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    Bernoulli Theorem Report 2

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Fatah Najmi
    The document summarizes an experiment to investigate Bernoulli's theorem using a venture tube apparatus. Key points: 1) The experiment measures pressure at six points along the venture tube and compares the results to Bernoulli's equation. 2) Theoretical velocities are calculated using the volumetric flow rate and area at each measurement point. Measured velocities are determined from dynamic pressure readings. 3) Graphs of the theoretical and measured velocities, and pressure heads, are presented in the appendix. The results support Bernoulli's theorem by showing increases in velocity where pressure decreases.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Bernoulli Theorem Report 2

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Fatah Najmi
    214 views16 pages
    The document summarizes an experiment to investigate Bernoulli's theorem using a venture tube apparatus. Key points: 1) The experiment measures pressure at six points along the venture tube and compares the results to Bernoulli's equation. 2) Theoretical velocities are calculated using the volumetric flow rate and area at each measurement point. Measured velocities are determined from dynamic pressure readings. 3) Graphs of the theoretical and measured velocities, and pressure heads, are presented in the appendix. The results support Bernoulli's theorem by showing increases in velocity where pressure decreases.

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    The document summarizes an experiment to investigate Bernoulli's theorem using a venture tube apparatus. Key points: 1) The experiment measures pressure at six points along the venture tube and compares the results to Bernoulli's equation. 2) Theoretical velocities are calculated using the volumetric flow rate and area at each measurement point. Measured velocities are determined from dynamic pressure readings. 3) Graphs of the theoretical and measured velocities, and pressure heads, are presented in the appendix. The results support Bernoulli's theorem by showing increases in velocity where pressure decreases.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    214 views16 pages

    Bernoulli Theorem Report 2

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Fatah Najmi
    The document summarizes an experiment to investigate Bernoulli's theorem using a venture tube apparatus. Key points: 1) The experiment measures pressure at six points along the venture tube and compares the results to Bernoulli's equation. 2) Theoretical velocities are calculated using the volumetric flow rate and area at each measurement point. Measured velocities are determined from dynamic pressure readings. 3) Graphs of the theoretical and measured velocities, and pressure heads, are presented in the appendix. The results support Bernoulli's theorem by showing increases in velocity where pressure decreases.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    NO EXPERIMENT

    :2

    TOPIC EXPERIMENT: BERNOULLI THEOREM


    1) Objective
    To investigate the validity of Bernoullis Theorem and Pressure measurements along venture
    tube.
    2) Theory
    The measured values are to be compared to Bernoullis equation.
    Bernoullis equation for constant head h:

    P1 v 1 P2 v 2
    + =
    + = Const.
    g 2 g g 2 g
    2

    Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressure p 1and p2into static pressure
    heads h1and h2yield:

    h 1+

    v1
    v
    =h 2+ 2 +hv
    2g
    2g
    2

    p1= Pressure at cross-section A1


    h1= Pressure head at cross-sectionA1
    v1=Flow velocity at cross-section A1
    p2=Pressure at cross-section A2
    h2=Pressure at head cross-section A2
    v2=Flow velocity at cross-section A2

    =Density of medium= constant= for incompressible fluids


    h1 = Pressure loss head
    The venture tube used has 6 measurement points. The table below shows the standardised
    reference velocity v . The parameter is derived from the geometry of the venture tube.
    1 | Page

    Point , i
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6

    A1
    Ai

    di

    ( m)

    0.0284
    0.0225
    0.0140
    0.0172
    0.0242
    0.0284

    Multiplying the reference velocity values with a starting value, the students can calculate the
    theoretical velocity values vcalc at the 6 measuring points of the venture tube.
    At constant flow rate, the starting value for calculating the theoretical velocity is found as:

    v=

    Q
    A1

    The result for the calculated velocity, vcalccan be found in the table.
    Calculation for dynamic pressure head:

    hdyn =h101 80 mmhstat


    80mm must be subtracted, as there is a zero-point difference of 80 mm between the
    pressure gauges.
    The velocity,

    v meas

    was calculated from the dynamic pressure

    v meas =2. g . hdyn

    2 | Page

    Bernoullis theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity, and elevation
    in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction) of which
    are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. First derived (1738) by the Swiss
    mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, the theorem states, in effect, that the total mechanical
    energy of the flowing fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure,
    the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains
    constant. Bernoullis theorem is the principle of energy conservation for ideal fluids in steady,
    or streamline, flow and is the basis for many engineering applications.
    Bernoullis theorem implies, therefore, that if the fluid flows horizontally so that no change in
    gravitational potential energy occurs, then a decrease in fluid pressure is associated with an
    increase in fluid velocity. If the fluid is flowing through a horizontal pipe of varying crosssectional area, for example, the fluid speeds up in constricted areas so that the pressure the
    fluid exerts is least where the cross section is smallest. This phenomenon is sometimes
    called theVenturi effect, after the Italian scientist G.B. Venturi (17461822), who first noted
    the effects of constricted channels on fluid flow.
    Friday, 1.37 a.m (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62615/Bernoullis-theorem)

    3 | Page

    3) Apparatus
    Hydraulic bench
    Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration apparatus
    Stop watch

    A
    J

    D
    I

    E
    Figure 3.1: Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus
    A.
    B.
    C.
    D.
    E.
    F.

    Assembly board
    Single water pressure gauge
    Discharge pipe
    Outlet ball cock
    Venture tube with six measurement points
    Compression gland

    4 | Page

    G.
    H.
    I.
    J.

    Probe for measuring overall pressure (can be moved axially)


    Hose connection, water supply
    Ball cock at water inlet
    6-fold water pressure gauge (pressure distribution in venture tube)

    4) Procedures

    1.

    Arrange the experimentation set-up on the hydraulic bench such that


    the discharge routes the water into the channel.

    2.

    Make hose connection between hydraulic bench and unit.

    3.

    Open discharge of hydraulic bench.

    4.

    Set cap nut of probe compression gland such that slight resistance is
    felt on moving probe.

    5 | Page

    5.

    Open inlet and outlet ball cock.

    6.

    Close drain valve at bottom of single water pressure gauge.

    7.

    Switch on pump and slowly open main cock of hydraulic bench.

    8.

    Open vent valves on water pressure gauges.

    9.

    Carefully close outlet cock until pressure gauges are flushed.

    10. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock, regulate water level
    in pressure gauges such that neither upper nor lower range limit is
    overshot or undershot.

    6 | Page

    11. Record pressure at all measurement points. Then move overall


    pressure probe to corresponding measurement level and note down
    overall pressure.

    12. Determine volumetric flow rate. To do so, use stopwatch to establish


    time, t required for raising the level in the volumetric tank of the
    hydraulic bench at 10 litters.

    13. Repeat above procedure.

    5) Results and analysis


    I

    Qcalc

    (s)

    )
    hstatic

    0.240

    0.235

    0.190

    0.210

    0.225

    m /s
    )

    0.230

    (m)

    7 | Page

    htotal

    0.240

    0.240

    0.195

    0.215

    0.225

    0.230

    =10

    (m)

    97

    =1.031

    104

    hdynamic

    -0.00008

    0.00492

    0.00492

    0.00492

    - 0.00008

    -0.00008
    /

    (m)
    Diameter, d

    0.0284

    0.0225

    0.0140

    0.0172

    0.0242

    0.0284

    m3

    2
    ( m )

    Area, A

    6.3347

    104
    Velocitymeas

    0.01

    3.9761

    10

    1.5394

    2.3235

    4.5996

    10

    10

    10

    6.3347

    10

    0.0396

    0.3107

    0.3107

    0.3107

    0.0396

    0.0396

    0.1627

    0.2593

    0.6697

    0.4437

    0.2241

    0.1627

    (m/s)
    Velocitycalc
    (m/s)

    FORMULA

    Qcalc=

    V
    t

    Vmeas=

    2 gh

    Q= A.v

    d2
    A= 4

    hdynamic= htotal- 0.08m - hstatic

    dynamic

    Vcalc= Qcalc/A

    8 | Page

    Hdynamic(m)= htotal(m) 0.08m - hstatic(m)

    1. 0.240 0.08 -0.240 = -0.00008


    2. 0.240 0.08-0.235 = 0.00492
    3. 0.195 0.08

    0.190 = 0.00492

    4. 0.215 0.08

    0.210 = 0.00492

    0.225 =- 0.00008

    6. 0.230 0.08

    0.230 = - 0.00008

    5. 0.225 0.08

    d2 2
    ( 0.0284)
    Area,
    A= 4
    1.
    4
    =

    2.

    6.3347 10

    ( 0.0225 )
    4

    = 3.9761 10

    3.

    ( 0.0140 )2
    4
    1.5394 104

    4.

    ( 0.0172 )2
    4
    = 2.3235 10

    5.

    ( 0.0242 )2
    4
    = 4.5996 10

    6.

    ( 0.0284 )2
    4
    = 6.3347 10

    9 | Page

    Velocitymeas(m/s) =

    1.

    2 gh

    dynamic

    2 ( 3.981 ) (0.00008 )

    =0.0396
    2.

    2(3.981)(0.00492)

    =0.3107

    3.

    2(3.981)(0.00492)

    =0.3107
    4.

    2(3.981)(0.00492)

    =0.3107
    5.

    2(3.981)(0.00492)

    =0.0396

    6.

    2(3.981)(0.00008)

    =0.0396

    Qcalc=

    0.01
    97

    V
    t

    =1.031 10

    10 |
    Page

    Velocitycalc(m/s) = Qcalc/A

    /6.3347 10

    /3.9761 10

    /1.5394 10

    /2.3235 10

    /4.5996 10

    /6.3347 10

    1. 1.031 10
    2. 1.031 10
    3. 1.031 10

    4. 1.031 10
    5. 1.031 10

    6. 1.031 10

    = 0.1627
    = 0.2593
    = 0.6697

    = 0.4437
    = 0.2241

    = 0.1627

    11 |
    Page

    6) Discussion
    a. Determine the dynamic pressure head
    The htotal subtracted by 0.08 m then subtracted again with hstatic again will result in
    dynamic pressure head. The results are shown as below:1. 0.240

    0.08 -0.240 = -0.00008

    2. 0.240 0.08-0.235 = 0.00492


    3. 0.195 0.08

    0.190 = 0.00492

    4. 0.215 0.08

    0.210 = 0.00492

    0.225 =- 0.00008

    6. 0.230 0.08

    0.230 = - 0.00008

    5. 0.225 0.08

    b. Determine theoretical velocity head and measured velocity head at each


    tapping position. Illustrate the measured and theoretical velocity with plotting
    the graph of Flow Velocity, V against measurement point, i.
    At constant flow rate, the starting value for calculating the theoretical velocity is found
    as:

    v=

    Q
    A1
    Graph is shown in appendix

    c. Plot the graph of pressure head, hstatic,htotal and hdynamicagainst measurement


    point, i. what can you concluded from the graph
    Graph is shown in appendix

    7) Conclusion
    Bernoullis theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity, and
    elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction)
    12 |
    Page

    of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. First derived (1738) by the
    Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, the theorem states, in effect, that the total mechanical
    energy of the flowing fluid, comprising the energy associated with fluid pressure,
    the gravitational potential energy of elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains
    constant. Bernoullis theorem is the principle of energy conservation for ideal fluids in steady,
    or streamline, flow and is the basis for many engineering applications.The measured values
    are to be compared to Bernoullis equation. Bernoullis equation for constant head h:

    P1 v 1 P2 v 2
    + =
    + = Const.
    g 2 g g 2 g

    Allowance for friction losses and conversion of the pressure p 1and p2into static pressure
    heads h1and h2yield:

    h 1+

    v1
    v
    =h 2+ 2 +hv
    2g
    2g
    2

    The purpose of carrying out this lab work is to investigate the validity of Bernoullis Theorem
    and Pressure measurements along venture tube.

    8) Reference
    Labwork sheet POLITEKNIK MERLIMAU, Hydraulic Lab, cc303. CIVIL
    ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, Hazilahmohamad, Zamali Omar,

    AbdullSulaimanIsmil, Noorhaslizah Ahmad Rosli, HaizahHamzah


    Friday, 1.37 a.m (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/62615/Bernoullis-theorem)
    Friday, 1.58 a.mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_pressure
    13 |
    Page

    Friday, 2.03 a.m. http://www.google.com.my/imgres?q=the+graph+of+pressure+head,


    +static,total+and+d namic+against+measurement+point,
    +i&um=1&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=i
    ch&tbnid=_H1nY6wQyr78sM:&imgrefurl=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pitot-tubes
    d_612.html&docid=Z09V4a7ArkMzLM&imgurl=http://docs.engineeringtoolbox.com/doc
    ments/916/air_velocity_head.png&w=564&h=692&ei=R88qT-mxEoO0rAeUt33DA&zoom=1

    9) Appendix

    14 |
    Page

    Lab procedure

    15 |
    Page

    16 |
    Page

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