A2 Test 8 Notes - Acids, Bases and Buffers

Topic 3 Acids, bases and buffers
Revision Notes
1)
Acids and Bases
The Bronsted-Lowry theory says that acids are proton donors (H+ donors).
Bases are proton acceptors.
Strong acids and bases are fully dissociated (or ionised)
Weak acids and bases are partially dissociated
Conjugate acid-base pairs are two species differing by H+
For any weak acid, HA:
HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)
Acid
base
conjugate acid
conjugate base
In this reaction, A- is the conjugate base of the acid HA because it is

formed by loss of H+ from HA
In this example, H3O+ is the conjugate acid of the base H2O because it is
formed by the gain of H+ by H2O
For a weak base, such as NH3
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Base
acid
conjugate acid
conjugate base
2)
Quantifying acid and base strength
a)
pH is a number that shows the strength of an acid or base

pH = -log[H+] and [H+] = 10-pH
pH is always given to 2 decimal places
[H+] deals with negative powers over a very wide range whereas the pH
scale makes the numbers more manageable
pH of a strong acid
Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm-3 HCl

[H+]
pH
b)
= 0.100
= -log[0.100]
= 1.00
pH of a strong base
To calculate the pH of a strong base, we need to take advantage of the fact
that water is very slightly dissociated.
H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH-(aq)
The equilibrium constant for this reaction is:
K=
[H+][OH-]
[H2O]
As [H2O] is little changed, we define a constant Kw, which is known as the

ionic product of water
Kw = [H+] x [OH-]
At 298K (25C) Kw has the value of 10-14 mol2 dm-6
Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm-3 NaOH

[OH-]
[H+]
pH
c)
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.100
Kw/[OH-]
10-14/0.100
10-13
-log[10-13]
13.00
pH of a weak acid
The weak acid HA dissociates as follows.
HA H+ + AThe equilibrium constant for the weak acid is:
Ka =
[H+][A-]
[HA]
Ka is a measure of the extent to which a weak acid is ionised. The larger

the value of Ka the more the weak acid is ionised
When one mole of HA ionises, one mole of H+ and one mole of A- are
produced i.e. [H+] = [A-], so we can write:
Ka = [H+]2/[HA]
Re-arranging gives:
[H+] = (Ka x [HA])
Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm-3 chloroethanoic acid given that Ka = 1.38 x
10-3 mol dm-3
[H+]
pH
Source
=
=
=
=
=
(1.38 x 10-3 x 0.100)

(1.38 x 10-4)
0.0117
-log[0.0117]
1.93
http://www.chemsheets.co.uk/
Percentage dissociation of a weak acid is [H+]/[HA] i.e. hydrogen ion

concentration/acid concentration
d)
pH of water
For pure water, [H+] = [OH-], so Kw = [H+]2 and [H+] = Kw

Example
At 318K, the value of Kw is 4.02 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6. Calculate the pH of water at
this temperature and explain why the water is still neutral.
[H+]
pH
=
=
=
=
=
Kw
4.02 x 10-14
2.01 x 10-7 mol dm-3
-log[H+]
6.70
Still neutral because [H+] = [OH-]

Source:
e)
AQA January 2006 paper
pKa
pKa = -log(Ka) and Ka = 10-pKa

As with pH, using pKa instead of Ka makes the numbers more manageable
Calculate the pKa of chloroethanoic acid

From the previous example, Ka = 1.38 x 10-3
pKa
= -log(1.38 x 10-3)
= 2.86
3)
Acid-base titrations
a) pH curves
pH can be monitored during an acid-base titration and plotted against

volume of reagent
This produces a pH curve with a shape that depends on whether the acid
and base are weak or strong
Strong acid-strong base
Weak base-strong acid
Weak acid-strong base
Weak base-weak acid
Source of these diagrams: CAMS Chemistry A2 Support Pack
When selecting an indicator for a titration, the pH range in which the

indicator changes colour must match the vertical part of the relevant pH
curve
Phenolphthalein has a pH range of 8.2 to 10.0 so it is unsuitable for
titrations involving weak bases
Methyl orange has a pH range of 3.2 to 4.4 so it is unsuitable for titrations
involving weak acids
b) Titration calculations
Work out the moles of acid and base at the start

Work out the excess moles of acid or base (the rest will be neutralised)
Work out the new [H+] or new [OH-] and then the pH
Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 20 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm-3 HCl is
added to 30 cm-3 of 0.04 mol dm-3 NaOH
Moles HCl
Moles NaOH
Excess HCl
=
=
=
=
0.10 x 20/1000
0.0020 mol
0.04 x 30/1000
0.0012 mol
= 0.0020 0.0012
Total volume
New [H+]
pH
Source
4)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.0008 mol
50 cm3
moles/volume
0.0008/(50/1000)
0.016 mol dm-3
-log(0.016)
1.80
http://www.chemsheets.co.uk/
Buffer solutions
A buffer solution minimises pH changes on addition of an acid or base

Buffer solutions are important for controlling pH in blood (so that enzymes
are not denatured) and shampoos (so that eyes do not sting and skin is not
damaged)
a) Acidic buffers
An acidic buffer consists of a weak acid and the salt of a weak acid (e.g.
ethanoic acid & sodium ethanoate)
For ethanoic acid/sodium ethanoate, the following equilibrium exists:
CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO-(aq) + H+(aq)
If a small amount of acid is added, equilibrium will shift to the left to

remove the added H+. The following reaction occurs: CH3COO- + H+
CH3COOH
If a small amount of base is added, the OH- will react with H+ to form water.
The equilibrium will shift to the right to replace the H+ that has been
removed. The following reaction occurs: CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
b) Calculating the pH of a buffer solution
The pH of an acidic buffer can be calculated using the K a expression for the
weak acid e.g. for ethanoic acid/sodium ethanoate:
Ka = [CH3COO-][H+]
[CH3COOH]
Rearranging gives:
[H+] = Ka x
[CH3COOH]
[CH3COO-]
Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing equal volumes of 2.5 mol dm -3

HCOONa and 1.0 mol dm-3 HCOOH (Ka = 1.6 x 10-4 mol dm-3)
[H+]
pH
=
=
=
=
Ka x [HCOOH]/[HCOONa]
1.6 x 10-4 x 1.0/2.5
6.4 x 10-5 mol dm-3
4.19
Source:
OCR June 2003 paper
The pH of a particular buffer depends on the value of Ka and the ratio of

[CH3COOH] to [CH3COO-]
d) pH of Blood
The pH of blood is kept in the range 7.35-7.45

This is achieved by dissolved carbon dioxide acting as a buffer solution
The relevant equations are:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
5)
H2CO3 is carbonic acid. HCO3- is the hydrogencarbonate ion

If the blood pH is less than 7.35 (too acidic), more CO2 is breathed out.
Both equilibria shift to the left to produce more CO2 and [H+] is reduced
If the blood pH is more than 7.45 (too alkaline), less CO 2 is breathed out.
Both equilibria shift to the right to remove CO2 and [H+] is increased
Enthalpy of neutralisation
Enthalpy of neutralisation is defined as the change in enthalpy that occurs

when an acid and base undergo a neutralisation reaction to form one mole
of water i.e.
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
This is a calorimetry calculation e.g.
Example
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid was added to 50 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
sodium hydroxide solution. The temperature rose by 6.8C. Calculate the
enthalpy of neutralisation for this reaction. Assume that the density of the
solution is 1.00 g cm-3, the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.18 J g-1 K1
.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
m = mass of solution = total of acid and alkali = 100g
q = -mcT/1000
= -100 x 4.18 x 6.8/1000
= -2.8424 kJ
n
= moles HCl = moles NaOH = 1.0 x 50/1000 = 0.05 mol
H = q/n
= -2.8424/0.05
= -56.8 kJ mol-1
Source:
www.chemsheets.co.uk
6.
Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids contain the functional group COOH on the end of a chain.
They are weak acids (H+ donors). The acidic H is in the COOH group e.g.
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+ (note reversible reaction so not )
They are soluble in water because they can hydrogen bond to water
molecules
As they are acids they will react with metals, carbonates and bases:
CH3COOH + Na
Ethanoic acid
CH3COONa + H2
sodium ethanoate
Fizzing seen
Sodium dissolves
2CH3COOH + CaCO3 (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O + CO2
seen
dissolves
CH3COOH + NaOH
Fizzing
Carbonate
CH3COONa + H2O
Compounds containing 2 carboxylic acid groups are called dioic acids e.g.
HOOCCOOH is ethanedioic acid and HOOCCH2CH2COOH is butanedioic
acid

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Topic 3 Acids, bases and buffers

Acids and Bases

In this reaction, A- is the conjugate base of the acid HA because it is

Quantifying acid and base strength

pH is a number that shows the strength of an acid or base

Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm-3 HCl

As [H2O] is little changed, we define a constant Kw, which is known as the

Calculate the pH of 0.100 mol dm-3 NaOH

Ka is a measure of the extent to which a weak acid is ionised. The larger

(1.38 x 10-3 x 0.100)

Percentage dissociation of a weak acid is [H+]/[HA] i.e. hydrogen ion

For pure water, [H+] = [OH-], so Kw = [H+]2 and [H+] = Kw

Still neutral because [H+] = [OH-]

AQA January 2006 paper

pKa = -log(Ka) and Ka = 10-pKa

Calculate the pKa of chloroethanoic acid

pH can be monitored during an acid-base titration and plotted against

Strong acid-strong base

Weak base-strong acid

Weak acid-strong base

Weak base-weak acid

Source of these diagrams: CAMS Chemistry A2 Support Pack

When selecting an indicator for a titration, the pH range in which the

Work out the moles of acid and base at the start

A buffer solution minimises pH changes on addition of an acid or base

If a small amount of acid is added, equilibrium will shift to the left to

b) Calculating the pH of a buffer solution

Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing equal volumes of 2.5 mol dm -3

OCR June 2003 paper

The pH of a particular buffer depends on the value of Ka and the ratio of

The pH of blood is kept in the range 7.35-7.45

H2CO3 is carbonic acid. HCO3- is the hydrogencarbonate ion

Enthalpy of neutralisation is defined as the change in enthalpy that occurs

This is a calorimetry calculation e.g.

= moles HCl = moles NaOH = 1.0 x 50/1000 = 0.05 mol

2CH3COOH + CaCO3 (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O + CO2

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