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    Sustainable Materials Lab Report-Etale Tunya

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    Etale Tunya
    The document reports on a laboratory experiment comparing the compressive strengths of stabilized earth, rammed earth, and quarry stone walls. It provides details on the materials, tools, and procedures used for constructing test walls of each material. Unfortunately, due to equipment failure, the compressive strength tests could not be carried out. The document provides background information on each construction method and references materials used.

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    Sustainable Materials Lab Report-Etale Tunya

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    Etale Tunya
    351 views9 pages
    The document reports on a laboratory experiment comparing the compressive strengths of stabilized earth, rammed earth, and quarry stone walls. It provides details on the materials, tools, and procedures used for constructing test walls of each material. Unfortunately, due to equipment failure, the compressive strength tests could not be carried out. The document provides background information on each construction method and references materials used.

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    The document reports on a laboratory experiment comparing the compressive strengths of stabilized earth, rammed earth, and quarry stone walls. It provides details on the materials, tools, and procedures used for constructing test walls of each material. Unfortunately, due to equipment failure, the compressive strength tests could not be carried out. The document provides background information on each construction method and references materials used.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    351 views9 pages

    Sustainable Materials Lab Report-Etale Tunya

    Uploaded by

    Etale Tunya
    The document reports on a laboratory experiment comparing the compressive strengths of stabilized earth, rammed earth, and quarry stone walls. It provides details on the materials, tools, and procedures used for constructing test walls of each material. Unfortunately, due to equipment failure, the compressive strength tests could not be carried out. The document provides background information on each construction method and references materials used.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    JOMO-KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND

    TECHNOLOGY

    COURSE: M.sc CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING &


    MANAGEMENT

    COURSE UNIT: SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

    COURSE CODE: ECE 3182.

    LABORATORY REPORT-COMPARISON OF RAMMED EARTH,


    STABILIZED SOIL BLOCKS AND QUARRY STONE WALLS.

    PRESENTED BY:ETALE TUNYA

    REG. NO: 0969/2009.

    PRESENTED TO:PROF: OYAWA.

    SEPTEMBER-DECEMBER 2009.
    1.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE EXPERIMENT

    The objective of the experiments is to compare the compressive


    strengths of:-

    • Stabilized earth wall.


    • Rammed earth wall.
    • Mansory wall - Ndarugu blocks

    2.0 COMPRESSED STABILISED EARTH BLOCKS

    The first attempts for compressed earth blocks were tried in the
    early days of the 19th century in Europe. The architect François
    Cointeraux precast small blocks of rammed earth and he used hand
    rammers to compress the humid soil into a small wooden mould
    held with the feet.

    The Stabilized Compressed Earth Block (SCEB) Technology offers a


    cost effective, environmentally sound masonry system. The
    product, a stabilized Compressed Earth Block has a wide
    application in construction for walling, roofing, arched
    openings, corbels etc. Stabilized Earth Blocks are manufactured
    by compacting raw material earth mixed with a stabilizer such as
    cement or lime under a pressure of 20 - 40 kg/cm2 using manual
    soil press such as Balram, Makiga made soil press etc.

    A number of manual and hydraulic machines are available in


    India. The basic principal of all the machines is the compaction
    of raw earth to attain dense, even sized masonry. Some of the
    hydraulic machines can even manufacture interlocking blocks.
    These interlocking blocks are highly suitable for speedy and
    mortar less construction. Stabilized Compressed Earth Block
    (SCEB) Technology helps in offsetting the use of fuel wood that
    is getting expensive every day. On the other hand, compressed
    earth blocks are sun dried and use cement as stabilization for
    gaining the required strength.

    The soil, raw or stabilized, for a compressed earth block is


    slightly moistened, poured into a steel press (with or without
    stabilizer) and then compressed either with a manual or
    motorized press. But most of the times, they are stabilized
    with cement or lime. Therefore, we prefer today to call them
    Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB).

    The input of soil stabilization allowed people to build higher


    with thinner walls, which have a much better compressive
    strength and water resistance. With cement stabilization, the
    blocks must be cured for four weeks after manufacturing. After
    this, they can dry freely and be used like common bricks with a
    soil cement stabilized mortar.

    2.1 Materials, tools and procedure.

    2.1.1 Materials
    The material used in the in laboratory test are as follows
    • 8 parts of soil (gravel).
    • 7 parts of Nairobi quarry dust
    • 4 parts of Ndarugu quarry dust
    • 1 part of cement
    • Water.

    2.1.2 Tools and equipments.


    • 2 trowels.
    • 2 spades.
    • 6mm sieve mesh.
    • 1 wheelbarrow.
    • 1 watering can.
    • 1 factory broom.
    • 2 buckets.
    • 3mm brush.
    • Lubricant.
    • Manual block press.

    2.1.3 Procedure.
    • Sieve the soil using the 6mm sieve.
    • Batch the soil and cement.
    • Mix until cement and soil are mixed thoroughly.
    • Sprinkle water on to the mix slowly while mixing.
    • The moisture content should be about 10%.
    • Scoop the mixture on to the block press and press.
    • Eject the block gently from the machine and place in a
    secure area.
    • The process is repeated until the required number of blocks
    are produced.
    • Cover the blocks, only uncovering once in the morning and
    evening during watering.
    • The blocks are cured for 7-14 days.

    MANUAL BLOCK PRESS IN USE.

    2.1.4 Test
    Due to failure of the testing machine, the compressive strength
    test could not be carried out.

    3.0 RAMMED EARTH

    Rammed earth is a technique used in the building of walls using


    the raw materials of mud, chalk, lime and gravel. It is an
    ancient building method that has seen a revival in recent years
    as people seek more sustainable building materials and natural
    building methods. Because of the nature of the materials used it
    is incombustible, thermally insulating and very strong and
    hardwearing. It also has the added advantage of being a simple
    way to construct walls. Traditionally, rammed earth buildings
    are common in arid regions where wood is in scarce supply.

    Using it involves a process of compressing a damp mixture of


    earth that has suitable proportions of sand, gravel and clay
    (sometimes with an added stabilizer) into an externally
    supported frame that moulds the shape of a wall section creating
    a solid wall of earth. Traditional stabilizers such as lime or
    animal blood were used to stabilize the material, but cement has
    been the stabilizer of choice for modern times. However the use
    of cement is contentious as its manufacture creates 10% of
    manmade carbon emissions.

    After compressing the earth the wall frames can be immediately


    removed and require an extent of warm dry days after
    construction to dry and harden. The structure can take up to two
    years to completely cure, and the more it cures the stronger the
    structure becomes. When the process is complete it is much like
    constructing a handmade wall of solid rock.

    Formwork is set up creating the desired shape of the section of


    wall; damp material is poured in to a depth of between 100 to
    250 mm. A pneumatically powered backfill tamper — something like
    a hand-held pogo stick with a flat plate on the bottom or even a
    manual tamper — is then used to compact the material to around
    50% of its original height. Further layers of material are added
    and the process is repeated until the wall has reached the
    desired height. The wall is so solid that, if desired, the forms
    can be removed immediately. This is necessary if wire brushing
    to add texture is desired; otherwise walls become too hard to
    brush after around 60 minutes. Walls take some time to dry out
    completely, but this does not prevent further work on the
    project. Any exposed walls may be sealed to prevent water damage
    — there are several proprietary products specifically designed
    to seal earth walls.

    3.1 Materials, tools and procedure.


    3.1.1 Materials
    The material used in the in laboratory test are as follows
    • 8 parts of soil (gravel)
    • 7 parts of Nairobi quarry dust
    • 4 parts of Ndarugu quarry dust
    • 1 part of cement
    • Water.

    3.1.2 Tools
    • 2 trowels.
    • 2 spades.
    • 6mm sieve mesh.
    • 1 wheelbarrow.
    • 1 watering can.
    • 1 factory broom.
    • 2 buckets.
    • Formwork (steel plates).
    • Iron tamper.

    3.1.3 Procedure.

    • Sieve the soil using the 6mm sieve.


    • Batch the soil and cement.
    • Mix until cement and soil are mixed thoroughly.
    • Sprinkle water on to the mix slowly while mixing.
    • The moisture content should be about 10%.
    • Scoop the mixture into the already assembled formwork.
    • Tamp manually till it is firm.
    • The process is repeated in layers of about 100mm till the
    desired height is achieved.
    • The formwork is removed.

    3.1.4 Test

    Due to failure of the testing machine, the compressive strength


    test could not be carried out.

    4.0 MASONRY WALL.


    A masonry wall is a wall made from materials which have
    traditionally been cemented together with the use of mortar.
    Masonry walls can be used as structural walls in buildings, and
    they can also be utilized to create barriers between property
    lines or different areas on a property. People have been working
    with masonry in construction for thousands of years, as ample
    examples of surviving masonry walls from all over the world
    illustrate. Properly maintained, masonry can also last a very
    long time; masonry walls from the medieval era, for example, are
    still in use in parts of Europe, and the Great Wall of China is
    a particularly notable example of a masonry wall.

    Stone blocks used in masonry can be dressed or rough. Stone


    masonry utilizing dressed stones is known as ashlar masonry,
    whereas masonry using irregularly shaped stones is known as
    rubble masonry. Both rubble and ashlar masonry can be laid in
    courses (rows of even height) through the careful selection and
    cutting of stones, but a great deal of stone masonry is
    uncoursed.

    Manufactured-stone, or cultured stone, veneers are popular


    alternatives to natural stones. Attractive natural stone has
    become more expensive in many areas and in some areas is
    practically unavailable. Manufactured-stone veneers are
    typically made from concrete. Natural stones from quarries
    around the world are sampled and recreated using molds,
    aggregate, and colorfast pigments. To the casual observer there
    may be no visual difference between veneers of natural and
    manufactured stone.

    4.1 Materials, tools and procedure.

    Since materials (quarry stones) could not be availed on time,


    the experiment was not carried out.
    5.0 REFERENCES:

    Allen, Miles, Out of the Ground – Earthbuilding in New Zealand,


    Dunmore press, Palmerston North, 1997, ISBN 0 86469 290 9.

    Hodder, Gary, Earth Building Non Specific Design Guidelines,


    Published by Gary Hodder Consulting Registered Engineer,
    Nelson, 1991.

    Howard, Ted, MUD AND MAN A History of Earth Buildings in


    Australasia, Earthbuild Publications 1992, ISBN 0-646-06962-4.

    Hydroform machine, training and building manual (2004).

    Kennedy, Joseph F. "Building With Earthbags." Natural Building


    Colloquium. NetWorks Productions. 14 Feb. 2007.
    Khalili, Nader. "Nader Khalili." Cal-Earth. 19 Jan. 2007

    Middleton, G.F., revised Schneider, L.M.,Bulletin 5 Earth-Wall


    Construction, 4th Edition, National Building Technology Centre,
    1987, ISBN 0-642-12289-X.

    The Green Building Program. "Earth Construction." Sustainable


    Building Sourcebook. 2006. 14 Feb. 2007

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammed_earth

    www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-masonry-wall.htm.

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