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Lect 1,2 Polarization

Polarized light occurs when electromagnetic waves, such as light, are restricted to vibrating in only one direction. The document discusses several ways that light can become polarized, including reflection, refraction, selective absorption, and double refraction. It provides examples of how Brewster's law and Malus' law describe polarization through reflection and refraction. Calcite crystals are used as an example to demonstrate double refraction, where light splits into two rays with different polarization states when entering the anisotropic crystal.

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Sameer
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117 views

Lect 1,2 Polarization

Polarized light occurs when electromagnetic waves, such as light, are restricted to vibrating in only one direction. The document discusses several ways that light can become polarized, including reflection, refraction, selective absorption, and double refraction. It provides examples of how Brewster's law and Malus' law describe polarization through reflection and refraction. Calcite crystals are used as an example to demonstrate double refraction, where light splits into two rays with different polarization states when entering the anisotropic crystal.

Uploaded by

Sameer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polarization

Interference and Diffraction


Wave nature of Light
POLARIZATION ?

Longitudinal?
Transverse?

Light is an electromagnetic wave and


transverse in nature.
nature

E M wave
S-wave
S wave in seismic wave

Electric field only going up and down


linearly or plane polarized

Natural light or ordinary light is unpolarized in nature.


nature

Vibrations take place symmetrically in all directions in the


plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light.
light

Why????

The process of transforming unpolarized light into


polarized light is known as

Representation of Plane polarized light

Plane of vibration & polarization:

Plane p
polarized light
g with
Vibration perpendicular to
the Plane of paper (Spolarized)
l i d)

Plane of vibration: A plane containing the direction of


propagation
p
p g
and direction of vibration
Plane of polarization: A plane containing the direction of
propagation and perpendicular to plane of vibration

Plane
a e po
polarized
a ed light
g
with
w
vibrations parallel to the plane
of paper (P-polarized)

How to detect unpolarized & polarized light

Mathematical representation of
Pl
Plane
polarized
l i d li
light
ht
Suppose light is propagating in zz
direction. Mathematically a plane
polarized light can be represented as:

E x ( z , t ) = iE0 x cos( kz t )
E y ( z , t ) = j E 0 y cos( kz t )

x
z

Unpolarized: if no change in the intensity during full rotation


Polarized: if intensity changes during full rotation of the crystal

Production off polarized


p
z light
g
1 By
1.
B R
Reflection:
fl ti
B
Brewsters
t Law
L
2 By
2.
B Refraction: Malus
Mal s Law
La

Polarization by reflection: Brewsters Law


Unpolarized light is incident at
polarizing
l i i
angle
l
on the
th
di l t i
dielectric
medium the reflected light is
completely plane polarized.
polarized

3 By selective absorption: Dichroic material


3.

= tan p

4 By double refraction:
4.
-Nicol Prism
- Wave plates

Polarization by reflection: Brewsters Law

Note : The polarizing angle is different for different


reflecting
fl i surfaces.
f

Polarization by reflection: Brewsters Law

n1
n2

= tan

n2

n1

Show that 2 + p =

tan p =

sin p
cos p

n2
=
n1

and snell ' s law


n1 sin p = n2 sin 2
therefore
cos p = sin 2 = cos (90 2 )

p + 2 =

Polarization by reflection: Brewsters Law

Polarization by reflection: Brewsters Law


For air-water interface, n1 = 1 and n2 = 1.33 (say)
then Brewsters
Brewster s angle is:

p = tan-11(1.33)
(1 33) ~ 530

Thus if the sunlight is incident on the sea at an angle


close to the polarizing angle, the reflected light is
almost polarized. Now if view through the rotation
polaroid, the sea will appear more transparent
when the polaroid blocks the reflected light.

Polarization by multiple reflection

Malus Law

I = I 0 cos 2

Law
states
that
intensity
of
light
transmitted through
the analyzer is directly
proportional to the
square of the angle
between
the
transmission planes of
the polarizer and
analyzer.

Two consecutive polarizers.

Unpolarized light have E field vibration in all directions.


Therefore I = I0 <cos2> = I0/2

Quest: 22.10 (page-22.38) Optics 4th ed by Ajoy Ghatak


(a) Consider two crossed Polaroids placed in the path of
an unpolarized
p
beam off intensityy I0. Iff we p
place a third
Polaroid in between the two then, in general, some
light
g
will be transmitted through
g . Explain
p
this
phenomenon.
(b) Assuming the pass axis of the third polaroid to be 450
to the p
pass axis off either off the p
polaroids,, calculate the
intensity of the transmitted beam. Assume that all the
ppolaroids are p
perfect.
f
Ans: I0/8

Quest: An unpolarized light passes through a


vertically placed polarizer having horizontal
polarization axis.
axis Subsequently it passes through a
polarizer with its pass axis at 90o with respect to
verticall andd two polarizers
l
h
having
their
h polarization
l
axes at an angle 30o and 60o with vertical
respectively.
What will be the intensity of the emergent light?

Use of Polaroid

Ans : (3/32)I0

Use of Polaroid

Without polarizer

With polarizer

Use of Polaroid

Without polarizer

With polarizer

Wire Grid Polarizer

Input light contains


both polarizations

g can excite electrons to move along


g the wires,, which then
The light
emit light that cancels the input light. This cannot happen perpendicular to the wires. Such polarizers work best in the IR.
Polaroid sheet polarizers use the same idea, but with long polymers.

Wire grid polarizer in the visible


Using semiconductor fabrication techniques, a wire-grid polarizer was
recently developed for the visible
visible.

The spacing is less than 1 micron.

How do we make Polarized Light?


I. Polarizers-

Polarization by double refraction


When an UPL enters an
anisotropic crystal,
crystal it splits into
two beams, each of them being
characterized by a certain state of
polarization. If by some method,
we could eliminate one of the
beams then we would obtained a
LPL.
LPL

Methods of eliminating one of the beam.


beam
1. By selective absorption - Dichroism.
2. Total Internal Reflection.

Polarization by Selective Absorption Dichroism

Polarization by Absorption: Dichroic materials


A number of crystalline materials absorb more light in one
incident plane than another,
another so that light progressing
through the material become more and more polarized as
they proceed.
proceed This anisotropy in absorption is called
dichroism. There are several naturally occurring dichroic
materials and the commercial material polaroid also
materials,
polarizes by selective absorption.
Tourmaline crystal
is a dichroic material

The electric field component of an incident light that is perpendicular


to the optic axis (determined by its atomic configuration) is strongly
absorbed by the sample.
Thicker the sample, the more complete the absorption. Here the
crystals principal axis becomes polarizers transmission axis.

By total internal reflection

Polarization by Scattering

Doubly Refracting Crystals

DOUBLE REFRACTION BIREFRINGENCE

When a ray of unpolarised light is incident on a certain


special
i l crystal
t l (doubly
(d bl refracting
f ti crystal)
t l) there
th
are two
t
refracted rays. Such crystals are of two types
1 Unaxial e.g.:
1.
e g : calcite (Iceland spar) , tourmaline and
quartz

When a ray enters such a crystal, it splits into two rays. This
phenomenon is known as double refraction or birefringence.
birefringence
A material
t i l which
hi h displays
di l
t different
two
diff
t indices
i di
off refraction,
f ti
i said
is
id
to be birefringent.

2 Bi
2.
Bi-axial
axial e.g.:
e g : topaz and aragonite,
aragonite Copper Sulphate,
Sulphate
cane sugar and Mica

GEOMETRY OF CALCITE CRYSTAL

GEOMETRY OF CALCITE CRYSTAL


It is colorless transparent crystal. It is chemically crystallized CaCO3
and occur in nature in different forms,
forms all of which give rhombohedran
on cleavage as shown in figure.

Two images
calcite crystal

through

Polarizer transmits the


ordinary ray.

Polarizer rotated about 90


transmits the extraordinary
ray.

A and H are Blunt Corner

GEOMETRY OF CALCITE CRYSTAL

GEOMETRY OF CALCITE CRYSTAL

Optic axis: direction along a line passing through any one


of the blunt corners and making equal angles each of the
three edges which meet at the corner.

Principal Section: A plane containing the optic axis of the crystal


and perpendicular to its two opposite faces is called the Principal
section of the crystal for that pair of faces. As Crystal has six
faces there are three principal sections corresponding to each
pair of the opposite faces.

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