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Google has come a long way since the early days when it struggled to convince

the world that its friendly green extraterrestrial could make applesauce of the
revolutionary iPhone.

Android is a mobile operating system (OS) currently developed by Google, based on


theLinux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such
as smartphonesand tablets. Android's user interface is based on direct manipulation, using touch
gestures that loosely correspond to real-world actions, such as swiping, tapping and pinching, to
manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard for text input. In addition to touchscreen
devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Autofor cars, and Android
Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used
on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronics. As of 2015, Android has the
largest installed base of all operating systems.[11] It is the second most commonly used mobile
operating system in the United States, while iOSis the first.[12]
Initially developed by Android, Inc., which Google bought in 2005,[13] Android was unveiled in 2007,
along with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance a consortium of hardware, software, and
telecommunication companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[14] As of July
2013, the Google Play store has had over one million Android applications ("apps") published, and
over 50 billion applications downloaded.[15] An AprilMay 2013 survey of mobile application
developers found that 71% of developers create applications for Android, [16] and a 2015 survey found
that 40% of full-time professional developers see Android as their priority target platform, which is
comparable to Apple's iOSon 37% with both platforms far above others.[17] At Google I/O 2014, the
company revealed that there were over one billion active monthly Android users, up from 538 million
in June 2013.[18]
Android's source code is released by Google under open source licenses, although most Android
devices ultimately ship with a combination of open source and proprietary software, including
proprietary software required for accessing Google services.[3] Android is popular with technology
companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for hightech devices.[19] Its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to
use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which add new features
for advanced users[20] or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems. At
the same time, as Android has no centralised update system most Android devices fail to receive
security updates: research in 2015 concluded that almost 90% of Android phones in use had known

but unpatched security vulnerabilities due to lack of updates and support. [21][22] The success of Android
has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so-called "smartphone wars" between
technology companies.[23][24]

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