PENYERAHAN DAN PENILAIAN TUGASAN

ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION AND ASSESSMENT

_____________________________________________________________________
XBRA3103
OSH RISK MANAGEMENT / PENGURUSAN RISIKO KKP
SEPTEMBER 2015
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RISK ASSESSMENT

Prepared by:
Safety and Health Officer
FELIX MELATIN
Safety and Health Department

Prepare For
Manager of Safety and Health Department

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TABLE OF CONTENT
NO

DETAILS

PAGE

BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM
1

1.1 Statement of Problem

1.2 Main Objective and Research Questions

PROCEDURES AND METHODOLOGIES
2.1 Risk management process
2.2 To identify the associated hazards related to manual handling
2

2.3 Possible negative health effects of manual handling

7-17

2.4 Factor Hazardous of manual handling

2.5 Risk assessment of manual handling activities
JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)
3

3.1 Steps in JHA

18-23

3.2 Job Hazard Analysis Benefits

RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Recommendations and suggestions to improve the manual
4

handling activities

CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..
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24

25

I am using this opportunity to express all my gratitude to everyone who supported me

throughout the course of this OSHA project. I am thankful for those give me aspiring
guidance, invaluably constructive criticism regarding my assignment and friends advice
during the project work while I am having the commitment of works. I am sincerely
grateful to those friends for sharing their truthful and illuminating their views on a number
of issues related to the project, which could contributed to my assignment.
In addition, I would like to take this opportunity to express all my gratitude to the whole of
the Department faculty members for their guidance. I also love to include thank my parents
for the, support and attention. I am also grateful to my wife who supported me through this
venture.
I also want to place an record, my sense to all, who directly or indirectly, have lent their
hand in this venture to ensure the successful paperwork has been successfully completed.

ABSTRACT
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The construction is an important part of the economy in Malaysia. Construction

industry plays a role as a driver of economic growth especially in developing countries.
Despite its importance, construction industries are considered the most risky with
frequent and high accidents rates plus ill health problems towards workers, practitioners
and end users. However, knowledge on how health and safety risks are manage on
BorneoTeam construction sites is limited and need to be improving by time.
The purposes of conducting this risk, is to find out the current practice of risk
assessment, risk of employee health and how do management could control in BorneoTeam
company. My findings of the study show that risk faced by the employees also consider as
management risk.
Meanwhile, risk information had been decided to be communicated through
meetings, informal discussions, and controlled by using Factory and Machinery Act (FMA)
1967 and related law that must be apply not only because of the administrate practices and
policies but as a routine to eliminate the failure cost.
Further findings of this analysis show that, site location, how organization site
configuration are main challenges that this risk analysis found hampering health and safety
risk management.

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BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM
1.1 Statement of Problem
Recently, many workers in BorneoTeam Company have reported back, neck and head discomfort.
These might affect their performance and influence their productivity within the organization.
In managing Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) issues at the workplace, top management
commitment is crucial to identify their employees need to perform well in their job. Management
must acknowledge that OSH matters are critical as part of the business operations
1.2 Main Objective and Research Questions
Major hazard risks
The main objective of this Risk Assessments is:

i.

Ensuring all the employee apply safety principles in managing risks

task

ii.

Implementing a robust safety case assessment and review process

to identified risks and put appropriate control

iii.

Prioritizing interventions based on the inherent hazards of the

iv.

focusing on how well duty holders manage major hazard risks by

sampling arrangements in key areas

v.

Identifying the underlying as well as the immediate causes of any

deficiencies in duty holders arrangements for managing risks

vi.

Taking action to ensure immediate and underlying causes of

failures of risk management are addressed

PROCEDURES AND METHODOLOGIES

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2.1 Risk Assessments process

How to assess any risk faced in organization
Identify the hazards
Decide who might be harmed and how
Evaluate the risks and prepare for prevention
Record your significant findings
Review your assessment and update if necessary
Risk assessment related to
A hazard is anything that may cause harm, such as chemicals, electricity, working
from ladders
A risk is the chance, high or low, that somebody could be harmed by these and other
hazards, together with an indication of how serious the harm could be
Identify the hazards
To conduct a risk assessment organization is organization need to identifying the potential
hazards in organization. Management responsibilities compulsory walk around workplace and
identify any potential hazards. In other words, hazard that could occur during the activities, any
processes or substances used that could injure and harm employees
Check and refer to the manufacturers' instructions given by manual book user or data
sheets for any chemicals and any equipment, because they can be very helpful in spelling out the
hazards and putting them in their true perspective and give the management guidelines how to
handle it more effective and efficiently.
Management or supervisor should look back to the any accident and ill-health records that
had been report because this action will often help the management to identify the l obvious
hazards as our employee receive the back pain lately.

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Decide who might be harmed and how

For each hazard management need to be clear about who might be harm. That does not mean
listing everyone by name, but rather identifying groups of employee that exposes to the hazard.
For example, our company cases, back pain.
Evaluate the risks
i.

Having identified the hazards, organization can decide how likely it is that harm will
occur.

ii.

Balancing the level of risk to control the real risk in terms of money, time or trouble.

iii.

Risk assessment should only include reasonably be expected to know employee is

organization asset are not expected to anticipate unforeseeable risks.

Some practical steps you could take include:

trying a less risky option
preventing access to the hazards
organizing work to reduce exposure to the hazard
issuing protective equipment
providing welfare facilities to employee
involving and consulting workers
Risk assessment can be perform by using:

Qualitative
A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the magnitude of potential severity
and the likelihood that these severities will occur. These scales can be adapted or
adjusted to suit the circumstances and with different descriptions may be apply for
different risks. This method uses expert knowledge and experience to determine
likelihood and severity categories

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 Quantitative
In semi-quantitative analysis, the objective of this analysis is to produce an
more expanded ranking on scale rather than not to suggest realistic number values
for risk such as quantitative analysis.

Semi-quantitative methods
Quantitative analysis usually use numerical values rather than the
description to conclude the scales used in qualitative and semiquantitative

Table shown below the indicate likelihood using the value

Likelihood

Example

Rating

Most likely

It is most likely for the hazard/event to be realized.

Possible

The event has a good chance of occurring and is not unusual.

Conceivable

The event might occur sometime in the future.

Remote

The event has not been known to occur for many years.

Inconceivable

The event is practically impossible and has never occurred.

(L)

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Table below is to identify the Severity of Hazard

Severity (S)

Example

Catastrophic

Numerous fatalities, irrecoverable property damage and

Rating
5

productivity
Fatal

Approximately a single fatality, or, major property damage

if hazard is realized
Serious

Non-fatal injury, permanent disability

Minor

Disabling but no permanent injury

Negligible

Minor abrasions, bruises, cuts, first-aid type injury

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Table below shows an example of a risk matrix.

Table 3.6: Example of a Risk Matrix Severity (S)
Likelihood (L) 1

10

15

20

25

12

16

20

12

15

10

High
Medium
Low
To use this matrix, first find the severity column that best describes the outcome of risk. The
relative risk value can be used to prioritize necessary actions to effectively manage workplace
hazards

Table below showed how to range the priority

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Ranges for

Description

Action

Priority
Risk
15 - 25

HIGH

A HIGH risk requires immediate action to control the hazard as

detailed in the hierarchy of control.

15 -12

MEDIUM

A MEDIUM risk requires a planned approach to control the

hazard and applies temporary measures if required.

1-4

LOW

A risk identified as LOW may be considered as acceptable and

further reduction may not be necessary.

Record your significant findings

Make a record of significant findings and report about the hazards, how our employee might be
harm and how management place to control the risks.
Review your risk assessment and update if necessary
Organization should keep ongoing basis, and review risk assessment by keep on track by several
questions:
1. Have there been any significant changes in organization?
2. Is there improvements management still need to make?
3. Have management workers spotted a problem?
4. Have organization learnt anything from accidents?
5. Make sure organization risk assessment stays up to date.

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2.2 To identify the associated hazards related to manual handling

Manual handling is supporting of a load by one or more workers. It includes the following
activities such as lifting, holding, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving of a load.
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders due to manual handling for example low back
disorders may have serious consequences to workers, and may restrict their ability to undertake a
work and leisure activities. Therefore, prevention is vital to be taken as a serious matters .

The back

.
The back has 4 natural curves. The muscles and joints in the back receive
least strain in an upright posture, which maintains the natural curves. These
natural curves should be maintain in order to prevent back disorders

When a load has to be manually handled, it should be held or manipulated as

close
to the body as possible. Twisting, turning and bending of the back should be
avoided.

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2.3 Possible negative health effects of manual handling

What makes manual handling hazardous?
The risk factors, particularly for back injury, are related to 4 aspects of manual handling:
1. The load
2. The task
3. The environment
4. The individual
The load
The risk of back injury increases during
1. Lifting
2. Carrying
3. Pushing
4. pulling of loads
If the load is:
i.

Too heavy
A weight of 20 to 25 kg is heavy to lift for employee, as if the load is handled several or non-

stop
ii.

times in an hour.
Too large
Management should note that the arm muscles could not produce any force when reaching as
effectively as with the arms held in condition too close. Thus, the muscles will get tired

Difficult to grasp
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Providing the objects with handles or using aids for gripping reduces the load on the worker.
Unbalanced, unstable or if the contents can move
Unbalanced objects make it difficult to hold the center of gravity of the load close to the middle of the
employee body.
The task
The risk of back injury increases if the task:
Is too strenuous
Involves awkward postures or movements

Posture

Manual handling involves muscular work. There are two main types of muscular
work:
1. Static work
When maintaining a posture holding the body or part of the body in a fixed
position, certain skeletal muscles remain contracted

2. Dynamic work
When moving body parts, active skeletal muscles contract and relax
rhythmically.

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2.4 Factor Hazardous of manual handling

The environment
The following characteristics of the work environment may increase the risk of back injury:
Space available
Floor
Climate
Lighting
The individual
There are also some individual factors that can influence the risk of back injury
Experience, training and familiarity with the
Age the risk of low back disorders increases with experience years at work
Physical dimensions and capacity such as length, weight, strength
Personal lifestyle such as smoking may increase the risk of low back disorders
History of back disorders
Willingness to use personal protective equipment

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2.5 Risk assessment of manual handling activities

1. Correct handling techniques
2. Lifting
Before lifting the load, you should plan and prepare for the task. Make sure that:
The area around the load is clear of obstacles
Doors are open and there is nothing on the floor that could trip someone or make them slip
Your hands, the load and any handles are not slippery
If you are lifting with someone else, both of you know what you are doing before you start

You should adopt the following technique when lifting the load:
Put your feet around the load and your body over it
Use the muscles of your legs when lifting
Keep your back straight
Pull the load as close as possible to your body
Lift and carry the load with straight arms.
Pushing and pulling handling devices such as trolleys and barrows is particularly strenuous for
the back, shoulders and arms.

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JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)

3.1 Steps in JHA
A job safety analysis is a procedure, which helps integrate accepted safety and health principles and
administrative practices into a task or job operation perform. In a JSA or JHA, each basic step of the
job is to identify any potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to perform the job. Other
terms used to describe this procedure are job hazard analysis (JHA) and job hazard breakdown.
Based on this risk assessment analysis, organization was concern on employee health and safety
aspects will be considered.
Four basic stages in conducting a JSA or JHA are:

Determinin
g
preventive
measures to
overcome
these
Hazard

Selecting
the job to
be analyzed

Identifying
potential
hazards

Breaking
the job
down into a
sequence of
steps

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STEP 1: SELECT THE JOB TO BE ANALYZE

Ideally, all jobs should be analyzed and through actual observation. However, it is more sensible to
prioritize the JSA effort to those jobs that are accident-prone.
Prioritize effort based on:

Frequency of accidents

Production of disabling injuries

Severity potential

New jobs

These are the categories of jobs that need JSA or JHA:

1. Jobs that involve lifting, climbing, working at heights or trips, slips and falls
2. Jobs that have potential to cause disabling injuries including loss of limbs, body functions or
illnesses such as cancer
3. Jobs that are complicated, requiring detailed steps and planning, such as, when installing
heavy equipment
4. Jobs that are risky, where a simple error can cause heavy consequences, such as, when
handling materials with fire and explosion hazards; and
5. Jobs that are new or have had a JSA done previously but now have changed the processes or
procedure.
STEP 2: BREAKING THE JOB DOWN INTO A SEQUENCE OF STEPS
Review this outlining work together with employees. This is important for two reasons:
1. Workers are familiar with the job
2. Workers will have the buy-in when the time comes for them to carry it out.

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In addition the organization need to following the several simple steps to makes it works as
below :
1. Select the right person to observe
2. Brief operator on the purpose
3. Observe work process
4. Record each step in the work process
5. Note tools and equipment required
6. Check the steps with the operator

JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

Job Safety Analysis /Job Safety Analysis Worksheet
Job: Change the car tyre
Analysis By:
Reviewed By:
Date:
Date:
Job Step
Potential Accidents or
Hazards

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Approved By:
Date:
Preventive
Measures

STEP 3: IDENTIFY POTENTIAL HAZARDS

Before observing the actual job being conduct by the worker, two things must be done by supervisor :
1

Step 1:

Gather information on previous accidents in the workplace in question.

Step 2:

Observe and take note of the general environment of the work at the time the
work observation is being conducted. Although the work environment may not be
directly related to the work itself, it may affect the work or the worker to some,
or a considerable, extent.

Note specific hazards and exposures for each step of the operation:

Job Safety Analysis Worksheet (Identify Potential Hazards) Job Safety Analysis
Worksheet

Job:
Analysis By:
Date:
Job Step

Reviewed By:
Approved By:
Date:
Date:
Potential Accidents or Preventive Measures
Hazards
Table show how to identify the potential hazard worksheet

STEP 4: DETERMINE PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO CONTROL THESE HAZARDS

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There are two principles that you need to know when dealing with hazards.
1. Eliminate or remove the hazard.
2. control it at the source of the hazard itself
Find a solution to do the job
1. Design lift device, conveyor
2. Procedures
3. Change the physical conditions
4. Eliminate the hazard
5. Reduce the job task frequency
6. Breaks
7. Job rotation

3.2 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS BENEFITS

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Reduce accidents, damage and injuries

Accident investigation tool

Improve attitude/morale about safety

Increase output/productivity

Reduce waste. Improve job methods

Tool for instructing new personnel

Pre-job instruction for infrequent tasks

Identify PPE requirements for SOPs

Ergonomic improvements

Tool for ADA compliance

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THE RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE MANUAL

HANDLING ACTIVITIES
The manual handling training must be specific with task. It should aim to ensure
that the employee must ensure they understands the reasons for risk
assessment to be conducted if to produce the job with least risk, can recognize
the risks and decide the best way to go about it and can perform the task in that
way.

The objective of a training program must be to ensure that the training received
is put into effect in the work situation.
1. Training should be monitor by appropriate supervision.
2. The instructor should communicate about their objective and all the
evaluation to measure and put into place to avoid or reduce risk of injury
related to specific work activities at the site.
3. The instructor must ensure that all employee involve understand and can
apply good handling techniques to avoid their injury.

The course content apply should include both instruction and practical training
and should cover the
following topics:

Information law relating to manual handling

Information on the spine and muscles
Injuries and damage take place from manual handling.
Guidance on fitness for the task, written guidance can be given on
exercises for Flexibility and muscle toning
Information on the specific manual handling hazards identified in the risk
assessment and any possible measures to avoid or reduce manual
handling
Information on good handling techniques and practice at applying these
techniques
Procedures for dealing with unfamiliar loads taken
Instruction on appropriate clothing and footwear while handling loads

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CONCLUSION

The Manual handling regulations need for effective health and safety management systems to
allow the effective management of manual handling with an emphasis on prevention of ill health and
back injury.
Risk assessment and Manual handling should able to explains how to avoided or reduced through
better planning, through consultation and systematic management. Risk assessment and manual
handling could provide ideas for solutions to different manual handling issues and cases. Therefore, it
is very important for each organization have their own Risk Assessment analysis to be conduct to
measure the hazard they faced.

Words: 2826 words

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Reference
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Management, Project Risk Management, Upper Darby, 1996
Haimes, Y., Y., Risk Modeling, Assessment and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1998
Schmidt, E., Varian, H., Google-Ten Golden Rules, Newsweek, December 2005
Tipton, H., Krause, M., Handbook of Information Security Management, CRC Press LLC,
199

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