Section 3

Substructure

Abutment
Pier
Wingwall

I) ABUTMENTS
a) DEAD LOAD (from super structure)
INTERIOR BEAM
2
(8)(0.14) = 0.1866
12
7.25
(8)(0.15) = 0.75
12
= 0.22
1.16 k/ft.

Asphalt
Concrete Slab
Steel BM + Plate

Reaction =

95
(1.16) = 55.1 K
2

EXTERIOR BEAM

2&
8#
$ 3 + !(0.14 ) = 0.1633
12 %
2"
7.25
(7 )(0.15) = 0.656
1`2
&9#
4$ !(0.15)+ 0.02 = 0.47
% 12 "
0.22
1.51 k/ft.

Asphalt
Conc. Slab
Barrier, Curb+Railing
Steel Beam

95
(1.51) = 71.73 K
2
Total Dead Load = 2(55.1)+ 2(71.73) = 253.66 K

Reaction =

b) LIVE LOAD (from Super Structure No Impact)

32k

8k

32k
14'

14'

Truck Loading Reaction = 64.93 K

For 2 Lanes 129.86 K
Lane Loading 56.4 K / Lane (table)
c) LONGITUDINAL FORCE = 129.86(0.05) = 6.49 K
2

d) LEFT ABUTMENT
Preliminary dimensions were considered in deciding on Talbots Constraints
Left and Right Abutment had almost same depth, then same procedure applies for both of
them.

Left Abutment Pier and Abutment should be at least 6 ft. below stream bed.
Using Coulombs Earth Pressure
Pa =

)H 2
(#
&
tan 2 $ 45 ' !
2
2"
%

! = 30 o
! = 120 lb/ft2
120
Pa =
tan 2 (30 )! H 2 = 20 H 2
2
If the width of Abutment = 30

1'

3'
DL+LL

PLAN
3'

6.5k

30'

Neglect

710 lb/ft2

3'

3'

(120)(20.75)/3
=830 lb/ft
3'

4'

3'

3'

1'

3'

3'

Overturning Moment:
Loading

Magnitude

0.83(21)
(30) K
2
Long. Force
-6.5 K
DL
253.66 K
LL
129.9 K
Wt. Of Footing
162 K
Wt. Of Abutment
269 K
(1 ! 3.75 + 4 ! 14)! 1.5
Overturning Moment Including LL = 1988.5 k-ft.

Back Soil

M. Arm

Moment (k-ft)

6.917

-1808.45

17.0
4.5
4.5
5
5.094

-110.5
1141.5
584.6
810
1371.3
1988.5 k-ft.

Factor of Safety against Overturning:

(810 + 1371.3 + 1141.5) = 1.73 > 1.5 O.K

(1808.45 + 110.5)
(3328.8 + 584.6) = 2.10 > 2.0 O.K Slightly Larger
F-S for D.L+L.L =
(1808.45 + 110.5)
F-S for D.L =

Stresses at Tip of Footing:

' 0.710(17.75)$
M =%
" (30 )(5.92 )+ 6.5(14 )! 3.75(30 )(0.15)(1)+ (253.7 + 130 )(0.5)
2
&
#
= 1384.4 k-ft.
P = (253.7 + 130 + 269 + 162 ) = 815 K
M
P

B
5'

5'

Stresses:

815
1384.4(5)
!
= 2.264 ! 2.308 = !0.043 k/ft2 (tension)
3
10(36 ) '
$
% 36 ( 10 "
%
12 "#
&
(1384.4) = 2.264 + 0.4615 = 2.725 k/ft2 (comp.)
815
(B =
+
3#
10(36 ) &
$ 36 ' 10 !
$
12 !"
%

)A =

Since Tension is observed under Footing Increase size of footing to 12 ft. instead of
10 ft.

Load
Soil
Long. Force
DL
LL
Wt. Of Footing
Wt. Of Abut.
Wt. Of Abut.

Magnitude
0.83(21)
(30)
!
2
-6.5
253.7
130
194.4
252.0
16.9

Arm

Moment (k-ft)

6.917

-1808.5

17
5.5
5.5
6
6
7.5

-110.5
1395.4
715
1166.4
1512.0
126.8
2996.6 k-ft.

Overturning Moment = 2996.60 k-ft.

F-S for D.L =

(1395.4 + 1166.4 + 1512 + 126.8) = 2.2 > 1.5 O.K

1808.5 + 110.5
4915.6
= 2.56 > 2 O.K
F-S for L.L =
1808.5 + 110.5

Stresses:

P = (16.9 + 252 + 194.4 + 253.7 )+ 847 K

847
1384.4(6 )
#A =
!
= 1.961 ! 1.602 = 0.359 k/ft2 (comp.)
3
12(36 )
12
36 "
12
847
1384.4(6 )
"B =
+
= 1.961 + 1.602 = 3.562 k/ft2 (comp.) O.K
3
12(36 )
12
36 !
12
II. DESIGN OF PIER
a) Dead Load Reaction
Interior beams = 2(55.1) = 110.2 K
Exterior beams = 2(71.73) = 143.5 K
Total D.L = 2(110.2+143.5) = 507.4 K
b) Live Load Reaction
& 95 ' 14 #
Load / wheel = 16 + (4 + 16 )$
! = 33.05 K
% 95 "
For Max. Eccentricity of Live Load, Consider One Lane Loading only.

Select a Hammer-Head Pier

33 k

33 k
L.L--143.5 k

143.5 k

110 k

110k

D.L---

3'

2'

8'

8'

8'

2'

4'

24'=(595.7-583.7)+6'+2'+4'
13'
A

4'
4'

8'

4'

ELEVATION

3'

3'

3'

4'

8'

4'

PLAN

Stability in the Transverse Direction

L.L
D.L

3
4 7

Tip

10

Load Type
D.L
D.L
D.L
D.L
L.L
L.L
Wt. of Pier (footing)
Wt. of Pier
Wt. of Pier
Wt. of Pier
Wt. of Pier
Wt. of Pier
Wt. of Pier

Force
143.5 K
110.0
110.0
-143.5
33
33
86.4 (1)
61.2 (2)
35.1 (3)
9 (5)
-5.4 (7)
5.76 (4)
-8.1 (6)

M Arm
20
12
4
4
18
12
8
8
13
15.3
2
1.8
3

Moment (k-ft)
2870
1320
440
-574
594
396
691.2
489.6
456.3
138
-10.8
10.4
-24.3
6796.4 k-ft.

Overturning Moment = 6796.4 k-ft.

6796.4 ! 594 ! 396

= 9.53 > 1.5 O.K
(574 + 10.8 + 24.3)
6796.4
= 11.2 > 2 O.K
F-S due to L.L + D.L =
609.1
F-S due to D.L =

Stresses:
Full L.L M=0 & P=784 K
Partial L.L M=528 k-ft. & P= 751 K
Partial L.L:
751
528(8)
+
= 6.590 ksf (comp.)
16(9 )
16 3
9!
12
751 528(8)
#B =
"
= 3.840 ksf (comp.)
16(9 )
16 3
9!
12

"A =

Full L.L:

!A =!B =

784
= 5.44 ksf (comp.)
16(9 )

11

12

III. DESIGN OF WING WALLS:

10'

W ing
W all

3'

3.75'
girder

4.75'

4'
4'

8'
Abutment

Wing W all

Abutment
Bridge

8'

13

Bending @ X-X:
M =

120 . 1 + (
1
. 8 " 4.75 + 8 %
, ) &3 " (8 " 3)" 4 + (3 + 3 + 7.75),
) # " 3.0! = 20.79 k-ft.
1000 - 3 * '
3
- 2 * 3$

8'
X

3'

4.75'

14

15

DESIGN OF PIER
DEAD LOAD REACTION:
Interior beams = 2(55.64) = 11.28 K
Exterior beams = 2(75.04) = 150.08 K
Total (D.L) reaction = 2(111.28+150.8) = 522.72 K
LIVE LOAD REACTION:

& 95 ' 14 #
Load / wheel = 16 + (4 + 16 )$
! = 33.0 K
% 95 "
For max. Eccentricity of Live Load, consider only one lane loading.

16

17

Overturning Moment:
Load Type
DL
DL
DL
DL
LL
LL
Wt. of Footing

Force
150.1 K
111.3
111.3
-150.1
33.1
-33.1
86.4 (1)
64.8 (2)
35.1 (3)
9 (5)
-5.4 (7)
5.76 (4)
-8.1 (3)

M Arm
20
12
4
4
4
2
8
8
13
15.3
2
1.8
3

Moment (k-ft) @ Toe

3002
1335.6
445.2
-600.4
132.4
-66.2
691.2
518.4
456.3
138
-10.8
10.4
-24.3
6027.8

18

If L.L is placed on right side; before, when LL on left 6796.4 k-ft

Overturning Moment = 6027.8 k-ft
F-S against D.L =

3002 + 2831.2
5833.2
=
= 8.3 > 1.5 O.K
(600.4 + 66.2 + 10.8 + 24.3) 701.7

19

F-S against L.L+D.L =

5833.2 + 132.4
= 8.5 > 2 O.K
701.7

Notice: That for previous case when L.L was considered on left side provided higher
safety factors (F-SDL = 9.5 + F-SLL+DL = 11.2) case is more critical (i.e. LL on right side
of pier)
Stresses:
M
P

a) Partial L.L

M = 33.1(10 + 4 ) = 463.4 k-ft & P = 803.56 K

803.6 463.4(8)
"A =
+
= 6.79 ksi &
16(9 )
16 3
9!
12
" B = 5.58 ! 1.21 = 4.4 ksi O.K
b) Full Live Load
M=0
P = 870 K

!A =!B =

870
= 6.0 ksi (comp) O.K
16(9 )

20

DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT IN THE PIER:

33.1k

33.1 k
6'

L.L

150.1k

111.3 k

Interior
girder

Exteririor
girder

3'

D.L

8'

2'

4'

6'

2'

2'
1

3
2

a) Shear
fc = 3000 psi , Grade 60
Consider section directly underneath exterior girder
Section 1-1:
At 2
&
#
2 - 0.8 )
,
Vu = $150.1 + * 2 - 3 - 3 +
- 3 '0.15! (1.3) = 199.1 K
2
+
(
%
"
b = 3 ft. h = 3.8 ft. d = 3.4 ft.
3000
(3 ! 12)(3.4 ! 12) = 137 K
"Vc = 0.85(2 )
1000
Vu > !Vc
"Vs = Vu ! "Vc = 199.1 ! 137 = 62 K and shear reinforcement is needed. Using
No. 4 bars (closed stirrups)

21

s=

"Av f y d

(Vu # "Vc )

(0.4)(60000)(3.4 ! 12) = 13.4

62000

in.

Use # 4 @ 13 in.
max s =

Av f y
50bw

0.4(60 )10 3
= 13.3' ' > 13' ' O.K (0-1)
50(36 )

At Section 2-2:
&
,
)#
4 - 1.6 )
,
Vu $33.1(2.17 )+ 1.3**150.1 + * 4 - 3 - 3 +
- 3 '(0.15)''! = 276 K
2
+
(
+
("
%
b = 3 ft. , h = 4.6 ft. d = 4.3 ft.
3000
(3 ! 12)(4.3 ! 12) = 173.0 K
"Vc = 0.85(2 )
1000
Need Shear reinforcement
Since !Vc < Vu # Vs = Vu " !Vc = 103 K
Using #4 stirrup (closed) (0.44 in2)
"Av f y d
0.85(0.4 )(60000 )(4.3 ! 12 )
s=
=
= 10.22' '
Vu # "Vc
103
Use #4 @ 10 in. (10 in.< smax=13 in.)
O.K (1-2)
Section 3-3:
&
#
4 - 10 )
,
Vu = $150.1 + *10 - 3 - 3 +
- 3 '0.15 + 111.3! (1.3)+ 66.2(2.17 ) = 512.72 K
2
+
(
%
"
b = 3 ft. h = 7 ft. d = 6.7 ft.
3000
(3 ! 12)(6.7 )! 12 = 269.5 < Vu
"Vc = 0.85(2 )
1000
Vs = 243.2 K
0.85(0.4 )(6000 )(6.7 )! 12
"s =
= 6.74' '
243.2
Use #4 @ 6 in.
(2-3)

b) Flexure
Consider bending moment at section 3
'
10 - 10 *$
M u = 1.3%150.1 ! 8 + 10(3)(0.15)(5)+ 4 ! (3)+ (" + 2.17(33.1 ! 6 ) = 2340 k-ft.
2 , 3 )#
&
Using 3 in. cover & #10 bars d = 84-3-0.63 = 80.3 in.

22

0.6(60 )As #
&
12 ' 2340 = 0.9 ' As (60 )(80.3)$1 (
!
% 3(3 ' 12 )(80.3)"

4.15 " 10 !3 As 2 ! As + 6.48 = 0

As = 6.66 in2
Using #10 bars
6.66
= 5.24 bars
No. of bars =
1.27
Use #10 bars @ 6 in.
c) Design of Stem (Column)

Check slenderness

kl 1.2(17 )
=
= 8.5 < 22
!
0.3(8)

It is not slender

PDL = 2(150.1)+ 2(111.3)+ (17 + 3)(8)(0.15) = 595 K

PLL = 2(33.1) = 66.2 K
M LL = 4(33.1)+ 10(33.1) = 463.4 k-ft.
Pu = 1.3(595)+ 2.17(66.2 ) = 917.2 K
M u = 2.17(463.4 ) = 1006 k-ft.
e = 1.1 in. (M = P.e)
23

Assume 1% steel As = (8 ! 3)(12 )2 !

1.0
= 34.6 in2
100

34.6
! 28
1.27
' 3000 $
2
Pu = 917.2 < 0.1 f c ' Ac = 0.1%
"(8 ! 3)! 12 = 1037 K
1000
&
#

Using #10 bars No. of bars =

Arrangement of Bars:
5 #10 on each 3 ft. side
7 #10 on each 8 ft. side

8'

As=24#10

3'

As
5(1.27 )
=
= 0.0019
bd (3 ! 12 )(7.7 ! 12 )
&
,
A f y )#
&
60 #
'! = 0.7 $5(1.27 )(60 )(7.7 ),*1 . 0.6 - 0.0019 - )'! = 24051
M u = 0.7 $ As f y d **1 . 0.6 s
bd f c ' '(!"
3 ("
+
%
$%
+
M u = 2004 > 1006 O.K
(Mu was based only on As = 5 #10 at bottom only, ignoring compression steel and steel
on both sides)
As ties use #4 at b = 36 in. (min. dimension of column)

24

DESIGN OF FOOTING (PIER):

Bending:
Moment at face of pier
8
M = 4.14 ! 4 ! 9 ! 2 + 0.57(4 )(9 ) = 352.8 k-ft.
3
M u = 1.5(352.8) = 529.2 K (mostly DL)
d = 4-0.4 = 3.6 ft.
As f y #
&
M u = 0.9 As f y d $1 ' 0.6
!
bdf c ' "
%

25

M u = 6350.4 k-in.
0.9 f y d = 2332.8

0.6 As 60 #
&
)2.772 = As $1 (
!
% 9 ' 3.6 ' 12 ' 3 "

2.772 " As + 2.5 ! 10 "3 As 2 = 0

then As = 2.75 in 2
Use #10 bars at 18 in. in both direction (long. and tran.)

26

DESIGN OF PILES:
Two cases (1) P = 804 K ; M = 463.4 k-ft.
(2) P = 870 K ; M = 0

2'

3'

3'

3'

3'

2'
2'
5'
2'

Use HP 10 ! 42
A = 12.4 in2 / pile; Pall = 12.4(9) = 112 K
If only vertical load is applied
804
= 7.18
# of piles =
112
Use 10 piles; min spacing = 3 ft. > 2.5 (AASHTO) O.K
Edge distance = 24-6 = 18 in > 9 in (AASHTO)
O.K

I x = 10(2.5)2 = 62.5
I y = 4(6 )2 + 4(3)2 = 180
P 804
=
= 80.4
n 10
M c
! x =0
Ix
M y c 463.4(6 )
=
= 15.5
Iy
180

Max load / pile, pile no. 1 = 80.4+15.5 = 96 < 112 O.K

27

REINFORCEMENT IN THE WING WALL:

Choose a 1 ft. wide wing wall
M = 20.21 k-ft. (see page 6/5)
Mu = 1.3(20.21) = 26.3 k-ft. (small)
Use min reinforcement
As = .002bt = .002(7.5 ! 12 )(12 ) = 2.16 in2
For #4 bars
2.16
= 10.8
0.2
Then use 11 #4 bars @ 8 in.

No. of bars =

In the horizontal direction where as in the vertical direction use #4 bars @12 in. (cover =
2 in.)
8'

3'

Abutment
4.5'

#4@8''
#4@12''

28

DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT IN ABUTMENTS:

a) Back Seat Retaining Wall
Consider a 1 ft. strip (depth)
0.15(3.75) 3.75
M / ft. =
!
= 0.352 k-ft / ft.
2
3
2
d = 1!
= 0.83 ft
12
M u = 1.3(0.352 ) = 0.46 k-ft / ft
As< As min (small moment)
As min = 0.002(12)(12) = 0.28 in2
Use #4 at 8 in in both directions

1'

3.75'

(120)(3.75)/3
=0.15

b) Stem

kl 1.8(14 )
=
= 21 < 22 (for this case k ! 1.8 )
!
0.3(4 )
No moment magnification
Total over 30 ft width.
PDL = 261.4 + 252 + 15.8 = 529.1 K
PLL = 130 K
Check slenderness

29

' 0.71 + 0.14 $

M DL = %
"(14 )! (30 )(5.2 )+ 253.7(0.5) = 1058 k-ft.
2
&
#
M LL = 156 k-ft.

14'

Design / ft Stripe
& 529.1 #
& 130 #
Pu = 1.3$
! + 2.17$
! = 323 K
% 30 "
% 30 "
& 1058 #
& 156 #
M u = 1.3$
! + 2.17$
! = 57.1 k-ft.
% 30 "
% 30 "
Use min steel
# min = 0.0025 " As = 0.0025(12 )(3.8 ! 12 ) = 1.3 in2
Try #10 @12 in
CT=P
0.85 f c ' ba ! As f y = P
a=

P + As f y
0.85 f c ' b

= 3.4 in.

a#
a#
&
&
M n = c$ d ' ! = 0.85 f c ' ba$ d ' !
2"
2"
%
%
3.4 #
&
M n = 0.85(3)(12 )(3.4 )$ 3.8 ( 12 '
! = 4567 k-in.
2 "
%
= 380 k-ft > 57.10 k-ft.
O.K
Then use:
#10 @ 12 in all over wall vertically
#10 @18 in all over wall horizontally

30

DESIGN OF FOOTING

PDL = 529.1 + 168.3 = 697.4 K

PLL = 130 K
Pu = 1189 K
M DL = 1232.15 k-ft
M LL = 156 k-ft
M u = 1940 k-ft
P Mc
!B = +
= 4.23 ksf
A
I
P Mc
"A = !
= 0.19 ksf
A
I

Flexure:

3.55(3.5)2 (1) (4.23 ! 3.55)

(3.5)2 (2) = 24.5 k-ft / ft.
+
2
6
& 0.6 As f y #
M u 0.9 As df y $1 '
!
bdf c ' "
%
As = 0.19 in2 < As min
Mu =

Use min reinforcement #10 bars @ 18 in. in both directions

Same reinforcement applies for both abutment since they were chosen identical.

31

28'
#6@6''

Allow for 1%
slope in Roadway
direction

3'
4'

#4@8''

#4@13''#4@10''
#4@6.5''

#4@36''

14'

4'
HP 10x42 Pile

2'

3'

ELEVATION
3'
3'
3'

2'

#10@18''

2'
5'

8'

3'

#10@18''
both directions

2'
PLAN
7#10@11.25''
on both sides
' s
5
.2 ide
1
1 sh
@t
01 ob
# n
5 o

3'

6#10@6''

Stirrup to tie bars

2#4, L=46''
variable h
#4
3''

SECTION A-A
As=24#10
cover=3''(typical)

4#10@8''

SECTION B-B

32

1'

3'

30'
#4@8''

for expansion joint

3.75'

#4@8''

#10@12''

#10@12''

#10@18''

14'

3.5'

3.5'

#10@12''

3'

#10@18''

#10@18''
ELEVATION
SECTION

30'

2'

2'

#10@18''
3.5'
4'

3.5'
#10@18''
PLAN

ABUTMENTS
(TYPICAL)

33

8'

#4@8''

3'

7.5'

#4@12''

WING WALL

34