Basic Concepts

In Computer Networking
Antonio Carzaniga
Faculty of Informatics
University of Lugano

September 19, 2014

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Antonio Carzaniga

Goal of this Lecture

Understand what packet switching is
Understand what circuit switching is
Understand their differences
Understand what a protocol is

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Antonio Carzaniga

Outline
What is the Internet?
Types of network
Types of service
Protocols
The Internet protocol stack

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Antonio Carzaniga

History

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Antonio Carzaniga

History

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

History

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

History

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

What is the Internet?

Internet

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

What is the Internet?

Internet

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

What is the Internet?

Internet

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

What is the Internet?

Internet

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

What is the Internet?

Internet

end system
or host

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Antonio Carzaniga

End Systems
End system or host (

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

End Systems
End system or host (

a computer

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Antonio Carzaniga

End Systems
End system or host (

a computer
a phone (more or less smart)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

End Systems
End system or host (

a computer
a phone (more or less smart)
a server (well, that would also be a computer)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

End Systems
End system or host (

a
a
a
a

computer
phone (more or less smart)
server (well, that would also be a computer)
camera (a.k.a., webcam)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

End Systems
End system or host (

a
a
a
a
a

computer
phone (more or less smart)
server (well, that would also be a computer)
camera (a.k.a., webcam)
temperature sensor

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

End Systems
End system or host (

a
a
a
a
a
a

computer
phone (more or less smart)
server (well, that would also be a computer)
camera (a.k.a., webcam)
temperature sensor
PDA

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

End Systems
End system or host (

a computer
a phone (more or less smart)
a server (well, that would also be a computer)
a camera (a.k.a., webcam)
a temperature sensor
a PDA
...
a car
a television set
a picture frame
a toaster
...

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

End Systems
End system or host (

a computer
a phone (more or less smart)
a server (well, that would also be a computer)
a camera (a.k.a., webcam)
a temperature sensor
a PDA
...
a car
a television set
a picture frame
a toaster
...
a toilet seat?
a toothpick?
...

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

What is Inside the Internet?

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Antonio Carzaniga

What is Inside the Internet?

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Antonio Carzaniga

What is Inside the Internet?

packet switch

local-area
network

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

What is Inside the Internet?

packet switch

local-area
network

communication link

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
Communication link: a connection between packet switches
and/or end systems

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
Communication link: a connection between packet switches
and/or end systems
Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a.
path)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Basic Concepts
The Internet uses packet switching
Packet switch: a link-layer switch or a router
Communication link: a connection between packet switches
and/or end systems
Route: sequence of switches that a packet goes through (a.k.a.
path)
Protocol: control the sending and receiving of information to
and from end systems and packet switches

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Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Links
Various types and forms of medium

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Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Links
Various types and forms of medium

Fiber-optic cable

Twisted-pair copper wire

Coaxial cable

Wireless local-area links (e.g., 802.11, Bluetooth)

Satellite channel

...

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Packet Switching

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Antonio Carzaniga

Packet Switching

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Antonio Carzaniga

Packet Switching

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Antonio Carzaniga

Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
Switches operate on individual packets

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
Switches operate on individual packets
A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along to
other switches or to end systems

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Packet Switching
The Internet is a packet-switched network
Information is transmitted in packets
Switches operate on individual packets
A switch (router) receives packets and forwards them along to
other switches or to end systems
Every forwarding decision is taken on the basis of the
information contained in the packet

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit Switching

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit Switching

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
Communication requires a connection setup phase in which
the network reserves all the necessary resources for that
connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
Communication requires a connection setup phase in which
the network reserves all the necessary resources for that
connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)
After a successful setup, the communicating systems are
connected by a set of links that are dedicated to their
connection for the entire duration of their conversation

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit Switching
The telephone network is a typical circuit-switched network
Communication requires a connection setup phase in which
the network reserves all the necessary resources for that
connection (links, buffers, switches, etc.)
After a successful setup, the communicating systems are
connected by a set of links that are dedicated to their
connection for the entire duration of their conversation
When the conversation ends, the network tears down the
connection, freeing the corresponding resources (links,
buffers, etc.) for other connections

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching

Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase

however, once the connection is established, little or no

processing is required

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching

Circuit switching requires an expensive setup phase

however, once the connection is established, little or no

processing is required

Packet switching does not incur any setup cost

however, it always incurs a significant processing and space

overhead, on a per-packet basis

processing cost for forwarding

space overhead because every packet must be self-contained

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)

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Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)

Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation of
quality-of-service guarantees

network resources are reserved at connection setup time

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching (2)

Circuit switching admits a straightforward implementation of
quality-of-service guarantees

network resources are reserved at connection setup time

Guaranteeing any quality of service with packet switching is

very difficult

no concept of a connection

and again, processing, space overhead, etc.

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching (3)

Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of
communication resources

once a connection is established, the resources are blocked

even though there might be long silence periods

i.e., circuit switching is an inefficient way to use the network

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Circuit vs. Packet Switching (3)

Circuit switching allows only a limited sharing of
communication resources

once a connection is established, the resources are blocked

even though there might be long silence periods

i.e., circuit switching is an inefficient way to use the network

Packet switching achieves a much better utilization of network

resources

it is designed specifically to share links

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Antonio Carzaniga

Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
virtual circuit

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
virtual circuit
Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more
effectively

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
virtual circuit
Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more
effectively
Packets carry a virtual circuit identifier instead of the
destination address

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Virtual Circuits
Idea: combine the advantages of circuit switching and packet
switching
There is a connection setup phase
The connection does not create a physical circuit, but rather a
virtual circuit
Information is sent in packets, so links can be shared more
effectively
Packets carry a virtual circuit identifier instead of the
destination address

Important observation: at any given time there are much fewer

connections than destinations

much faster per-packet processing (forwarding)

lower per-packet space overhead

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Antonio Carzaniga

Virtual Circuit

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Antonio Carzaniga

Virtual Circuit

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Antonio Carzaniga

Virtual Circuit

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Antonio Carzaniga

Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network

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Antonio Carzaniga

Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching

packet
switching

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching

time
division
multiplexing

packet
switching

frequency
division
multiplexing

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching

time
division
multiplexing

frequency
division
multiplexing

packet
switching

virtual
circuit

datagram
network

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Taxonomy of Networks
communication
network
circuit
switching

time
division
multiplexing

frequency
division
multiplexing

packet
switching

virtual
circuit

datagram
network

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Antonio Carzaniga

Service Perspective

packet switch

local-area
network

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Antonio Carzaniga

Service Perspective

packet switch

local-area
network

What kind of service does the Internet offer to end systems?

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Antonio Carzaniga

Type of Service
Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but
exactly what kind of communication service is that of the
Internet?

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Type of Service
Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but
exactly what kind of communication service is that of the
Internet?
Connectionless, best effort

the network accepts datagrams for deliverythis is

conceptually similar to the postal service
best effort really means unreliable though not malicious

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Type of Service
Two end systems can communicate through the Internet, but
exactly what kind of communication service is that of the
Internet?
Connectionless, best effort

the network accepts datagrams for deliverythis is

conceptually similar to the postal service
best effort really means unreliable though not malicious

Connection-oriented, reliable

virtual duplex communication channel (A B)conceptually

similar to a telephone service
information is transmitted reliably and in order

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Antonio Carzaniga

Type of Service (2)

How reliable is a reliable service?

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Antonio Carzaniga

Type of Service (2)

How reliable is a reliable service?
The term reliable means that information will eventually
reach its destination if a route is viable within a certain
amount of time

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Type of Service (2)

How reliable is a reliable service?
The term reliable means that information will eventually
reach its destination if a route is viable within a certain
amount of time
The network makes absolutely no guarantees on latency (i.e.,
the time it takes to transmit some information from a source
to a destination)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice

Bob
hello

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh

bla, bla. . .

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh

bla, bla. . .

e
okay, by

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols
End systems as well as packet switches run protocols. What is
a protocol?
E.g., lets consider a phone call: Alice calls Bob
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh

bla, bla. . .

e
okay, by
by e

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols
Phases of the protocol

handshake: establishes the identities and/or the context

conversation: free-form exchange

closing: terminates the conversation

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols
Phases of the protocol

handshake: establishes the identities and/or the context

conversation: free-form exchange

closing: terminates the conversation

This protocol assumes a connection-oriented medium

The protocol involves two parties (Alice and Bob)
...

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

...

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

...

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

...

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

...

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao

. . . Center, request, Delta 800

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

...

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao

. . . Center, request, Delta 800

. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

...

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao

. . . Center, request, Delta 800

. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0

flight level 3-7-0, United 971

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

...

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao

. . . Center, request, Delta 800

. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0

flight level 3-7-0, United 971

. . . Delta 800, go ahead

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

...

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao

. . . Center, request, Delta 800

. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0

flight level 3-7-0, United 971

. . . Delta 800, go ahead

requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

Another example: air traffic control

. . . United 971, turn left heading 2-7-0

left to 2-7-0, United 971

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

...

. . . Alitalia 631, contact Malpensa approach at 119.20

1-1-9 point 2-0, Alitalia 631, ciao

. . . Center, request, Delta 800

. . . United 971, climb and maintain flight level 3-7-0

flight level 3-7-0, United 971

. . . Delta 800, go ahead

requesting flight level 3-5-0, Delta 800

Delta 800, unable at the moment

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

A connectionless protocol

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
Acknowledgements

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
Acknowledgements
Timeout and retransmission

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (2)

A connectionless protocol
Multi-party communication
Medium access control (MAC) protocol
Interleaved communication
Acknowledgements
Timeout and retransmission
Master role

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (3)

Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice

Bob

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (3)

Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice

Bob
hello

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (3)

Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (3)

Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
?
Alice who

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (3)

Lets revisit the phone-call protocol
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
?
Alice who
sorry, wro
ng num b
er

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (4)

Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice

Bob

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (4)

Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice

Bob
hello

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (4)

Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice

Bob
hello

hello?

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (4)

Another run of the phone-call protocol
Alice

Bob
hello

hello?
there?
anybody

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols: Principles

A protocol is a lot like a program

in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes

can send messages to each other

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols: Principles

A protocol is a lot like a program

in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes

can send messages to each other

It is an executable specification

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols: Principles

A protocol is a lot like a program

in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes

can send messages to each other

It is an executable specification
It must be unambiguous

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols: Principles

A protocol is a lot like a program

in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes

can send messages to each other

It is an executable specification
It must be unambiguous
It must be complete

i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible

situations and all possible messages

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols: Principles

A protocol is a lot like a program

in fact, it is a distributed program, where different processes

can send messages to each other

It is an executable specification
It must be unambiguous
It must be complete

i.e., it must include actions and/or responses for all possible

situations and all possible messages

A network protocol must also define all the necessary message

formats

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (5)

Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (5)

Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice

t pizza?
how abou

Bob

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (5)

Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice

t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already

Bob

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (5)

Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice

t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already
decide
okay, you

Bob

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (5)

Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice

t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already
decide
okay, you

Bob

uhm. . . er. . .

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (5)

Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice

t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already
decide
okay, you

Bob

uhm. . . er. . .

so?

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Communication Protocols (5)

Another protocol: deciding where to go for dinner
Alice

t pizza?
how abou
we did th
at already
decide
okay, you

Bob

uhm. . . er. . .

so?
lets just
do pizza

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice

Bob

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice

Bob
hello

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
lets go o
ut to dinn
er

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
lets go o
ut to dinn
er

where to go for dinner protocol. . .

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
lets go o
ut to dinn
er

where to go for dinner protocol. . .

okay, bye

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
Alice

Bob
hello
hello, this
is Alice
ats up?
Alice, wh
lets go o
ut to dinn
er

where to go for dinner protocol. . .

okay, bye
by e

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner

phone call protocol

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
where to go for dinner protocol
phone call protocol

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
where to go for dinner protocol
phone call protocol
call setup

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
where to go for dinner protocol
phone call protocol
call setup
voice over IP

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Protocol Layering
Alice calls Bob to decide where to go for dinner
where to go for dinner protocol
phone call protocol
call setup
voice over IP
...

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack

application

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack

application
transport

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack

application
transport
network

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack

application
transport
network
link

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack

application
transport
network
link
physical

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack (2)

Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)

application functionalities
application messages

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack (2)

Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)

application functionalities
application messages

Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)

application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion

control (TCP)
datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack (2)

Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)

application functionalities
application messages

Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)

application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion

control (TCP)
datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)

Network (IP)

end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing,

fragmentation
packets (IP)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack (2)

Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)

application functionalities
application messages

Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)

application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion

control (TCP)
datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)

Network (IP)

end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing,

fragmentation
packets (IP)

Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP)

point-to-point or local broadcast communication

frames (or packets)

20052007

Antonio Carzaniga

Internet Protocol Stack (2)

Application (e.g., HTTP, SMTP, and DNS)

application functionalities
application messages

Transport (e.g., TCP and UDP)

application multiplexing, reliable transfer (TCP), congestion

control (TCP)
datagrams (UDP) or segments (TCP)

Network (IP)

end to end datagram, best-effort service, routing,

fragmentation
packets (IP)

Link (e.g., Ethernet and PPP)

point-to-point or local broadcast communication

frames (or packets)

Physical
20052007

Antonio Carzaniga