Transportation Engineering - II

Dr. Rajat Rastogi

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology - Roorkee
Lecture 25
Interlocking of Track
Dear students, welcome you back to the lecture series on course material of
Transportation Engineering - II. In todays lecture, we will be discussing about the
interlocking aspect of tracks which is one of the important aspects as far as the operation
of points and switches in combination with signals is concerned. In the previous lectures,
for the previous 3 or 4 lectures, we have been discussing about the controlling systems of
train movement on the tracks. In this series, what we have seen is that and we have
discussed about the various types of the signals which are operated on the tracks for
different locations with different functions and we have also seen about the various types
of methods which are in use by which the operation of the trains can be controlled.

(Refer Slide Time: 1:23)

In todays lecture, we will be looking at certain aspects like the interlocking, the
principles of interlocking, the standards of interlocking and the methods of interlocking.
So, these are the things which we will be looking at and once we have done with this,

then we will also try to look at certain devices which are worked, which are used for the
working of any interlocking of a track.

(Refer Slide Time: 1:58)

So, if we start with interlocking, interlocking can be defined as an arrangement of signals,

points and other appliances, so interconnected by mechanical or electrical locking that
their operation takes place in a predetermined sequence to ensure that conflicting
movement of signals and points do not take place and train runs safely. So, that is what is
the overall definition of any interlocking system of the tracks.

What it defines? It tries to define number of aspects within this definition. What it is
trying to define is the type of the things which are involved in this interlocking
arrangement that is signals, points and other appliances. Then, it talks about the methods
by which this interlocking can be achieved, which may be mechanical or electric,
electrical locking method and it also speaks of the procedure by which it can be attained.
It is a predetermined sequence. It is not that any of the things can be worked with at any
point of a time without looking at the sequence of the procedure of movements which
needs to be carried out when we combine the various appliances, so as to operate points
and signals.

So, therefore we have to look at the predetermined sequence and when we go by this one,
then there is a possibility that there will not be any conflicting movement of signals and
points which will allow the movement of trains from either of the directions which
further may get resulted into hazardous condition. Instead if that is being followed in a
sequential manner, then there will not be any train on the track other than the one which
is being allowed and that train will keep running safely. So, to ensure the safety of the
train as well the track, the sequential procedure has to be maintained and operated upon.

So, what is the necessity of providing any interlocking system on the track?

(Refer Slide Time: 4:19)

The necessity is to increase in the number of points and signals. This is one thing.
Another is the increase in speeds on the high speed tracks and this makes the arrangement
of points and signals fool proof. Their locking eliminates the possibility of confliction
movements of trains and it helps in proper and safe working of the system. So, what it
tries to define is that as soon as we increase the number of points and signals, what we are
trying to do is we are trying to increase the efficiency of the tracks as far as the signals is
concerned and we are trying to increase the intermingling of the systems in terms of

divergence or convergence to the main track by providing the opportunities of the

directional movement of trains.

Now, when we are increasing this directional movement of the trains or we are having the
merging or divergence of the trains of the path from each other, then in that case the
overall traffic handling capacity of the system may increase. At the same time, because
there are points and there are signals being provided at number of locations, then we can
maintain the higher speed because of this interlocking arrangement and next thing is that
as soon as the interlocking arrangement is being used, the safety is being maintained,
because the possibility of movement of trains on the same sections in the same direction
or in the same section in the opposite direction, that reduced.

Now, there are certain principles on which this interlocking system works. So, we will be
looking at those principles that what are those.

(Refer Slide Time: 6:08)

One is it must be impossible to take OFF a signal for approaching train, unless the route
to which the train is taking is properly set, locked and held. At the same time, it must be
impossible to operate the points while the train is moving on it. That is the very first

principle of interlocking system and this basically governs the overall safety of the
movement of the train. What it says is that once a train is taking a certain route and in that
particular route, whatever is the signal which is governing, which is defining that the train
is taking this route and therefore cannot be taken up by any other train which is
following, then the signal cannot be turned off to the OFF condition, means it should not
show the green light for the following train. It should show the red light, because the train
is already there into the section.

So, this is one thing which should become impossible if we have then the interlocking
and another thing is that if the train is moving in the system, then whatever the points are
there by which it has to make a directional movement, then they should get properly set
locked and they should remain in position whatsoever happens to them, whatever type of
jerks, whatever type of impacts are being caused at that location where the points have
been provided or the switches have been provided they should not become unlocked and
may cause a hazardous condition, again accidents or chances of derailment. It means
what? That in this condition the point should be set and each facing point is locked,
because if each facing point is locked, then only the train can take that track. So, that is
the one thing which is to be done in this case, when we are talking about the very first
principle of interlocking.

(Refer Slide Time: 8:16)

Then, another thing is that it must be impossible to take OFF position at one and same
time for two fixed signals which would lead to conflicting movements. That is another
necessity or another principle of interlocking that if there are two fixed signals which
may define the movement of two trains in the opposite directions on the same track, then
in that condition the another signal which may be defining the opposite directional
movement should not be possible to make OFF position that is should not show green or
proceed condition for the train to come on the same track on which the train is already
moving. By this way, we are trying to ensuring the safety from the opposite direction.

So, that is one thing and how it translates is that it means that the points and signals are
locked against such movements. That is now not only the points, but along with the
points the signals in combination are locked and that is why the opposite directional
movement on the same track will not be allowed and we maintain the safety of the train.
Then, further it must be impossible for lose wagons to interfere with the route for which
the points are set and the signals has taken OFF position.

(Refer Slide Time: 9:41)

So, this is another aspect, because the wagons which are being attached to a locomotive,
they are loosely connected wagons, they are not stiffly connected wagons and that is why
there are possibilities of lateral or the front or back and forth movements of those wagons
depending on the jerks which are coming from the track. So, that sense they should, the
movement of these wagons, loose wagons, should not interfere with the points which are
being already set as well as the signals which has taken the OFF position.

What it means is that the levers which are connecting to the points and signals they
should remain interconnected and operated in a particular sequence that is pulling or
putting back whatever the sequence is there, by using that sequence only those levers
should move. Otherwise, with jerks being provided by the wagons, if they are starting
moving, then again the whole chances of derailment taking place at that location. The
route for which the points are set and signal taken to OFF position should be clear of any
obstruction.

This is another important thing, because once we have interlocked the system, the system
means we are talking about the points and signals in combination with each other, then in
that condition there should not remain obstruction on the route and it should be clear of

all those, so that the trains can move with the OFF position condition means the green
light condition. So, once we have looked at all the principles which are required so as to
operate the points and the signals in combination with each other for the tracks, the
combination of tracks that is the main tracks and turnouts, now we look at some of the
interlocking standards.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:45)

There are number of interlocking standards moving from Standard I II III and so and here
in the case of Standard I what it says is that the interlocked station has mechanical
interlocking. This is what it says. These are usually branch line stations and the points are
worked by point levers which are situated near the points and the signals are worked from
interlocking frames in the signal cabin. So, this is about the Standard I type of
interlocking arrangement, where they are operated on mechanical systems and there are
the branch line stations and another thing is that they have separate set of interlocking
arrangements for points and signals.

It is not a combination with each other and therefore, we have to set them separately at
two different locations. The points are worked where the points are being provided by
providing the levers at that particular location itself, where the signals are worked from

the signal cabin. So, a person has to go up to the point or there is a points hut which is
provided adjacent to the location of the point where the points man will be available and
then that points man through telephonically when the information is received, will set the
points in a certain fashion.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:13)

Then, there is another, in this Standard I itself, the mechanism use keys such that a key
obtained from the point mechanism after setting the points must be used on the signal
post locking mechanism to pull off the corresponding signal or the signals and also to
operate the block instrument. What it means is that once we are operating the points
mechanism, at that points mechanism, there is keys arrangement and once we lock the
points, then the keys will become free and these keys are used to operate the signal
system. So, this case will be taken to the signal and will be inserted into that signal and
once they are inserted, then only the signals can be locked and once they have been
locked in combination with the points, then nothing can be changed unless again the keys
are inserted and they are released. So, that is how the overall system will be working in
this case of Standard I and in this case, the through running speed for trains are restricted
to 50 kilometer per hour.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:26)

Then, we have another standard which is Standard II, in which case not only the
mechanical, but we also have the electrically interlocked systems by which the stations
can be interlocked and now this, most of the times we are using the electrically
interlocked systems instead of mechanically interlocked system, because the operation as
we have seen in the case of centralized traffic control systems and automatic train control
systems which are the advanced train control systems, they are working on the basis of
electrical circuits being provided along the track and the points and switches as well as
the signals can be operated by a single person while setting in a cabin at one place or one
location.

So, that is why now we have most of the time the electrically interlocked systems instead
of the mechanically interlocked systems and these are usually non trunk main line
stations. Still they are not on the trunk main lines and the main running line at such a
station can be completely isolated from the loops and shunting sidings on both sides. This
is another sort of restriction where we are trying to isolate this particular section from the
loop line which allows the overtaking sort of condition in any of the station as well as
there can be the shunting sidings where we take off the train which has already completed
its journey and now the wagons etc., has to be sorted out or a new train has to be found

for dispatching. That is where the shunting sidings are or the shunting sidings may also
be there for the locomotives, so as to take the locomotives to the locomotive yards.

(Refer Slide Time: 16:28)

Within the system, in the case of electrically interlocked system, setting the points
activates electrical circuitry that enables or disables the appropriate signal levers and
block instruments. So, that is what basically depends on the electric circles and making
the electric circles cut off and once it is being cut off for it is being provided on the basis
of that, the signal levers of the block instruments will be working. Now, in this case with
respect to the Standard I interlocking standard that through running speed is more than
that and it is restricted up to 75 kilometers per hour instead of 50 kilometers per hour as
available in the case of Standard I.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:14)

Then, further we have the Standard III interlocking standard system, whereas the
interlocked station has points and signals that are either interconnected mechanically
within the same mechanism or electrically as with route-relay and panel interlocking. So,
that is the system which we are using. If it is an electric system, then it is route-relay and
panel interlocking system, instead of mechanical system like key operated system or a
normal simple electrical operated system with simple circuitry. These are usually stations
on the trunk routes as compared to the previous methods where they were not on the
trunk routes and usually two signal cabins, whose signal and points controls are
interconnected, are provided in this system.

(Refer Slide Time: 18:10)

Then, further in these cases, the stations usually have the full complement of home and
starter signals for receiving and dispatching the trains. That is whatever station limits are
there, within those stations at the either side of the station limits we have the home
signals and starter signals and these home signals and starter signals are totally controlled
by the station limits and station masters first receive and dispatch the trains. Through
running speed of such stations is limited only by the speed limit for the section which is
specified by the section engineer and the loop lines at such stations have to be completely
isolated from the main running line by means such as sand humps, over-run lines, trap
points or derailing switches, etc., and that is how the isolation of the main line with the
loop line is made and this probably you must have seen at some point of time that the
loop line moves forward and then slowly it vanishes into the sand or it starts going
upwards on a ramp. These are the different ways by which the isolation of loop lines is
achieved with respect to the main line on which the main traffic will keep on moving.

Then there is another category within the standard III, which is termed as standard III.I or
sometimes III/I.

(Refer Slide Time: 19:52)

This is nothing but another designation which is found for some stations, which indicates
that the station is rated as for Standard III, but the loop lines are not physically isolated on
one side of the station. So, that is the differentiation between the Standard III and
Standard III.I. So, here the loop lines are not physically isolated and similarly in the case
of Standard II also there is Standard II.I, where the Standard II.I station is rated as in
Standard II, but has loop lines or sidings that are not completely isolated on one side of
the station.

Probably on the other side of the station they have been isolated, but at one side the
flexibility of operating on the loop line remains. So, that is a simple variation of the
previous standards. That is Standard II or Standard III. Once we have looked at the
different principles of interlocking and we have also seen the various standards of
interlocking, now we will be looking at the types of the methods which are generally used
for interlocking of the tracks.

(Refer Slide Time: 21:26)

The various methods for interlocking of the tracks are these are based on basically the
functions which need to be performed and as we have seen while we have discussed
about the various standards of interlocking, then we have seen that there is a use of a key,
there is mechanical system or there is electrical system or track circuitry system or the
relay and point system. So, they are all the ways by which the different methods can be
categorized from each other and that is what is being defined here also that on the basis of
functions which needs to be performed, they can be classified as key interlocking,
mechanical or electrical methods of interlocking of signals. That is what we have seen in
the case of initial principles of principle 1, 2 and 3, where we talked about the movements
on the single line and the double line condition and try to operate the train in particular
section with no train from the other side and attract circuitry which is for principle 4.

So, we have the four principles of interlocking and for all the four principles of
interlocking, how they are getting satisfied is the methods as being listed here. Out of
these methods which we have just seen, which we can use for interlocking systems, we
start with the first method that is key interlocking system. In the case of key interlocking
system, some idea we have already taken is that there is box from where the, as soon as
the points are set, then the keys are taken out and those keys are used, so as to operate the

signals, because unless until these keys are pressed into the location where they are
supposed to locate it and then only those signals can be operated.

So, that is how a combination of a point with the signal is achieved. Unless until, these
keys are available or inserted, the signals cannot be operated. So, that becomes the basis
of key interlocking principle and we are looking at how it works. This is one of the
simplest methods of interlocking system. This is one thing.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:44)

Second thing is that it is provided with standard interlocking with speed limit below 50
kilometers per hour. That is what we have seen in the case of inter, interlocking Standard
I, where it works with the key interlocking systems and we have also seen the speed
limits for up to 50 kilometers per hour. So, the same thing is being enumerated here also.
For an example of a main line and a branch line, points can be set for either of the two. If
we take an example that there is one main line and from that main line a branch line is
coming out may be in the form of a turn out, then as soon as there is a turn out, there will
be points.

So, these points can be set for either of the two conditions like the point has, the point has
two keys that is key A and key B. Key A is to be taken out when the point is set and
locked for main line, whereas key B is to be taken out when the point is set and locked
for the loop line. So, that is the difference between the two keys which are provided at the
point location itself. So, if we are operating the main line, we will be taking out key A; if
we are operating the loop line, we will be taking out key B.

(Refer Slide Time: 25:04)

So, in this case of indirect form of locking, what we will be doing is that at one time only
one key can be taken out. So, that all depends on whether we are interested in setting the
main line track or we are interested in setting the branch line track. So, depending on that
one, we will be taking out respectively either the key A or key B. So, once that is being
taken out, either of the key is taken out, the other key cannot be taken out; it becomes
fixed or locked within the box system. Then, the lever frame operating the signals has
two levers. The lever for main line can be operated by only key A and similarly, lever for
loop line can be operated by only key B. So, that is the set of levers which needs to be
used, so as to operate the signals.

So, depending on again which line we are talking about, we have taken already the key
and that key is to be inserted now in this layout frame. So, once this is released, then we
can operate the lever so as to make the signals operative. Therefore, if main line points
are set and locked, then key A is released and used for unlocking main line signal, thus
bringing it to lower position. So, that is how it works. So, as soon as the key A is released
and used to unlock the main line signal, the main line signal, if it is a semaphore signal, it
will be in a horizontal position. But, as soon as it is unlocked it will come down and it
will take a lower position that is the inclined position showing the proceed condition. So,
that was about the key interlocking condition.

Now, we will be looking at the mechanical interlocking condition. In the case of

mechanical interlocking condition, it is little complex condition where lot many types of
accessories need to be operated in relation with each other. Though these will be done
with the use of levers being provided on the side, how many lines are there for which that
sort of an operation is to be performed and these levers are interconnected with each other
and with the operation of one particular lever, one set of operation or function is
completed and in this system of mechanical interlocking, then there is a procedural
sequence in which all those levers has to be operated, so as to set either the main line or
the branch line.

If that procedural sequence is not being used, then in that case, the main line or branch
lines cannot be set and there will be hindrance in the operation of even the levers itself,
because there is a sort of a locking and unlocking arrangement which is being provided
with the movement of the levers. So, that is what it becomes in short or as far as the
summary is concerned of any mechanical interlocking system. Now, with this particular
aspect in mind, we have to look at how the mechanical interlocking system works. So, we
will be looking at the combination of levers. We will be looking at the combination of,
with these levers that .. or the locks or the bars which will be moving with respect to
each other. So, these are some of the things or devices which needs to be operated when
any point or signal is to be operated.

(Refer Slide Time: 29:05)

So, what happens is in this case is that it works with lever frames which are connected by
wire to the signals and points. So, that is the very first thing here is that the levers which
have been provided, they are connected to the signals as well as they are connected to the
points by wires and this you must have observed when you have traveled by train or
when you have been moving, may be along the tracks at any point of time or place, where
you must have seen that there is a sort of a small box on the side of the track from which
the wires are coming and they are going across the track. At the same time, they are also
going parallel to that track from that box. Those are the wires which are trying to operate,
which are used to operate the signals and the points.

This is the way by which it works and that is why it is a mechanical interlocking
condition. It requires lesser staff and it improves safety as compared to key interlocking,
because in the previous case where we have been talking about the key interlocking
aspect, a person has to first of all come to the box where the keys are there for the locking
of the points and once the key is being taken out and another key is being locked, then
this key is to be taken to the signal post where it is to be inserted, so as to operate the
lever of the signal. It means there is a requirement of more persons depending on the
number of such combinations of points and signals.

If it is a big station, then you require more number of persons so as to operate all those,
whereas in this mechanical interlocking system, it will be a little lesser than that one,
because there is a connectivity of the signal post and the point location by the wires to the
one single location and that is known as the controlling tower and at that particular place
all the levers are provided. So, when these levers are operated, the signals and points will
also be operated. So, one or two persons who are being provided duty in that room can
operate and that is how, there less number of staff persons are required and at the same
time, when less number of persons are there, the responsibility increases and
attentiveness also increases. Therefore, the chances of any unsafe condition of running or
operation of those points and signals will reduce and that is how it improves the safety as
compared to the previous key interlocking arrangement.

Further, it consists of locking frame and this locking frame is a combination of signal
levers, point levers point locks, etc., and it also consists of point fittings, plungers,
tappets, lock bars, etc. So, these are some of the main components which we will be using
if we have to mechanically interlock any point and signal and plungers have notches and
tappets are connected to tie bars. So, what we see is that there are number of accessories
which need to be moved in combination with each other when the mechanical
interlocking system is to be used.

(Refer Slide Time: 32:53)

Now, further in this one, the lever, plunger, tappet and tie bar, the connection works on
wedge action theory. Now, the wedge action theory says that if you have to interlock,
then in that case a sort of a wedge is to be inserted in a group and as soon as that wedge is
inserted in a group, then it will not allow the movement and it will make the things fixed.
So, using this theory, this combination of lever, plunger, tappet and tie bar that is worked
upon and due to this the tappet moves out of the notch at right angles to the movement of
plunger and this movement is transmitted to other tappets. That is how it works.

The tappets and the plungers they move at 90 degrees to each other and as soon as the
lever is operated, the tappet will come out of the notch and when it comes out of the
notch, then at right angles there will be a movement of the plunger and as this tappet
moves, there may be some combination of tappets which will be moving in combination
with each other and that is how the movement will get transmitted to other tappets too.
So, there is sort of a series of tappets which work together depending on what lever is
being operated upon.

What we look is this diagram.

(Refer Slide Time: 34:19)

This is probably you must have seen this type of levers at certain locations on the side of
the track or sometimes in the movies also where switching the direction of train on a
track, we find that a person is moving the levers and that is how at certain location there
is a connectivity of the track is being made, so that the train can take a turn on this side.
So, what we see in this diagram is that here there is a main track and from this main track
there is branch line coming out on this side and therefore, the connectivity of this branch
line with the main track that is at this location there is points and switches.

Now, these points and switches have to be connected to this mechanical device which is
provided in the cabin. At the same time, with respect to this one there is signal being
provided here which defines whether we are going on the main line or we are going on
the branch line. So, it means the signals, these two signal phases also needs to be
connected to the cabin, so that when it is being set for the main line, then signal for the
main line will be working and whereas when it is being set for branch line, then the signal
for the branch line will be worked upon. So, these dotted lines which are being shown
here from these two signals as well as from the location of the points that is it is coming
from this direction and this direction. So, they are coming like this. They are the wires.
So, these are the wires which are coming to the cabin.

So, from this cabin, now this is also going for the operation of two signals and the point
or the switch for the connectivity of either the main line or for the connectivity of the
branch line. So, depending on this number of wires, we will be having number of levers
provided in the cabin. So, if we have these four wires which are coming here, then we
have the four levers being provided here. So, in these four levers, this is the main line
signal lever. Then, we have the loop line signal lever, then we have the front lever which
is the facing point lock lever and another lever being provided for further operation and
releasing of the levers. So, these are the different levers in series, main line signal, loop
line signal, then for points and the release of those one. That is how they are working or
they are operating.

Then here we have the tie bar being provided here. This is the tie bar and this one and
then these are the locking tools which move in this direction, in this way or this way and
when these levers are operated in this direction or in this direction, depending on this, we
have these plungers which will be moving and within these plungers, then some groups
have been provided like this at this location or at this location or this location; similarly
here at this way or here at this location or likewise. Here you can see that this one or this
one, they are the grooving condition. They are the basically tappets and these tappet
locations are the locations where the wedge action will be taking place and we have these
plunger, the movement of these plungers, the different tappets which are being attached
to the tie bar they will be moving either in these groove or the other tappet locations and
that is how with the operation of these levers, there will be a relative movement of the
things.

Like if we operate this lever mean where we have the fixing and the releasing of the lever
are being provided on this one. So, if it is operated in this direction like this, then this
plunger will be moving in the forward direction and when it moves in the forward
direction, then it will put a pressure at this location on the tie bar. So, the tappet B will
move out of its location. At the same time, this tappet A will also come out of this
location. Now, when these two are going out of the location, this will be moving in this

direction and this will be moving in this direction. So, that is a relative 90 degree
movement of the different type of components which are attached with each other.

At the same time, when this moves out and there is a movement like this, when another
lever is being operated that is this lever is being operated, then it will allow this particular
groove to come into a position, so that the tappet E gets fixed in that one. So, there will
be a series of tappets which will be working in association with each other, depending on
which particular lever is being operated and then, after that which is the series in which
the levers have been operated for providing the movement either on this line or on the
main line. So, we will be looking at this aspect that is how all these levers work in
combination with each other. The only thing we have remember with respect to this
diagram is that we have a lever for main line signal, lever for loop line signal and a lever
for the points and that is how, here it will be. Then, we have tappets being provided in the
initial condition as B, then C and A and then, tappet F, E and D. So, that is a series they
have been provided.

(Refer Slide Time: 40:20)

So, we look at the procedure how it is working, what is the principle of interlocking. In
this case, the signal 1 for main line is operated by lever 1. So, signal 2 for loop line is

operated by lever 2, point 3 is set for main line by lever 3 in the normal condition and for
loop line by lever 3 in the pulled condition. So, if the lever 3 is being left in the normal
condition as being shown in the diagram previously, then it is for the main line. But, if it
is pulled in the backward direction, then it is being set for the loop line. Lever 4 in pulled
position locks the point 3 in both positions. So, that is for locking of the pulled positions
of the levers, so the lever 4 is being used and that is being used for whatever is the
condition.

The normal setting of points, signals and levers is generally for the main line and in this
condition the point will set for main line if lever 3 remains in normal position and lever 4
is pulled. So, that is the initial settings of the levers. So, when we look at the initial
setting where the trains are moving on the main line track, we have found that the lever 3
is in normal position and lever 4 is in the backward position. That means it is being
pulled towards the person.

(Refer Slide Time: 41:46)

Then, further in the normal position of lever 4, the tappet D butts against the plunger and
thus not allow tappet B or C to get released from the notch. So, that is what will happen if
the lever 4 comes into the normal position which was shown in the diagram.

(Refer Slide Time: 42:09)

That is if we go to the diagram, this one, this is the lever 4 and this is the normal position
of the lever 4. Then, in this condition the tappet D is in the groove condition that is not
allowing any other tappet or any other plunger to get released and move. Now, when it is
being pushed in the backward direction or is being pulled towards the person who is
pulling it, then only this will get released and this is what we will be looking at.

(Refer Slide Time: 42:42)

So, pulling of lever 4 brings notch in front of tappet D. So, the notch which is provided in
the plunger will come in front of the tappet D as soon as the lever 4 is pulled back, thus
releasing tappet B or C as required, depending on whether we are looking for the loop
line signal or the main line signal. Also, tappet E will move in notch of plunger
connecting lever 3 that is for the points. So, for points again, as soon as this D tappet is
coming out, it will also be releasing tappet E now, which is to be worked upon if we just
pull the lever 3. Now, after setting the points for the main line signal or main line signal
is set to OFF position, so that is we have to do and for this what we will be doing is that
for this lever 1 is pulled.

Lever 1 is related to the signal of the main lines. So, when now it is pulled, and the
signal once the point is being placed. Now, this will move the tappet A, which is released
from the plunger related to this lever 1 out of the notch of the plunger connected to lever
1 and it will enter the notch on the plunger related to lever 2. So, this is what will be
happening. It has come out of the lever 1 and it will be moving into the notch which is
related to the lever 2. Therefore, now what will happen is that this lever 2 will become
locked and it cannot be operated. It means, now we cannot set the signal for the loop line.
So, that is how it is working in relative position to each other. So, as soon as we have
moved the lever 1, lever 2 has been fixed and we cannot operate simultaneously the two
of the levers.

(Refer Slide Time: 44:44)

Further, the movement of tappet A also causes the movement of tappet F which moves
into the notch of plunger connected to lever 3, thus also locking this lever which is being
provided for the point. So, this is, there are two things simultaneously which has
happened, as soon as we have pulled the lever 1 which was supposed to set the signal of
main line. One thing is that it has locked the lever 2 in position, so that the signal of the
loop line cannot be maintained, cannot be pulled out to the OFF position and the second
thing is that it has also made the lever 3 locked in position, so that the point is being set
and locked.

Now, to adjust the track for branch line, what we have to do is that we will put that lever
1 in normal position and once we put that lever 1 in normal position, then the tappet A
will come into the notch and on the plunger connected to lever 1 and that is how the lever
1 will become locked and it will release the lever that is for signal of the loop line as well
as for setting the points.

(Refer Slide Time: 46:12)

So, now what we will be doing for putting for the branch line is that we will now be using
the lever 3 and it will be pulled to set the points for loop line. Now, once it is being set for
the loop line, what will be happening is that it will cause tappet E to move back and lock
the lever 4 and the tappet F to move out of the notch on plunger of lever 3, thus locking
lever 1 due to the movement of tappet A in notch on plunger of lever 1. So, again we
have to be serious that there is a relative movement with respect to tappet E and tappet A
as well as with respect to tappet F, which are provided on the different levers and that is
how the three levers which are being operated one after the other that, locks, so that now
only when we pull the lever 2 which causes the movement of tappet C into the notch
brings the signal for the branch line to the OFF position. So, that is how we can set, we
can make the interlocking for the main line or for the branch line using the four levers as
shown in the diagram. So, that is the overall principle of interlocking in the case of
mechanical interlocking process.

Now, we come to the electrically operated interlocking condition.

(Refer Slide Time: 48:07)

In this electrically operated interlocking condition, what we do is that the more advanced
condition where the electric or electronic interlocking schemes are used and the points
and signals are worked from one integrated mechanical signal cabin which features a
display of the entire track as we have seen in the case of CTC system, the centralized
traffic control system with indications of sections that are occupied, that are free or that
are set for reception or dispatch, etc. .. everything is available in the form of a diagram
on the panel and that can be viewed while sitting in one single cabin at certain location.
So, that what is the principle behind the automatic train control system as well as the
centralized train control system and that is why it is suited to that type of system, more.

The interlocking is accomplished not by mechanical devices, but by electrical circuitry

where the relays and switches in older electrical or electro-pneumatic systems or
computerized circuits in the newer electronic systems are used. So, in the previous
systems what we have been using was the relays and the switches, where nowadays in the
new systems the computerized circuits are there. Everything is controlled by computers
being fed in the form of software and that is how it keeps on controlling the overall
system.

(Refer Slide Time: 49:15)

Then, there is a panel interlocking system, PI system where it used in most medium sized
stations on Indian railways. In this, the points and signals are worked by individual
switches that control them. That is the way it is worked, whereas there is a route-relay
interlocking system which in short is termed as RRI. This is the system which is used in
large and busy stations that have to handle high volumes of train movements and in this
system an entire route through the station can be selected and all the associated points and
signals along the route can be set at once by a switch for receiving, holding, blocking or
dispatching the trains; means it is a condition, where whatever the number of points are
being provided, whatever number of signals are being provided along the route, there is
relay of the communication of the message by which all the things are getting interlocked
with each other by using one single switch or by using one single such point which is
provided within the controlling cabin and that is what is the system of route relay
interlocking.

So, this helps in eliminating the errors which may be there while setting the different
points or while setting the different signals and route, due to any human error as we have
seen in the case of CTC system, where for each and every point as well as for every
signal a thumb off switch was provided on the board and we have to operate that thumb

off switch, so as to operate that point or that signal. But in this case, because each and
every signal or point on the route is being connected to each other, therefore that sort of
human error may get eliminated in this system.

(Refer Slide Time: 51:13)

In recent years interlocking accomplished by the modern integrated electronic circuitry

instead of electromechanical relay systems has come into use which is termed as solid
state interlocking system. By the year 2001, this solid state interlocking was in place at 14
stations in India and the equipment is manufactured by RDSO. This is again the
organization of railways, where 247 stations now have the route relay installations and
the number of stations with panel interlocking has risen to 2426. That was the statistics
up to the year 2003 and now probably large number of stations has already been
connected by these systems.

Now, we come to the mechanical devices which are used for the interlocking.

(Refer Slide Time: 52:14)

The purpose behind these mechanical device is that they ensure that the route is set,
proper signal is taken OFF and the route cannot be changed after the signal is OFF and
they hold the route properly at a diverging point and ensures that the route cannot be
changed while the train is on the point and they also ensures the correct routing setting
and avoiding conflicting movements. So, that is the basis for which or the objective for
which the mechanical devices are provided.

Within these mechanical devices the first thing is the detector.

(Refer Slide Time: 52:51)

It at once detects any defect or failure in the connection between switches and the lever or
an obstruction between stock and tongue rail. The signal remains at danger position and
cannot be taken to the OFF position until the defect is set right and the detectors are used
on all points over which signal controls the train movement.

(Refer Slide Time: 53:12)

Then, we have the stretcher bars. The two tongue rails are connected to each other by
means of two stretchers which are known as William Patent stretchers. The front stretcher
extends under the stock rail to prevent jumping at switches. Then there is a point lock. It
ensures that each switch is correctly set. It is placed in the middle of the track, a little in
front of the toe of the tongue rail.

(Refer Slide Time: 53:48)

Then there is a, in the case of point lock still then it consists of two stretcher blades,
plunger, plunger casing and a three way crank and the different types are a bolt and cotter
type, each individually fitted to switch rail and padlock or clamp and a padlock for
locking switch rail to stock rail, if the speed is less than 16 kilometer per hour or key of
approved design for locking each rail independently if the speed is greater than 16
kilometer per hour, but less than 48 kilometer per hour and a plunger type of facing lock
if the speed is greater than 48 kilometers per hour.

(Refer Slide Time: 54:28)

Then the lock bars purpose is to ensure that the point is not operated while the train is on
it. Therefore, it is little longer than the longest wheel base of any vehicle. It is provided
near and parallel to the inner side of the rail. When the point lock is worked from the
signal cabin, the lock bar rises slightly above the rail level and then comes down. That is
how it works.

(Refer Slide Time: 54:58)

That is a diagram which tries to show all the mechanical devices which we have
discussed just now. These are the rails, this is the tongue rail which is coming into the
tappet condition and survey at this location and then, we have the stretcher bars which are
shown here. They are connecting the two tongue rails that is this one and the other tongue
rail being placed side to this main track.

Then there is a three way crank, this is connected by the plunger to the point lock being
provided here. This is what is the point lock. It is provided with the stretcher blades that
is at this location, at this location and then there is compensator being provided here for
the plunger casing where the crank bar and all these are going to the lever frame to the
signals cabin. So, these are the different things, different mechanical devices which we
have discussed and are used for interlocking system of the various points.

So, this is what we have looked as far as further in the case of controlling of the
movement of trains is concerned on the tracks. This is the final thing which is used, so
that the operation of the trains on the track remains safer, subjective it has to move on the
main line or the branch line and only one type of movement can be provided at one point
of a time and this is what is known as interlocking. So, we stop at this point and will be
meeting in another lecture to look at some of the aspects of high speed rails and till then
good bye.