B.

ENG (Hons) ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS/

EAT 106 Thermodynamics

TITLE: BERNOULLI PRINCIPLES

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1.0. Table of contents:

PAGE

Abstract

Objective

Introduction

Apparatus

Procedure

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

References

2.0. Abstract:
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli equation when applied
to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct and to measure the flow rate and both static and total
pressure heads in a rigid convergent/divergent tube of known geometry for a range of steady
flow rates. The apparatus used is a venture tube. In this experiment, the pressure difference taken
is from all measurement points. The time to collect 10 L(from 20L to 30L) water in the tank was
determined. In the end the flow rate, velocity, dynamic head, and total head were calculated
using the readings we got from the experiment and from the data given for both convergent and
divergent flow. Based on the results taken, it has been analyzed that the velocity of convergent
flow is increasing, whereas the velocity of divergent flow is the opposite, whereby the velocity
decreased, since the water flow from a narrow area of a wider area. Therefore, Bernoullis
principle is valid for a steady flow in rigid convergent and divergent tube of known geometry for
a range of steady flow rates, and the flow rates, static heads and total heads pressureare as well
calculated. The experiment was completed and successfullyconducted.

3.0. Objective:
To investigate the Bernoullis law.

4.0. Introduction:
The objective of the experiment is to investigate Bernoullis law.Bernoulli's Principle is named
in honor of Daniel Bernoulli. Bernoullis principle complies with the principle of conservation
of energy. In a steady flow system, all points of the streamline of a flowing fluid is the same as
the sum of all forms of mechanical energy along the streamline. It can be simplified as constant
practices of the sum of potential energy as well as kinetic energy. Fluid particles core properties
are their pressure and weight. As a matter of fact, if a fluid is moving horizontally along a
streamline, the increase in speed can be explained due to the fluid that moves from a region of
high pressure to a lower pressure region and so with the inverse condition with the decrease in
speed. In the case of a fluid that moves horizontally, the highest speed is the one at the lowest
pressure, whereas the lowest speed is present at the most highest pressure. The Bernoulli
equation can be explained out as follows:
1

+ 21 =

+ 22 = (Bernoullis equation for constant head, h)

Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressures P1 and P2 into static pressure heads
h1 and h2 yields
11
22
1 +
= 2 +
+
2
2
Where;
P1= pressure at cross-section A1

P2= pressure at cross-section A2

h1= static pressure head at cross-section A1

h2= static pressure head at cross-section A2

v1 =flow velocity at cross-section A1 v2= flow velocity at cross-section A2

5.0. Apparatus:

5.1. Components:
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Assembly board
Single water pressure gauge
Discharge pipe
Outlet valve
Venture tube with 6 measurement points
Compression gland
Probe for measuring overall pressure(can be moved axially)
Hose connection, water supply
Valve at water inlet
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10- 6-fold water pressure gauge(pressure distribution in venture tube)

6.0. Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A quick inspection was made to ensure that the unit is in proper operating condition.
A hose connection was made and the unit was connected to the nearest power supply.
The discharge pipe was opened.
The cap nut of the probe compression gland was set such that the slight resistance is left
in moving probe.
5. The inlet and outlet valves were opened.
6. The pump was slowly switched on and the main cock was slowly opened.
7. The vent valves were opened on water pressure gauge and the outlet cock was carefully
closed until pressure gauges are flushed.
8. The inlet and outlet cock was simultaneously set, the water level was regulated in
pressure gauges such that neither upper nor over range limit is overshot or undershot.
9. Pressures at all points was measured and recorded. The overall pressure probe was moved
to corresponding measurement level and the overall pressure was noted down.
10. The volumetric flow rate was determine by using a stop watch to establish time required
for raising the level in the volumetric tank from 20 to 30 liters.

7.0. Results:
7.1. Experimental results:

hstat

h1
[mm Ws]
275

h2
[mm Ws]
265

h3
[mm Ws]
155

h4
[mm Ws]
225

h5
[mm Ws]
240

h6
[mm Ws]
245

htotal

319

320

317

305

302

249

hdyn (mm)

44

55

162

80

62

hdym (m)

0.044

0.055

0.162

0.08

Time (s)
56

0.929
0.680

0.004

Area (10-4 m2)

Point
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6

Wmead
Wcalc.

0.062

V (m3/s)
1.786 x 10-4

V (l/s)
0.1786

1.039
0.989

1.783
2.11

1.254
1.149

1.103
0.996

0.280
0.457

7.2. Graphical output:

7.3. Theoroticalreults:
-Calculating volumetric flow rate
1000L = 1 m3
2L = 0.002 m3
Time = 56 seconds

For V (L/s)
= 10/56
= 0.178 L/s
To convert L/s into m3/s we divide it by 1000:
So, 0.178/1000 = 1.785 x 10-4 m3 /s
-Calculating flow velocity from volumetric flow rate
We are given cross section area:

Wcalc =
For h1 the cross section area A1 is used:
Wcalc = 1.785 x 10-4/3.386 x 10-4
Wcalc= 0.680.

8.0. Discussion:
Bernoulli's Principle is essentially a work energy conservation principle which states that for an
ideal fluid or for situations where effects of viscosity are neglected, with no workbeing
performed on the fluid, total energy remains constant. This principle is a simplification of
Bernoulli's equation, which states that the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing along an
enclosed path (a streamline) is the same at any two points in that path.The total head for
convergent flow is decreased from h1 to h6 while the total head value for divergent flow is the
lowest at h1and the highest at h6. However it is to be noted that there might have been some
human and apparatus errors unintentional done in the experiment which might have given us
some deviated results from the actual results.However, the results can be improved if some
precautions are taken during the experiment for example the eyes level must be placed parallel to
the scale when manometer readings are taken. Besides that, the valve is also needed to be
controlled slowly to stabilize the water level in the manometer. The human reaction error while
noting the time using a stop watch can be avoided by using light gates to give out highly accurate
results for the time measured. Bernoullis theorem has several applications in everyday lives. In
certain problems in fluidflows when given the velocities at two points of the streamline and
pressure at one point, the unknown is the pressure of the fluid at the other point. In such cases (if
they satisfy the required condition for Bernoulli's Equation) Bernoulli's Equation can be used to
find the unknown pressure. One such example is the flow through a converging nozzle.

9.0. Conclusion:
From the experiment that was carried out, Bernoulli's law was investigated and determined.The
velocity of the fluid increasedwhen the fluid flowed from a wider tonarrower tube and the
velocity decreased in the opposite case regardless of the type of flow and the pressure difference.
As the velocity for all cases increased the dynamic head values also seemed to be increase.

10.0. References:
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1. Prentice Hall (2012). Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers. Oxford publications.
Pg.34-39.
2. Douglas, J.F.Gasiorek, J.M. and Swaffield, J.A.(1999) Fluid Mechanics, 3rdedition.
Longmans Singapore Publisher, Pg. 99-101
3. Giles, R.V., Evett, J.B. and Cheng Liu, Schaumms (2010)Outline Series Theory and
Problemsof Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic, McGraw Hill Intl. Pg.559-620.

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