of different throws demands the application of different levels of force. Also, this
cannot come into being without an established sequence of learning that transitions to the actual
throw to be applied.
This second task consists of those actions needed for each period for studying the required throws and to
develop throws in various directions. The correct method for this task is to give the students an opportunity to apply
throws in one direction to develop the skills and ability to complete the required throws on an opponent before moving
on to apply the required throws in several directions.
Toward that end, it is recommended to follow the plan that is outlined in the chart below.

Throws by Direction
Training
Period
First
Period

Falling
Half
Somersault
on the Mat
Aerial Half
Somersault

Throwing the
Opponent to the Rear
1.
2.

Rear Stepping
Throw
Inside Hook

Throwing the Opponent

to the Side
1.

Lateral Sweep

1.

Unbalancing by
Gripping the Back
of the Belt

Somersault
on the Mat

Throwing the Opponent

Forward

1.
2.
3.

Aerial
Somersault

Second
Period

Half
Somersault
on the Mat

1.
2.
3.
1.

Rear Sweep

1.
2.
3.

Aerial Half
Somersault

1.
2.

3.

Major Outer Reap

Throw by
Gripping Both
Legs
Gripping Various
Legs

1.
2.
3.

Foot Hook
Lateral
Sweep
Inside
Entwining
Lifting Throw
Inside Lift
Turnover

Somersault
on the Mat

Aerial
Somersault

Third
Period

Half
Somersault
on the Mat

Aerial Half
Somersault

1.
2.
3.
1.

2.
3.
Somersault
on the Mat

Aerial
Somersault

Rear Stepping
Throw at the Heel
Inside Sweeping
Throw
Scissors
Reverse Throw
by Gripping Both
Legs
Alignment Throw
Saddle

1.

Unbalancing from the

Knees
Throw over the head
Throw Gripping the Arm
in the Armpit
Front Stepping Throw
Throw over the Hip
Reverse Mill

Rear Outer
Sitting Throw

1.Throw over the Head

with a Foot in the
Stomach
2. Inside Foot Lift
3. Front Stepping Throw
at the Heel
1. Front Sweep
2. Entwining Lift
3. Sweeping Hip Throw
1. Throw with Reverse
Grip under the
Armpit

1.

Timed
Lateral
Sweep
2. Rear
Turnover
Inside Knee
Sweep
1.
2.
3.
4.

Front Knee Sweep

Reverse Hip Throw
Mill
Front Turnover

Similarly, a scheme should be used for the par terre wrestling ploys: the wrestlers begin by learning the hold
downs, then progress to the turnovers and methods for covering an opponent (these ploys are learned according to
their degree of difficulty) as set forth in this book.
Once all of this is accomplished, the students begin to learn the submission holds.
The degree of difficulty for the submission holds stems the samboists positions during these events which
are constantly changing. When wrestling in par terre, the samboist found on top may apply his ploys with relative

ease because his mobility is greater than that of his opponent on bottom, and the top wrestler can exploit his body
weight in covering his opponent and applying submission holds.
However, the position of the top wrestler is dependent upon the position of the other wrestler, and some
submission ploys are actually easier to apply when a wrestler is on his back. Overall though, it is more difficult for the
bottom wrestler to gain control over the top wrestlers limbs unless the top wrestler is bracing his limbs on the mat.
Samboists who are on all fours, or lying on their stomachs are vulnerable to submission ploys as well.
As in all cases, the wrestlers can tasked to in each training period to perform longer matches where the
submission ploys for each period can be applied in diverse situations. The study period for submission ploys can be
designed to satisfy certain body positions.
In the first period of studying submission ploys, the training is done without altering the body positions.
In the second period of training, altered body positions for the samboist are used.
In the third training period, altered body positions for the opponent are used.
In the fourth training period, altered body positions and variants of the ploys are used.
It is recommended to follow this training scheme in the plan below:

Study Guide for Par Terre Wrestling Training for Submission Ploys
The Basic Positions for the Samboists and the Submission Ploys
Training
Period

Body
Positions

First
Period

No position
change

Upper Body
Chest to Chest

Second
Period

Samboists
position
changes

Third
Period

The
opponents
position
changes
Positions for
both change

Fourth
Period

1.

Elbow Lever over the

Thigh
2. Leg Knot
3. Cross Body Arm Knot
4. Knee Lever Gripping
the Shin on the
Shoulder
5. Lever on Both Thighs
1. Cross Body Arm Knot
from the Lateral Hold
down
2. Achilles Tendon Crush
from the hold down
beside the Legs
3. Knee Lever Knot with
Assistance from the
Leg above from the
hold down beside the
Legs
Achilles Tendon crush from Lying
on the Opponent

Elbow Lever with the Body above

Lower Body
Chest to Back
1.
2.

Outside Lever
Leg Knot with
the Leg

Chest to Chest
1.

2.

Elbow Lever with the Leg

on Top

1.

2.

Achilles Tendon
Crush with the
Opponent on the
Stomach
Achilles Tendon
Crush with the
Opponent on all
Fours

Elbow Lever
over the
Forearm
Leg Knot
from below

Elbow Lever with the

Leg on Top against the
Hold down beside the
Legs

Elbow Lever Gripping

the Arm between the
Legs against the Hold
down beside the Legs
Achilles Tendon Crush
against the Hold down
from above

Programming and Providing Lessons in Sambo Wrestling

The lessons indicated in the basic format for sambo wrestling are provided to the students in the
form of reference material and training tasks.
The practical lessons consist of four parts: opening, preparation, basic lesson, and conclusion.
First Part. Opening (3 to 7 minutes).
Task: focus the groups attention, and begin the process of preparing their bodies for the days
lesson.
Means: checking attendance, drills and exercises including accelerated walking, slow
running, gymnastics with weight.
Second Part. Prepar at ion (10- 30 minut es).
Tas ks: ready t he bodies for t he less on work load .
Means: exercises for flexibility, endurance, quickness, dexterity, strength, balance, coordinate
motion along the full spectrum of joint motion. In this part of the lesson, it is recommended to apply the
GTO forms and complexes.
Third Part. The basic lesson (50-70 minutes).
Tasks: The outlined and consolidated physical and moral qualities that are to be studied are
included with the training in the techniques of sambo-wrestling in various complicated conditions.
Means: Study safety mitigation and self-protection for falling. Ploys for sambo-wrestling, (throws,
hold downs, submission ploys, etc.) are studied through all training methods and styles. The wrestlers
engage in longer training matches.
Fourth Part. Conclusion (5 10 minutes).
Tasks: In this part of the training session, the trainer conducts the cool down and reviews the
lessons from the day.
Means: Slow walking and exercises to flex and relax the body.
Those training in sambo-wrestling should be 15 years of age and older who have been given a
clean bill of health by a doctor.
The number of students engaged should not exceed 16 to 20 people in one training group. For
practical reasons, it is best to organize the participants according to their weight categories. The
difference between all partners must not exceed 4 kilograms.
Partners paired to study ploys should only be paired within their weight divisions, and if possible, they
should be roughly the same height. This arrangement best facilitates their mastering the prescribed
ploys.
Every year the training for the basic work is divided into preparatory and transitional periods.
In the transitional period physical training in lesson form must be decreased to not exceed the
level in the beginning of the basic period. In this period, it is necessary to enter additional kinds of tasking
that are basically light but athletic with flexibility requirements (see the Program for Sambo Wrestling).
In the basic period, the work load is more excessive mainly because of the one-sided exercises
for ploys or the ploys meeting resistance as well as from training in retaliatory ploys. Also, the training
matches are longer.
Tasking in the transitional period is characterized by lighter work required as the students engage in
varied and sundry other training modes including light athletics, rules training, and the sports exercises from the
GTO complex.
In the conclusion and preparatory portions of the lesson, the basic methods are gymnastics, but
this can include games. With the various ploys in the basic part of the lesson, it is recommended to use
the method of individualized training and work load.
In the basic part of each lesson, apply the study techniques for learning how to fall, and then, progress to
throws, then complicate that work by placing primary attention on form before progressing to par terre wrestling ploys.
The wrestlers should be given a 6 x 6 meter area to practice in. The trainees have four corners around a common
center. They are then tasked to apply their throws, but before doing so, they must be told exactly in what direction
that the throw must be applied. The format can be set up as a competitive game.
In the longer matches, only those who have previously been well prepared physically can do well. Similarly,
they must possess decent falling skills as well as the basic techniques for sambo wrestling. All the other students
should continue to further develop their competitive and technical skills.
During the longer matches, the the teacher should provide the indicated training not only in relation to
techniques and tactics, but also in relation to developing the samboists work ethics.

Any display of any sort of tactless acts in relation to the students comrades SHOULD be stopped
immediately and the corresponding explanations and instructions applied.
For training with one-sided resistance and training in retaliatory ploys on the mat, there must be
simultaneous execution of the ploys by the training pairs who will have their roles defined for each member of the
pair. For the longer matches, the entire mat is devoted to each pair. Before the beginning of the longer matches, the
students are tasked with tactical problems that each student must work on during his match. After the match, the teacher
will provide a detailed analysis with remedial actions for all observed mistakes.
Theoretical training is applied via a series of lectures that end with questions from the teacher that are used
to determine how well the students understand the material.
In the practical portion of the lesson, it is recommended to apply 3 5 minutes discussions followed by
questions from the teacher on the training, the basic techniques, self-protection, tactics, etc.

The trainer when delivering the lesson must relate his material to all of his pupils, so that they
receive equal training, and he must observe strict professional distance.
In conducting lessons, it is necessary to remember c onstantly that training in
sambo-wrestling is not an end in itself, but that it serves to prepare the students for both
self-defense and overcoming difficulties in life. This training is necessary not only for wrestling,
but also to develop our youth and adults on behalf of the Patriots of our Native land, and the legends in this
business: Lenin and Stalin.
For expanding the popular work in the section for sambo-wrestling, it is necessary to prepare, to
raise the students that we have, and to attract new students to provide with this socialized training.
This socialized training must in every possible way support the plan and program for every lesson, and
provide the given methods and techniques for applying the training as well as contributing to raising the students
qualifications and gaining authority in the endeavor.
All popular actions should be noted in the news agency as this is necessary to document and popularize the
good efforts toward this socialized training work.
The sections good work, in many respects, depends upon a correct accounting of what the section as
actually accomplished. Checking and revisiting the previously passed material must be accomplished in each lesson.
Time must be taken to ensure the health of the students to include doctors examinations as well as supervising the
individualized plans and diaries and applying the corresponding records in the journal for the sections work.

M ethods for Training in Ploys

Before transitioning to the next group of this or that set of ploys, it must be noted that just with
transitioning to longer and longer matches, the techniques are not mastered until they can be accomplished,
correctly, precisely, and quickly.
Then, each ploy and technique is shown in full detail to include a demonstration of the ploy as a
whole. If the ploy is very complicated, or the group is not prepared sufficiently to learn the ploy, it is
recommended that the ploy be broken down into elements, and that the elements be mastered as parts before being
assembled into the whole ploy.
When the tasks are assigned, and the pairs begin to practice the ploys, the trainer passes by
each group to ensure that each pair is correctly executing the ploys with the appropriate level of study.
The trainers main attention should be focused on ensuring the that partners are working together correctly to
master the tasks and not to resist each other, and that when a throw is correctly applied, that the partner is falling
correctly.
Before studying the throws, the instructor must ensure that all of the students have learned the group of
ploys for self-protectionfalling correctly. The students execute every ploy successively three times before switching
roles.

It is necessary for the students to review and correct their actions after each applied ploy, to
include analyzing their motions intelligently, so that they are not performing mechanical drills without
improvement.
To study a ploy means repeating the execution of that ploy over and over to include various offensive and
defensive situationsfor example, examining the technical side of carrying out of a ploy is, of couse, the

easiest to observe. After that, the students can become accustomed to other possible variants and
positions as both the attacker and as the defender using both hands and feet. This ensures that the
students can apply their ploys within the ever changing situations in the longer wrestling matches.
For example, when the rear stepping throw is applied, the attackers knee crook is
applied under the opponents knee crook on the same side legthis is a great position for the
attacker.

But in the rear stepping throw, there is an opportunity to apply the throw only the attackers shin
or calf is set behind the opponents calf. This is the start of a new variant to the rear stepping
throw. The rear stepping throw will disappear as a throw if the opponent forces his leg too far, so that
his buttocks can resist by bracing against the attackers thigh or buttocks.
So it is necessary to sort every ploy and assign it with every opportune variant or situation for use in
the longer matches, so that the samboist can understand the risks in every situation and select the correct
ploy (or defense) in relation to what is occurring within the match.

Training to Overcome Resistance in Wrestling

The extreme difficulty and complexity in wrestling as a sport includes the fact that as the wrestlers
must continuously overcome resistance, and the resistance not only static, but also constantly shifting,
and not strictly predictable (as for example, when drawing a bow). The situation and positions
in all conditions are constantly altering. They are set for one moment, then some degree of strength
changes, and then that new resistance must also be overcome.
Resistance in its basic definition is the natural act of a wrestler to draw upon his own
means and methods to overcome his opponent.
In wrestling, this is accomplished by:
a) Strength of the opponents body weight (strength of center of gravity) in relation to the ground;
b) Strength of the samboists centrifugal force;
c) Strength of the opponents opposing force.
In the beginning, it follows that the practical means to overcome an opponents centrifugal
force comes before attempting to begin to overcome an opponents opposing force.
1. The practice for overcoming an opponents weight includes the following exercises where the
tasked participants do not resist.
a) Raising an opponent to wrap him around the samboists hips level, so that his partners chest
contacts the samboists belt.
b) Lifting a partner who is on all fours.
c) Lifting a partner who is lying on his back.
d) Lifting a partner and shifting his position, so that he is on the samboists shoulders, then his
back, then his hips, and finally in his arms in front of the samboist.
e) Squatting with a partner on the samboists shoulders.
f) Leaning the body in various directions with an opponent on the shoulders.
These exercises are designed to provide the samboist with the skills to manage his opponents
body weight and to overcome his strength.
2. Studying to overcome the opponents centrifugal force uses various ploys and means.
It follows to consider that all wrestling is conducted in a straight line. The larger share of wrestling motions
are circular or arcs of varying degrees. Therefore, centrifugal force or some other form of this energy is found in
every ployespecially, in the throws. Thus, the students should be paired and given the following tasks:
a) Spinning the partner using one hand to hold his belt;
b) Spinning with the partner and drawing him off the ground with a hand on his shoulder or on his belt or
hip.
When these motions are mastered, the students should master quickly stopping these same motions are
starting them.
3. Studying how to exploit the opponents strength.
After studying how to calculate motion and the described exercises, the students are placed in pairs with the
first rank commanded to move. The second rank must keep with his opponents motion and in the same
direction and move where the opponent moves.
The same condition is applied without a command with an opponent following his own initiative. This

first preparatory exercise is to instill the basic skills in exploiting the opponents strength.
Then the students transition to more advanced means for exploiting the opponents strength.
The first rank are then given the task to use individualized motion on the second rank, and to move in
directions with the opponent where they must try to successfully follow an opponent and be able to quickly push or
pull the opponent to disrupt his motion.
Included in the first ranks efforts making unexpected jerks and pushes on the opponent while
retaining a grip on his sleeves. The second rank develops motions that the first rank must respond to
forcing them to push and pull in order to suppress successfully their opponents motion.

4. Studying how to overcome an opponents strength.

Attention must be paid to acquainting the students with overcoming strength, via metered resistance in the
form of known gymnastic exercises in resistance.
Then the training transitions to an emphasis on wrestling style that is enhanced by additional exercises
applied to address this role.
Ca tc h in g th e ma j or i t y o f th e f ing e rs . The bent four fingers of the samboists right hand grip his
opponents fingers on his opponents right hand. The samboist attempts to press his fingers into his
opponents fingers, so that his opponent cannot use that hand effectively.

It is forbidden to grip and twist the opponents four fingers.

Head of Cabbage. The samboist bends his elbow so that his f orearm is parallel to the
ground, and his palm is rotated upward. The opponent places his palm atop the samboists palm. The
samboist in any instant can strike with his palm into the back of his opponents fingers.
The opponent just as quickly can strike at the samboists hand. Once this is mastered, the partners can
change roles.
A r m W r e s t l i n g . This exercise requires lying on the stomach on the mat in a head to head position with
the partner. Each partners right hand grips the partners right hand, so that thumb is wrapped around thumb, and the
four fingers of each hand are around the back part of the opponents hand. The right elbow is set on the mat, and
the left arm is bracing it.
The task is to respond to the opponents forearm, so that his opponents hand is forced to contact the mat.
The opponent resists the attempt to force his hand to the mat and attempts to force the samboists hand into the mat.
Pushing palm to palm. The samboist comes before his opponent to set himself
before his opponent. His toes and heel are set in place. The opponent must set
h i m s e l f t h e s a m e w a y . Each contender places his palms to his opponents palms and attempts to unbalance
his adversary by forcing him to move from his place on the mat. Feinting is permitted but palm to palm contact
must be maintained. The first to fall or move from his spot is the one who is defeated.
U n b a l a n c i n g f r o m a l i n e . The samboist and his partner set themselves against each other on a one
meter line. The right foot is set forward with the left foot set behind it, so that the left toes are close to the right heel.
All four of the contenders feet must remain aligned on the one meter line. Both partners must keep their left arms
behind their backs.

The task is to clap the right palm into the opponents right palm in an attempt to force him to move
one of his feet from the line. Feinting is permitted, but both partners must maintain contact with the upper
part of their opponents body with the right palm.
Gypsy W restling. T he samboist lies down on the mat with his right side to his opponents right
side, but his head is on a different side with the desired effect being that their right arms are easily in
reach of each other. Each raises his right arm upward. The task consists of hooking the right shin to the
opponents right shin and attempting to use this hold to roll the opponent over his head.
T i p p i n g t h e b a l a n c e w i t h a n a r m k e p t b a c k . The samboists stand in the center
of the mat facing each other so that the intended affect is that their right arms contact and grip at the inside of
their wrists. At a signal, each attempts to draw his opponent to the edge of the mat that is designated for
each wrestler. The winner is the samboist that first moves his opponent to his designated side of the mat.
Petrushkin Boxing Punches. Each wrestler stands on only his right leg with his arms crossed over
his chest. Hopping on the right leg, each wrestler attempts to use his shoulders to push against his
opponent in an attempt to force his opponent to set his left leg onto the mat. The first opponent to set his
left leg on the mat loses.
Coming on to the Legs. The samboists stand close to each other. Each is set to stand on the rear part of
their feet, and each is forbidden to use his hands to contact his opponent. The first who does so loses.
This same sort of wrestling can be applied with a grip on the sleeves, but that is much more difficult and
complex in skills.
Taking the Ball. Each takes in hand the same basketball. At a signal, each wrestler attempts to
take the ball away from his opponent.
Taking the Stick. Each wrestler wraps his right hand around a stick with his left hand set near
the bottom. On a signal, each wrestler attempts to take the stick from his opponent.
Lifting. Any means to lift the opponent from the ground may be used while also preventing the

opponent from doing the same to the samboist. He that first lifts his opponent is the victor.

In this view of this wrestling style, we have covered the tactics and techniques of sambo wrestling.
If in gaining this sense we must only focus training for quickness, then our view is distorted and shows
but scant aspects of sambo-wrestling.
For this given style of wrestling, it follows that there are transitions in sambo wrestling for in such
conditions as when covering the opponent or moving from one or another situation to another.
Such exercises indicate:
Covering or smothering the opponent when he is resisting from various positions and situations:
lying on one side, sitting, on the knee, on one knee, in a half squat, standing on wide set legs, or standing
with feet crossed. If when covering a sitting opponent only slightly, this effort would, of course, be no
more difficult than smothering an opponent whose legs are crossed.
Turning over the opponent who is on all fours or lying below the samboist can meet resistance.
The opponent may secure grips of his own and begin to resist.
Freeing oneself from an opponents hold down, or in holding down the opponent, the samboist
will meet resistance.
Obtaining the hold down grip may meet no resistance from the opponent, and t herefore,
studying the ploys using one-sided resistance by the opponent is possible.

In all of the exercises, the first rank of each pair first studies the ploys against an unresisting
opponent who does not attack or apply retaliatory ploys.
After studying the ploys with one-sided resistance, the students can apply exercises that
are varied or have varying conditions, and then, the training in sambo wrestling moves on to
focus on the different sections for this wrestling style, and of course, for training in longer
matches.

Chapter 5
The Methods and Means for Training the Samboist
The trainers tasks in sambo wrestling are:
1) Rear and develop the wrestler in all of the techniques and psychological qualities that are required
in wrestling;
2) Improve wrestling techniques with their practical application and influence on a freely moving
opponent;
3) Develop all-round basic tactics for wrestling in diverse competitive conditions against diverse
opponents.
Adding the work load to the training/rearing. Success is a goal that completely depends on the
work of the trainer and his proper addition of the methodical training facets to each student which in turn
depends upon the individual talents and abilities for each student and the means for augmenting and
improving on them. The general basis and principles and methodologies must be well studied by
each trainer. We address this in a chapter specifically answering the requirements and methodologies
for training the samboist.
One of the basic situations: It is necessary to try to apply lessons, so that the students without
comments from anywhere or additional instruction complete their initial training.
The main task for this is all-around physical preparation for the samboist and some concerns
relating to his stress and health under these conditions. The trainer must start the groups training without
an opponents resistance in learning all of the basic ploys for sambo-wrestling, and chose for each
student individualized ploys suited to that student, and to train the student in those ploys, so that he can
eventually participate in longer matches.
For each student, from the entire mass of sambo-wrestling ploys, it follows that mastering
such ploys that are suited to that samboists disposition and physique will be more effective (see
the chapter on tactics) in taking advantage of the samboists degree of power, agility, etc.
However, these individualized complexes of ploys for the students must not be one-sided or one
dimensional. Modest, for the novice, in quantity, the ploys must respond to the basic situations
that correspond to what occurs in a sambo-wrestling match. Therefore, when constructing the
training plan, the trainer must attempt to grasp that only two to three standing ploys will be
applied by an opponent, and conversely, the samboist may only be able to apply two or three
ploys of his own against his opponent from standing.
Many of these ploys may be based upon pulling an opponent into the samboist, and
thus, it makes sense that a novice samboist must learn such ploys based upon gripping the
opponents jacket from both the right and left sides. From there, the samboist can master, as a
beginner, his first set of two or three ploys, and in practice, and in longer matches, to master
his first set of two or three hold downs. As he develops, he will then learn how to free himself
from such holds or how to simply avoid them. His learning progresses and he learns more from
standing, more hold downs, and he progresses to submission holds to his opponents arms,
and from there, two or three submission holds to his opponents legs.
Each overall complex of ploys must consist of 8 to 10 ploys. It is recommended that for
these complexes, the trainer should use the follow methodologies:
1) Repeated repetitions of ploys that begin with slow execution that gradually
accelerates, so that in the end, the execution of these ploys is both rapid and automatic.
2) Training students in the ploys from a complex that are applied against one side
resistance by the opponent where the attacking samboist begins with 5--6 ploys in the complex
by addressing 1- 2 ploys in each training session. In this method is included practicing the offensive
ploys on a partner who is always prepared for the ploys to be applied and works to complicate his
partners offensive requirements.
3). Gradually transitioning from one sided training to training against a resisting
opponent. In this case, the tasking for the partner is to defend and prevent the samboist from

securing his grip, so that the samboist cannot throw easily.

4) Further training based upon the tactics of evasion, fleeing the mat, and parrying attacks.
5)Training in retaliatory ploys where one of the students is directed to apply basic offensive ploys,
and the other must respond with the appropriate retaliatory ploy.
The goal of this given training can be as follows:
a)

Training in basic ploys where the attention is applied to offense using all of the ploys in a given
complex, and toward measuring the improvement of these ploys as the ploys are studied in groups of 1 to 2
ploys in a given training task;

b)

Training in retaliatory ploys which in this case means beginning by attacking with one ploy and measuring
the improvement in how that ploy is applied and its results in applying increasing numbers of ploys in an
increasing number of offensive methods.

6)

Training in offensive combinations to include ploys from these complexes:

a)

Offensive ploys that follow one direction;

b)

Offensive ploys that follow multiple directions.

7)

Applied training in longer matches using the given ploy complexes from the par terre positions such as being
under the opponent or atop the opponent.

8)
9)

Applied training in the given ploys complexes in longer matches in standing wrestling.
Applied training in longer matches using only the ploys from a given complex of 2 3 ploys.

A dedicated and detailed fussy training methodology is the first step for further work. Further training efforts
must be planned and derived from the wrestlers basic ploys. From there, the wrestler can begin to master the
specialized retaliatory ploys that address the basic ploys that his opponent may apply, and the wrestler can then be
tasked to develop such qualities as muscular memory and sensation by means of specialized trainings. For example,
the wrestler may be blind folded as part of this training.
When planning and conducting training, the tasks must support the transition to studying new
material, but it cannot do so if the training is insufficiently qualitative and not properly acquired in relation to the
previous materials and the required skills to proceed. Achieving a sufficient base of ploys and all of their
variants is the goal. The trainer must neve r s h y a wa y fro m t he d if f icu lt to pics.

The work must be true to its task: while this may be slow, it is better than aspiring to
learn more quickly by jumping into matches where the samboist may learn a lot without
mastering any of the work or its principles.
In addition to the training in individualized ploys, every samboist should carefully
develop himself to possess the diversified psychophysical qualities without which the wrestler
cannot master his trade. For this purpose, the samboist and his trainer must use more than just
sambo-wrestlingthey must uses other sports. Thus, sports develop quick reactions, hand-eye
coordination, and greater dexterity. Boxing, pole vaulting and like sports foster courage and
determination.
For developing dexterity, it follows that training should be in sport games and acrobatics, for endurance, we
must look to cross-country running, skiing, and orienteering. Inside, we might turn to such diverse exercises as
walking and full squats or running and skipping rope.
Sambo-wrestling demands the utmost all-round physical development from the wrestler. Developing one or
two qualities well can only take the wrestler so far, and that does not compensate completely for other missing
qualities. Therefore, we repeat, that the way to the needed skills in sambo-wrestling lie not only on the basis sambos
technical complex, but primarily on a high degree of the wrestlers well rounded psychophysical development. Thus, in
constructing a training plan, the trainers task is to assume that his training must be methodical to carry out the
planned direction of the tasks.
Let's specify most applicable and effective exercises for targeting the samboists goals.

EXERCISES IN DEXTERITY AND STRENGTHENING THE JOINTS

1. Running on the outside edges of the feet.
2. Sitting with the legs lifted with the feet gradually being moved away from the body by
straightening the knees. The arms are held beside the body.
3. Sitting with the raised feet locked together then with the feet moved to the sides. Then, the heels

are gripped by the hands, and the body leans forward until the head touches the toes.
4. Sitting with the raised arms in an attempt move the gripped shins over the head.
5. Turning to the right and left with the body both erect and leaning from standing,
sitting, and reclining.
6.

7.

Bridging. Training for the bridging position bridge should begin with exercises: stand with the
back to a wall with the hands set on the wall overhead and gradually to fall to the rear and
downward using the hands to guide the action by moving down the wall. Further: from the
prone position on the back, arch and curve into the bridge with the support of the palms
bracing into the mat. From a kneeling position, place the forehead on the mat and rock the
body to the rear. Later in the training, specialized exercises are included with rocking forward
and back motions, left to right motions, etc. from the full bridge as defined as forward and back
bridges, and from these same positions driving the head forward and back by driving with the
legs.
F r o m a s t an d in g p o s it i o n o n s t ra ig h t en e d le g s , u s in g t h e s a me s id e h a n d to li f t t h e
s a m e s i d e l e g t o wa r d th e s tu de n t b y g r ip p i n g t h e f o o t f r o m t h e i n s i d e .

8. From the standing position moving one leg back by gripping the instep with same side hand.
9. Kneeling on with the straightened arms out front with fingers locked. Sit on the mat to the left of
the left shin and the arms move to the right and to the left.
10. Standing with the hands raised and locked at the fingers. They hands are turned so that the
palms are facing upward. From there the samboist leans his body into various positions to the
right and to the left.
11. Straightened arms are locked at the fingers and held in front of the body. The legs are
set at shoulder width, and the student rotates his body to the right and the left.
12. The feet are set parallel at a distance of 1.5 to 2 foot lengths from each other, and the
hands are held behind the head. The samboist rotates his pelvis girdle in various
directions without moving his feet from their spot on the mat, and without leaning the
upper part of his body.

EXERCISES IN BALANCE
These exercises are initially applied slowly and then increased gradually until finally the full working load is
achieved.
1. Standing on one leg while lunging the other leg forward, to the sides, and to the rear.
2. With the feet close together, lean the body front to back, right to left, and then in circles.
3. With the feet set close together move the pelvis girdle forward, back, and right and left, and
finally, move the pelvis girdle in circles.
4. Standing on one leg, lean the body and move the pelvis girdle in all directions.
5. Standing on one leg, circle and twist the body and circle and twist the pelvis girdle.
6. Hop on one leg first in a straight line, and then, in various angles to the front, back, left and
right.
7. Preserve balance when landing after hopping both on one leg and on both legs:
) When jumping upward,
b) When jumping upward and turning 90, 180, 270, and 360,
c) When jumping forward, right, left, back, and with turns of 90 and 180,
8. Preserving balance when landing on one leg after jumping off on one pushing leg,
a) From the right leg onto the right, and the left onto the left leg,
b) From the right leg to the left leg and the left leg onto the right leg.

EXERCISES FOR STRENGTH

1. Squeezing the fingers into various sized balls.

2. Take a stick with a cord attached to a weight and roll it up and down;
3. Reclining on bent arms and supported on the hands with the legs on a bench, then supported by
only one arm;
4. Lunging squats on both legs and on one leg;
5. Exercises with dumbbells;
6. Exercises with weights;
7. Climbing a rope with and without the help of the legs;
8. Exercises on the gymnastic rings;
9. Exercises with a staff, jerking and pulling with both hands and arms, leaning the body with the staff
on the shoulders; and squatting with the staff on the shoulders on or the chest.

EXERCISES FOR QUICKNESS

1. Additional Speed
If the desire is to attain quicker motion, then the student must develop his motion in one direction
by using several parts of his body.
For example, if the wrestler must jerk or pull quickly, he must simultaneously apply: turning his
body, bending his forearms and straightening his shoulders (to move his elbows back). As we
slowly perform each motion in the draw separately, we lock into place our memory of these actions
before performing them simultaneously, so that their combined motion provides a quicker motion.
That desire for quicker-coordinated motion in one direction, or quickness can be increased by
accelerated movement.
For example, we use the right hand to pull to the right in a plan to draw the opponents
body weight outside of his supporting area. However, if at the same time that we do so, we
choose to move to the right the supporting point of the opponents center of gravity, then the
opponents balance is quickly eliminated. We then have the basis for a sweeping throw, the throw
over the hip, and diverse other throws.
2. Exercises for Training in Quickness
The training in quicker-coordinated motion with the goal of increasing quickness requires training
to develop quickness as a quality, and for this, we must apply the appropriate exercises:
a) Throwing a small rubber or other light weight ball at each other, catching the ball, throwing
the ball upward, and onto and from steps with the ball.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Sweeping a falling ball and kicking it in various directions,

Catching a falling object with one hand or two hands and sweeping the dropped object.
Short sprints.
Starting from a position of lying with the legs or head facing an object (on the stomach, the back, or on one
side) and quickly rise to standing. Starting from a sitting or kneeling position to the same.
High or low lightly athletic spurts of activity.

CALCULATING NEW SPORT

QUALIFICATION
To develop tasking and training with the given opportunities to develop, there must be the
foundational and systematic course that can be supervised to attain the desired achievements. The
trainer and his students must conduct a precise tally of their sports results. It is possible to conduct this
training with lists for beginners and experienced (each category conducted separately) samboists, and
such lists would roughly resemble this:

No.
1
2

List of Novice Sambo-wrestling Sport Athletes

Last Name, First
Wt.
Birth
Wins over Novices
Wins over Third Level
Year
Ivanov, Ivan Ivanovich
55 kg 1928 25 Jun 49: Petrov, N.N,
21 Feb 49: Karnov, S.S.
Petrov, Nikolai Niklovich
21 Feb 49: Karnov, S.S.
In each grade, there must be 5 victories to advance.

Everyone transitioning to the next category must prevail over novice wrestlers in the new category and
continue to prevail over opponents from the old novice group.
Annually in the defining the novice, it is necessary to re-sort the categories based upon their victories that
occurred in that year and those that occurred in past years, so that the novices can be appropriately placed in their
correct categories:
These novices move to new areas for tasking based upon their placement inin matches in competition.
The goals for these novices are to place in these competitions:

Group Championship the local school or club,

Organizational Championship,

Championship of the USSR within the organization or without, etc.

Chapter VI
THE RULES OF SAMBO-WRESTLING
The accepted rules of sambo-wrestling are now developed on the basis of the experience of our
national sport wrestling styles, and moreover, on our experience in conducting sambo-wrestling
competitions. In developing rules for sambo-wrestling as a sport, one goal was followedthat is
construct sambo-wrestling as a sport is safe whose principles and methods may be applied in or
against most wrestling styles.
Below follows a brief analysis of the foundations that best support the study of the rules for
sambo-wrestling.

VICTORY AND DEFEAT

When defining the results of matches usually one wrestler must win and the other lose.
However, in some several wrestling styles the match time is set and strictly adhered to, so
that some matches may end in a draw.
In such wrestling conditions where a draw can occur", to significantly measure who is truly
wrestling in the match to his utmost ability and who is being sluggish can difficult.
The wrestler, who has the initiative in the beginning of the match may continually attack without
results and wrestle to a draw, yet be working completely toward victory, and another wrestler can stall or
otherwise be passive to the same result. This reduces and takes away from the sport and empties
the value of the match as the two wrestlers face each other.
In such cases, the wrestler who is passive does not lose to the industrious wrestler, so that
their wrestling really is not about a match with victory and defeat.
That is why samboists do not consider it possible to legitimize stalling and passivity. It becomes
customary that in the case that both wrestlers have not managed to realize every opportunity for taking his match to
victory that the wrestler is following the path toward defeat. This compels the wrestler to actively wrestle and desire to
win and not to avoid a match by staalling.
In sport wrestling winning can occur through many means. In one match, there is a clear victor, and in
others the victor is not so certain because neither wrestler has decidedly resolved all of the tasks toward a clear
victory. Therefore, victories must be determined through point awards that correspond to match events
considered of value toward victory.
It is necessary to consider the fact that otherwise attempting not to lose by passivity can become an end in
itself for the wrestler in all of his matches where the samboist is reduced solely to defensive tactics that avoid all risk,
so that his concentration is on defense, and not about wrestling well against a strong opponent. Therefore in
wrestling, it is logical to evaluate any defeat equally. This has educational value as in the long term this
woud come with all of the disadvantages of a defeat with two or three styles for determining victory
without trapping each other: wrestlers with greater scores that are one sided will achieve a victory
and continue wrestling. The victory should receive the highest score, and an equally high score should
be awarded for refusal of the opponent to continue wrestling or when the opponent is found to be
constantly out of the wrestling area or adopting passive positions.
For example, the wrestler throws his opponent on the ground while remaining standing. The
throw onto the opponents back is better than a throw onto the opponents stomach because the
opponent then almost always lands on all fours, and hence, has a greater abililty to continue the
match with better mobilit y. From here, it is logical in preserving the value of the wrestling to award
the higher score for a throw onto the back, and mid-range score for a throw onto one side, and all
other throws therefore should be scored lower than these two positions.
Proceeding from such points, in the rules for sambo-wrestling it is accepted, that:

1. Matches contain victory for one wrestler and defeat for the other.
2. The wrestler, achieving the most effective victories, receives a pure victory, and for that
effort earns the highest score. Clean victories are awarded for:
a)
b)

Throwing an opponent completely onto his back while t he samboist

executing the throw remains standing on both feet ;
When the opponent is unable to continue wrestling due to the influence of a

submission ploy;
4.

The Victory which cannot be defined as pure victories, so therefore, victory must e defined based
upon the scored points by each wrestler with the higher scoring wrestler being the victor. A match
proceeds as following:

1. Before beginning matches, the wrestlers approach opposing diagonal corners of the mat, the
referee blows his whistle for the wrestlers to approach to the middle of the mat and shake hands with
each other. After that, they move forward onto their edge of the wrestling area by pivoting around their
left shoulder to face each other to begin wrestling.
2. All matches begin in this manner.
3. Matches continue without interruption.
4. The duration of the match is limited to 10 minutes, but the bout ends earlier in the case of a clean
victory.
At the end of a match, the wrestlers stand at the same corner of the mat from which thethey began the
match. After the announcement of the results, the wrestlers shake hands in friendship and depart the
matt.

PERMITTED PLOYS
The opportunity to use in wrestling a great quantity of ploys promotes the need for
weight categories and training for complex situations which requires and permits students to
train for greater speed of reaction. Ingenuity, among other qualities, is a valuable psychological
quality. Proceeding from there, the sambo-wrestling permits the following:
I. Throws in which gripping the legs with the hands are permitted for every possible leg action
against the opponent, and,
2. Holding and suppressing the opponent on the ground.
3. Every possible varying position of the opponents when in par terre wrestling;,
4. Submission ploys.
In our present time, the complex of ploys for sambo-wrestling represents an extensive system. It is
possible to state safely that in the quantity and quality of the ploys used in sambo-wrestling, this wrestling
style stands in first place in the world. It is impossible not to find the required ploys within system that was
entirely born, developed, and improved and by us in what was originally called the Soviet system of
wrestling.

SAMBO-WRSTLING REMOVING THE DANGEROUS

In every wrestling style that are ploys that are defined as forbidden or illegal because such ploys
are reckoned to be dangerous to apply in the sense that they lead to injury of the practitioners.
Sometimes, prohibited ploys occur without being noticed as ploys because they developed from legal
ploys because the action in creating the ploys deviates into the prohibited range.
In sambo-wrestling, the following ploys have been noted as the most dangerous for the wrestlers:
bracing into the groin area, throwing the opponent on his head, ploys that threaten to displace the cervical
discs or break the cartilages, and all strangle holds, ploys with falling on the opponent with full body
weight, throws using lever grips to the hand, arms, or legs. Also it is dangerous to press elbows or knees
into any part of the body when atop the opponent, and twisting holds on the fingers and toes.
In our national wrestling style, practitioners compete in weight categories from the lightest
weights up to the heaviest weights. Victory in our national wrestling style for the most part is only
by the people who by nature possess the same wrestlers body type or weight.
Soviet physical culture organizations desire to attract to wrestling the broad masses of workers
(who basically consist of people of light, light-middleweight and average weights), and in the national and
international wrestling styles, weight categories have been long established.
To prevent excessive strain on the wrestlers, competitions limit the number of matches for each

wrestler in one day of competition.

Specialized soft footwear allows sambo-wrestling to apply any actions to an opponents legs or
against the actions of an opponents legs, and wrestling mats with soft filling permit the safe application
of sambo-wrestling ploys in competitions.
For these purposes, the rules of sambo-wrestling established:
1.The participants om competitions are divided into the following weight categories:
1. Lightest weight up to 56 kg
2. Lighter weight-up to 60 kg.
3. Half light weight-- up to 64 kg.
4. Light weight-up to 68 kg.
5. Half mid weight-- up to 72 kg.
6. Middle weight-up to 79 kg.
7. Half heavy weight- up to 87 kg.
8. Heavy weight87 kg. and above.

2.

Competitions in sambo-wrestling are only conducted on wrestling mats in response to the damands
of the sport. See the later section on the area for the competitions.

3.

4.

Obviously the uniform for sambo-wrestling must meet the specialized demands for the sport.
See the later section on the uniform.
In competitions for sambo-wrestling is forbidden to:

a) Throw the opponent and land upon him with full body weight;
b) Strike the opponent,
c) Throw the opponent to land on his head or to twist his head or press the head with his arms or legs,
d) Throw the opponent using an arm lever grip,
e) Attack the opponents legs with strikes or punishing holds from standing,
f) Grip the jacket below the belt,
g) Apply ploys that may damage the spine or neck,
h) Apply submission ploys ballistically,
i) Brace an arm or leg in the opponents face,
j) Press the elbow or knee into any part of the opponents body when atop the opponent,
k) Twist or hold the opponents toes,
l) Grip or twist the opponents fingers,
m) Apply the arm bent behind the back ploy to the opponent,
n) Apply strangle holds to the opponent,
o) Apply submission ploys from standing wrestling,
p) Throw the opponent to the side without gripping an arm (except for competitions for samboists of the
first grade and masters).
5. In sambo-wrestling competitions, it is forbidden to wrestle in more than four matches in one day.
6. For all parts of sambo-wrestling competitions, the samboists must submit to the requirements special
sanitary and hygiene requirements. This is obligatory. In addition, to this tasking during competitions,
samboists adhere to a well and carefully developed system of safety mitigation and self-protection using
specialized ploys.
All of this together renders the sport of sambo-wrestling extremely safe.

DEFINING THE COMPETITION

1. The points that are estimated as the results of the competitions are estimated as follows:

Earned points for a pure victory0 points.

Victory by points with a clear advantage1 point.
Victory by points with a slight advantage (lessthan one point) 2 points.
For any other loss -- 3 points.

2. The wrestler receiving the least points from the results of all matches in the competition is considered the winner in any
given weight class.
. The place for each team is defined for the championship by the summation of individual results of each team
member. Individual match results for defining the team championship are estimated as follows:
First place 1point;
Second place 2 points;
Third place 3 points, and so forth.
The team standings include all points scored points to calculate the ultimate champions.

THE UNIFORM
Participants in the competitions in our national wrestling style wrestle in a uniform that permits various grips and
holds. In Tadjik, Khivan, and Bukharsky wrestling the participants wear robes that permit gripping sleeves, collars, and belts,
so that all of their basic wrestling ploys can be used in a wrestling match.
In Russian wrestling, the participants wear kaftans and armyuki with traditional cloth belts. In the Georgian wrestling
style, it is required to wear a heavy shirt (choka) with a belt; however, the shirt is sleeveless.
Adzjerbyjani wrestlers participant in a style wrestling that uses close body contact, and thus, wrestle naked;
however, even with this close contact, there are a surprising number of clever holdsparticularly for gripping the legs.
Uzbeki, Fergana, Turkmen, Tatar, and Bagtskirskan wrestling, gripping is only permitted on the belt. This severely limits
the circle of ploys and tends toward one dimensional matches.

When wrestlers wrestle without a uniform, their basic efforts and times are devoted to realizing grips and holds. In
addition, wrestling in a bare body has a relatively smaller number of effective grips and holds that permit a very limited
number of ploys.
The rules forsambo-wrestlingprovidefor aspecializeduniformthat providesthewrestlers withthe opportunities to
conveniently andefficiently griptheir opponents andapplying diverseploys.
Havinganopportunitytosecureaneasiergrip,thesamboistcanfullydevotehisattentiontoimplementinghisploy,andconsequently,toimprovingthetechnicalaspectsofhis
wrestling.
Thegreaternumberofgripsandholdsonthejacketspawnscreativeopportunitiestodevelopnewvariantstothesamboistsploysaswellasricheropportunitiesfor
combinationsofploys.
Forsambo-wrestling,1938wastheyearwhenthespecialydesignedjacketwasadoptedthatfacilitatesthestudyandapplicationofploysthatcanbeappliedinmatches
withsimilarlydressedopponents.

Chapter VII
Organizing and Conducting Competitions
In sports competition, there are the risks of injury and infection, and experience dictates that requirements for hygiene
and safe conditions must be set. These considerations, we obsere, do not apply solely to sports activities, but they also play
an important propagandistic role. Therefore, the structure for these considerations must be addressed in advance and
precisely long before such situations can be encountered. Purely, the cultural aspect of the organization of the competition
should be in the same proportion as the contents of the sports training.
These should be in equal measure, and apply equally to competitions in sambo-wrestling sections as well as any
sports club or physical culture club that includes sambo-wrestling. In the cultural venue, competitons are included to develop
self-esteem through sports.
Below, we specify the core preparatory and purely technical activities that are connected with competition.
For every competition, there should be a written plan, or position paper of what is approved, so that this can be
brought to all participants attention in advance of the competition.
In this position paper, the following must be indicated:

The goalof that particularcompetition.

Whiatorganizationisresponsibleforconductingthetournament.

Informationaboutthetimeandplaceforthecompetition.

Competitiveconditions: theparticipants,teamstructures,scoring,andhandicaps.

Terms for submitting applicationformsfto participate.

The responsibility for organizing the competition in due time dictates a need to arrange perfectly the mat for wrestling
with matted safety areas, and no less than two clean mat covers for each competition mat with attending physicans. In the
place of the competitions, there must be preciselycalibratedandverifiedscalingforweighinginthepartiicipants.
Theweighinginisnotdonedirectlyintheplaceofthecompetitions,butnearby,andwhentheresultsaretabulated,thecompetitionworkerspostposters
detailingtheweightclasses,theirparticipants,andothercharacteristicinformationasdetailedintherules.
Thejudgesconveneandpreparebyreviewingthetournamentdocumentationfortheoverall competitonandforeachweightclass,andfinally,
theinformationonindividualparticipants.Evenfortheyoungerandnovicecategories,theinformationmustbereviewedandin order,andthus,requiresclose
attentionfromtheofficials. Inparticular,thepremiseis thatitgoeswithoutsaythatthewrestlingmustbebesetuptobefair andaboveboard,butit mustalsobewell
announcedwithposters,sportsbanners,photos,etc.,andphotosshould betakenofthecompetitionanditsparticipants,andthesportsresultsmustbetabulated
andpublished,etc..
The largertaskforplanningthe courseof an upcomingtournamentistheadvancedplanningthatgoes into scheduling the dailyactivities.
Once the competition is planned,the effort proceeds to quantifying the numberof participants wrestling on each dayand theirdistributions by
weightcategory.
If theopeningofthecompetitionsisintheevening,thedailycompetitionforthatdaywil beless,sothenextmorningmustbescheduledtohandletheremaining
matches. Thus,onlythefirstroundmightbeconductedontheeveningofthefirstdaywiththesecondandsubsequentroundsfollowingthenextday..
A suggestedschedule oftheday,withmorningwrestlingfollowedbyevening wrestling is as follows:

800 - 900: weigh-ins,

11001500: competition,
1500 1900: first dinner,
1900 2300: competition.
Most of the participants in the evening can pair up to stretch or practice 25 to 30 minutes on one mat most of the
time.
It is best tofollow this givenschedule forthecompetitions when working with as many as 75 80 wrestlers usingthe
regular intervals defined for each weight category.
The considerations here will be thus:
Each weightcategoryonaveragehas1 participants.If it follows that thematchesintherounds basedonthis systemmust be

ineach weight category, 9roundswith45matches each. If eachcategoryis dividedinto5subgroups with5ormorewrestlterseach,

thenthereareonly7rounds foratotalof 27 matches.
45matchesover8rounds = 360matches: 360matchess over4days =90matches perday.
Onmost anyscale,that isalotofmatches!
Now, 27matches times 8rounds=216matches; 216matches over4days =54matchesperday.
Consideringthatinthefirstthreedays, itis necessarytoconducttheofficialopeningceremonies forthecompetitionwiththe
paradeof athletes,etc., andonthelast dayof thetournament,aparadeof athletes, theawardsceremonies, andtheremainderof the
216matches, this isaverybusytimeframe.
Thus,thepreliminaryplanningforthe7rounds of matches(seethefigurebelow)shows that inweight categoryoverthe4
days maybeconductedasfollows:
WeightCategory

Day1
Day2
Day3
Day4

Mornning
Evening
Mornning
Evening
Mornning
Evening
Mornning
Evening

56kg
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
-VII

60kg
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
-VII

64kg
I
II
III
IV
V
-VI
VII

68kg
I
II
III
IV
-V
VI
VII

72kg
I
II
III
-IV
V
VI
VII

79kg
I
II
-III
IV
V
VI
VII

87kg
I
-II
III
IV
V
VI
VII

+89kg
-I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII

In the competition process, usually several participants are forced out of the competition. Therefore, the
system of rounds moves the wrestlers who remain in the competition to the second round. The survivors of the
second round move to a new subgroup for the third round where they will face the other survivors of the other
subgroups.
In the finals, the samboists wrestle for the first four places in each weight category.
In the preceding days competition, when forming the subgroups, it is necessary for all pairs to wrestle to
determine 5 10th places, so that the evening is reserved only for finals matches.
In the evening, there must be a ready list of finals matches, and this must be based on a timely and accurate
accounting of everyones place in each weight category and their status for wrestling.
As soon as a wrestlers place is determined, it is necessary to fill out his certificate.
As the closing parade of participants is constructed, all of the prizes and certificates should be prepared and
set out on the judges table.
The announcement of the results should be conducted in the wrestling area among the spectators.
Remember that for each participant that the tournament is an important event and will be remembered for the rest of
his life. No later than the day after the tournament, the results should be posted publicly, and the most noteworthy
wrestlers should be called out.

Chapter VIII
THE WRESTLING PLACE
For a sambo-wrestling competition, it is mandatory to have a wrestling mat or multiple wrestling
mats. The proper mat should be no less than 6 X 6 meters and no more than 8 X 8 meters with
thickness no less than 5 centimeters and no more than 15 centimeters.
The mats should be set up away from walls or other obstructions with a clearance of at least 150
centimeters. If the mats must be arranged with nearby walls, the walls should be padded with protective
mats to a height of at least 150 centimeters.
Around each mat, there should be a padded safety area of three meters with a mat thickness of
no less than 3 centimeters.
The usual 6 X 6 meter mat will be composed of as many as 24 separate pieces each of which is
100 X 150 centimeters, and an 8 X 8 meter mat will consist of 32 separate pieces each of which is 100 X
200 centimeters.
These individual mat sections are composed of felt or wool. Each section will be well sewn with
well defined edges that will fit together closely and appear to be of one height. The sections may be held
together in a wooden frame that is slightly shorter than the height of the mats. The mat surface should
be even with the individual mat pieces all being covered by a single canvas mat cover to present a single
surface such as used by the Turkmen in their wrestling. The wooden frame is padded, and the padding
may old tires cut to cover the frame. All seams sewn for the mat, the mat cover, etc. will be smooth to
prevent rough seams that may injure the participants.
On each mat, at a minimum, there must be two mat covers, so that one may be in use while the
second is being cleaned.
The mat cover itself should differ in color from the surrounding protective mats.
The mat as described above is an example not on for training, but also for competitions. While,
due to practical reasons, the mat for training and for competing may be different, the training mat should
to the greatest extent possible match the competition mat, so that the mat itself becomes a constant in
training.
The place for the sambo-wrestling training might be outdoors in the summer, but in most cases,
the place should be indoors since most competitions are indoors. An outside area may be prepared
having a 8 X 8 meter hole dug to a depth of 30 centimeters and filled with saw dust, straw until level, and
then covered by a mat cover.
In the winter, there is always a requirement for the specialized training space for the sambo
section. The matted area can be built to the same size as the summer area using boards that will be 20
centimeters in height. The tops of these edges must be upholstered with very soft cloth to prevent
injuries such as bruises and broken bones. Again, the area is padded until level, and then, covered with
a mat cover.
As a last resort, in the summer, sambo training can be conducted in soft grass, and in the winter
(at least until the temperature drops below 8 degrees centigrade) in soft snow. The only additional
equipment being needed would be the sambo-wrestling jacket. In both cases, a mat cover may be laid
on the ground to mark the training area.
Before beginning any training session, we begin with a premise that it is necessary to task the
class to allow fresh air into the space, and that the space be dusted, and the floors and mats be cleaned.
In the summer after finishing a training session in the outdoors, the area must be returned to its
original condition, and all equipment and garbage must be removed. Before each training session, the
padding in the hole must be turned over and loosened to ensure that it is safe to train on. This will also
allow any dampness to evaporate more quickly. Any holes in the padding must be attended to by
inserting more sawdust or other padding. The frame must be checked and repaired as needed. If done
properly, the training site may remain in operation for the entire summer, but it every year, the training
site must be disassembled and completely rebuilt.
When conducting a lesson in snow or sand, the area must be raked, inspected, and possibly reraked to ensure that the surface is both safe and level. The same may be true when training on grass
where the effort may expand toward scanning the area for hard objects such as stones that may have
accumulated in the area.

Whatever the surface, the sambo-wrestling shoes should only be worn in the training area. They
should be forbidden to be worn in most general areas, and especially into the lavoratory. A special area
for the sambo-wrestling shoes should be set up near the training area where they will be handy to the
participants and have the opportunity to dry and air between sessions.

Chapter IX
INVENTORY
A

The Sambo-wrestling Kurtka

A specialized jacket that is used in sambo-wrestling competitions is much like that worn by a
modern city dweller in that it is a modern jacket designed to cover the body in fabric above the belt. The
prototypes for this sambo-wrestling jacket are the Georgian wrestling jacket called a chokha, the central
Asia robe, the Russian kaftan, and the native clothing of Latvia.
The sambo-wrestling jacket is sewn from canvas or other heavy fabricbest of all, from tent
canvas or thin shoe fabric.
Any color fabric may be used.
The jacket is sewn as a simple single breasted jacket with lapels that face each other. The collar
must be of the kind that is shawl like and reach the lower part of the lapels. He shoulder cuffs on both
sleeves must from above extend over the sleeves by 3 centimeters, and from the armpit, 1 centimeter.
The cuff consists of one piece running from the front to the back o the uniform. The jacket is held closed
by a fabric belt 5 centimeters in width and of a length suitable to serve its function. The belt is routed
through two slits on each side of the jacket. Each pair of slits is sewn into its half of the jackets waist in
line with the shoulder corresponding cuff edges. Thus, the left shoulder cuff is set 10 centimeters from
the edge, and this leaves a window for the right half of the belt to exit from the inside. The belt is
fastened over the stomach with a bow.
The sambo-wrestling jacket may be custom made or mass produced for sale. In the latter case,
it is recommended to produce the jackets in 4 size groups:
#3:
#4:
#5:
#6:

for a height
for a height
for a height
for a height

of 164 cm:
of 170 cm:
of 176 cm:
of 182 cm:

sizes
sizes
sizes
sizes

46 and 48
48, 50, and 52
48, 50, 52, and 54
48, 50, 54, and 56.

The sizes are defined by half the circumference of the chest size.
Each jacket must be the same color over all; however, the jacket may be ornamented with with
embroidery that corresponds to the republic that the samboist represents. The embroidery by necessity
should not be placed on those areas of the jacket where the jacket is most likely to be gripped, and the
edges of the embroidery should match the jacket color. The collar and belt may be of the same color.
For short term training, the training may be conducted using the soldiers blouse with its buttons
removed. The belt may then be constructed from an suitable cloth.
Wrestling Boots
The boots in sambo-wrestling must be prepared in a form without heels where the toes and sole
are on the same level. They must be sewn of very soft leather or other such suitable material. The sole
must be constructed of the same material as the upper part of the shoe. For safety, the outside of the
shoe must not have exposed stitching or eyelets, and seams must be turned inward. To protect the
ankles, that part of the wrestling shoe is padded, and the section around the toes is padded inside with
wool.
These wrestling shoes or boots may be produced in custom sizes or mass produced. In the
latter case, the sizes for the boot length should range from 37 up to 45 spread over 4 or 5 sizes that
correspond to a size range of 186 to 202 millimeters with 2 millimeter graduations in the sizes.
During training, the boots are usually used kept clean and only for use in the training area.
Wrestlers enter the mat in one area by stepping onto a cotton towel with cleanser to wipe the boots on
before entering the mat area.
Stick or Pole for Studying Falling

A stick made of bamboo or birch is required to practice falling, and it should be 275 300
centimeters long with a diameter of about 5 centimeteters, but not more than 6. The stick can be made
of smooth tubular metal providing that it retains the required diameter.
Training Bags
Training bags are constructed from canvas in three sizes based on weight: length of 140
centimeters with a width of 100 centimeters and a weight of 30 kg, a length of 150 centimeters with a
width of 110 centimeters with a weight of 40 kg, and one with a length of 160 centimeters with a width of
115 centimeters and a weight of 50 kg.
The bags must be constructed in a cylindrical form. It is constructed from combed cotton or
canvas and may end up somewhat cone shaped. The corresponding sizes are weighted by filling the
bags with the designated quantity of sand.
The outside of the bag should have sewn to it several belts that are 3 centimeters in width, and
two such belts are sewn on the outer edge at distance of 10 centimeters from the first end sewn onto the
bag with the second belt sewn on 15 centimeters from the second side of the first belt. Then a second
set of belts is sewn on so that there are four hand holds at regular intervals around the bag.
Toolsfor Building Strong Hands
Attachtwometaltrianglestoa wall, sothat thetriangles whileattachedtothe wall arefreetorotate. The middle part is
surroundedby wood. The diameter of thewoodis usuallyabout 5centimeters. Tothecenterof thecore, is attachedweights
correspondingthework loadrequiredfortraining. This lifting lengthshould havea height of 140 150centimetersfromthefloor.
Thedeviceshouldbeconstructed sothat at themaximumtraining effort bythe hands is achievedsafely.
Other TrainingMaterials
Forexercisinginconnectiontosambo-wrestling, we must sometimes resort toauxiliarytoolssuchas medicineballs of
different weights andsizes, tennis balls(of different tensions vice weights), barbellsof 16to32kgs, athleticbars, and gymnastic
equipment includinggymnastic walls.
Thetrainingplace or lockerroomshould haveamedicalscalefor weighingthe wrestlers. It canalsobevery helpfulif the
training hallcanhavea largemirror.
First AidEquipment
First aidequipment should beavailableintheevent that it isneededtotreat injuries andpossible eventoprevent death.
Thefirst aidkit shouldcontainamongotherthings hydrogen peroxide, andelastic bandages or bandages treatedinturpentine for
strainsandsprains, as well as bandages of cotton, wool, cardboardsplints(orsuch madefromplywood or wire), andcontainersto
holdice and hot water.

Chapter 10
FIRST AID FOR INJURIES
Even correctly applied techniques in sambo-wrestling can lead to injuries, and there are always
accidents, and when such injuries happen, the trainer should be able to render first aid.
First aid to be provided for injuries to a limb include resting the damaged joint and having the wrestler
remove his weight from the joint. Thus, for an injured leg, he should lie down. At the side of a bruise, an
elastic bandage may be applied with ice or as a simple compress with cold water.
First aid for strains and sprains. Provide rest. At the site of the injury, apply cold compress. In the
process of relieving pain at night, wrap in injured area in woolen cloth to maintain heat.
Dislocations are seldom met in sambo-wrestling; however, their first aid constitutes full rest for the victim
while the doctor must be called immediately. If necessary, a splint made from plywood or other may be placed under
the injury; however, only a doctor should attempt to reset the joint. At the dislocation site, ice or cold compresses
may be applied before the doctor arrives.
If bruises and sprains are painful for the victim, the injured limb must be bandaged to a healthy limb.
When the injury is to the joint and its bones, it may be impossible to bandage the joint, and the only thing that can be
accomplished is to cover the injury with fabric.
If the trainee has a fever and his head or stomach is ill, these are attributes of an other disease, and the trainer
should immediately release the pupil from training and forward him to an administrator to see a doctor and to go home.

Chapter XI
ADVICE TO NEW SAMBOISTS
1. After eating, training must wait for 1.5 to 2 hours.
2. Hands should be kept clean. Finger nails should be cut short to prevent scratching and injuring
training partners.
3. Although sometimes it is not practical, one should be able to drink during training.
4. The uniform should always be clean and neat. The shorts should always be freshly laundered while
the jacket should be carefully dried after every training session. At least monthly, the jacket should be
laundered. The socks worn during training should not be the same socks that are worn before and
after training.
5. Sleep is important and without proper rest, the value of training can be undone. Sleep should be
about 8 hoursnot more, and not less. Insomnia causes lose of appetite. If this persists seek out the
trainer who may send you to the doctor.
6. Follow all advice from your trainer.
7. When studying ploys, try to apply them repeatedly using the minimum strength required. By doing
so, you should feel the precision and beauty in each ploy. Once that is mastered, then gradually add in
speed and power until you can apply the ploy correctly with full speed and power.
8. Do not begin to study a new ploy until you have properly mastered the ploys leading up to it. To do
otherwise, leads to disappointment in the new ploys that you will attempt to learn and use.
9. Poor sports results can be corrected by carefully analyzing all mistakes and applying remedial
training. Improved execution may help in the shorter term.
10. Sports conditions are not truly combat. If you wish to overcome a comrade in a match, do so in the
sport section under the rules with comradery. To apply the same ploys as a means of self-defense is
possible, but only in the case of true necessity. This training should never be used to assert your will to
get your way over someone else.
11. Accidents happen in training. Own up to them and accept responsibility. Being defensive or
behaving cowardly will not help the injured party, and it will not improve your place among your
comrades if you behave poorly. To the contrary, if you behave well, you will raise your stock and
authority with your group.
12. Never hesitate to ask anything about sambo-wrestling. Even the most skilled samboist often must
ask questions to improve his understanding of the sport. When dealing with novices, do not forget that
you too were once a beginner, so patiently answer their questions too.
13. Everyone is afraid of something at some time. By necessity, you must learn to overcome fear, and
each time that you do so, it becomes easier and easier to do so. Eventually, your fears may disappear
all together.
13. Once you begin training in sambo-wrestling, do not try to get ahead of your specifications for your
level. The training material for your level is intended to temper you and to promote your education, so
that you can proceed to the next level safely and correctly.
14. Never forget that physical training is the key to achieving high results in sambo-wrestling. By cross
training, you will not only learn sambo-wreslting ploys but other important life skills such as skiing,

swimming, etc.
15. Respect your comrades and do not boast. It is always better to be praised by others than yourself.
16. If you experience sports success, do not change your attitude to your comrades.
17. It is seldom necessary to change to another club from the one that you started with. If you do well,
it bodes well for your club. If you note deficiencies in your club, then do your part to eliminate those
deficiencies. The task before each member of a sports club is to help make that club the best club in
the USSR.
18. Training in sambo-wrestling should does not remove the samboist from the duty to execute your
official duties. Work with the trainer to build a good personal schedule that includes work, training, and
proper rest.
19. Training in sambo-wrestling should serve in truth to prepare a healthy youth who can serve Lenins
concepts of devotion to the Party while meeting Stalins requirement to overcome adversity and to
defend our great native land. Therefore, it is important that those training in sambo-wrestling do their
part and set before themselves the task of training in their sambo section no less than three times per
week.

Champions of the USSR in Sambo-wrestling

Year

1939

1940

1947

1948

LightestWeight

N.T.Kulikov,Leningrad

LighterWeight

V.E.Pitkevich,Leningrad

Sh.Nazadze,Tbilisi

N.T.Kulankov,
Leningrad

B.I.Vasyukov,
Dynamov,Moscow

Half LtWeight

E.M.Chumakov,
Moscow

E.L.Baev,Dynamo,
Kiev

B.I.Vasyukov,
Dynamov,Moscow

K.I.Niinashvili,
Dynamo,Tbilisi

LightWeight

A.A.Budzinsky,Moscow

P.K.Beda,LVO,
Leningrad

E.M.Chumakov,
Dynamo,Moscow

P.K.Beda,Dynamo,
Leningrad

Half MidWeight

K.KNakelsky,Harikov

A.A.Budzinsky,
Moscow

I.I.Latshev,Dynamo,
Moscow

I.I.Latshev,Dynamo,
Moscow

MidWeight

I.D.Ponomarenko,
Kronstadt

.I.D.Ponomarenko,
Kronstadt

V.T.Danili, Dynamo,
Moscow

I.I.Latshev,Dynamo,
Moscow

Half HeavyWeight

K.E.Koberidze,
Dynamo,Moscow

V.A.Brovchenko,
Moscow

Sh.P.Daushvili,
Dynamo,Tbilisi

Sh.P.Daushvili,
Dynamo,Tbilisi

HeavyWeight

G.T.Ivanov,Leningrad

A.S.Mekokishvili,
Dynamo,Tbilisi

A.S.Mekokishvili,
Dynamo,Tbilisi

A.S.Mekokishvili,
Dynamo,Tbilisi

N.P.Stafeveev,
Dynamo,Moscow