j3 13 Flex-Trans
j3 13 Flex-Trans
j3 13 Flex-Trans
b.
c.
d.
(a)
(b)
(c)
n As
Transformed Section
At = Ac + nAs
Transformed section in Beams
Actual Size
(n--1)As
Transformed Section
At = Ag + (n--1)As
(n--1) As
As
Transformed Section
At = Ag + (n--1)As
Actual Size
N.A
As
n As
Transformed Section
At = Ag + nAs
Actual Size
CIVL 4135
71
Transformed Section
Consider the section shown below. Calculate the stress caused by a bending moment of 13.83
ft--kips.
fc = 5 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
fr = 500 psi
12
Section Properties:
As = 3--#6 bars
A s = 3 0.44 (in 2) = 1.32 in 2
3--#6
15
A
1.32 in 2
= s =
= 0.014
bd
8 (in) 12 (in)
For Uncracked Section (Assume)
Find the location of neutral axis (First Moment of Area = 0).
(8y)
y = 7.78 in
or find the centroidof the cross section by
using the top edge as the reference point.
8 15 15 + 7.92 12
2
y =
8 15 + 7.92
y
15
12
y = 7.78 in
Area of
(n 1)A s = 6 1.32 = 7.92 in 2
overhangs;
This value (7.78 in) should be the same as the one we get using Eq. (4.2) found earlier. (see next page
for proof).
CIVL 4135
72
Transformed Section
2
c = 2(n 1) + (hd)
d
2(n 1) + 2(hd)
(4.2)
Substitute
2
c = 2(0.014)(7 1) + (1512) = 0.65
d
2(0.014)(7 1) + 2(1512)
Solve for c
Note:
For a homogenous section, we can relate bending moment to stresses at distance y from the neutral
axis as the following
f = MY
I
where
f
stress
bending moment
distance from neutral axis to the point where stresses are to be calculated
Calculate In.a.
I N.A. = 1 8 7.78 3 + 1 8 (15 7.78) 3 + 7.92 (12 7.78) 2
3
3
I N.A. = 2, 400 in 4
Calculate stresses
Now, find the stress in top fiber (compression stress at top fiber):
f top =
f bot =
Therefore, the assumption of uncracked section was correct, since tension stresses are smaller than
fr given in the problem.
CIVL 4135
73
Transformed Section
y
(8y)( ) = (12 y)(9.24 in2)
2
y = 4.24 in
15
12
nA s = 7 (1.32) = 9.24 in 2
Calculate In.a.
I N.A. = 1 8 4.24 3 + 9.24 7.76
3
I N.A. = 760 in 4
At level of steel, if fy = 60,000 psi, then the stress in the transformed section will be
fy
60, 000
= 8, 570 psi
n =
7
and
fI
(8, 570 psi)(760 in 4)
M = y =
= 839, 000 in lb = 839 in kips
7.76 in
See next page for check with previous methods that we have learned.
CIVL 4135
74
Transformed Section
Check
Check the moment found in the previous page with Eq. :
k =
k =
(0.014 7)2 +
(n)2
+ 2n n
(4.3)
2(0.014)(7) (0.014)(7)
k = 0.355
therefore
kd = 0.355(12) = 4.22 in
this is very close to what we calculated for y = 4.24 in the last page. The slight difference is due to
significant digit calculations.
Therefore
CIVL 4135
75
Transformed Section