CHAPTER 2

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

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Introduction
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The primary purpose of structural analysis is to establish the

distribution of internal forces and moments over the whole
part of a structure and to identify the critical design
conditions at all sections.
The type of analysis should be appropriate to the problem
being considered. The following may be used: linear elastic
analysis, linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution, and
plastic analysis.
Linear elastic analysis may be carried out assuming cross
sections are uncracked (i.e. concrete section properties), using
linear stress-strain relationships, and assuming means values
of elastic modulus.
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Analysis of Actions
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Actions that applied on a beam may consist of beams selfweight, permanent and variable actions from slabs, actions
from secondary beams and other structural or non-structural
members supported by the beam.
The distribution of slab actions on beams depends on the slab
dimension, supporting system and boundary condition.
Beam supporting slabs designed as spanning one-way can be
considered to be uniformly load as shown in figure below.

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Analysis of Actions
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Analysis of Actions
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lx

w = 0.5.n.lx kN/m
B

ly
Beam AC and BD
ly
w = 0 kN/m
lx
D

Beam AB and CD

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Analysis of Actions
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For beam supporting a two-way slab panel freely supported along

four edge.
2
lx
nl x
kN / m
3 -
w=
l
6
y

lx

ly
ly

Beam AC and BD
w=

nl x
kN / m
3

lx

D
Beam AB and CD
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Analysis of Actions
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There are alternatives methods which consider various support

conditions and slab continuity. The methods are, (i). Slab shear
coefficient from Table 3.15 BS 8110, (ii). Yield line analysis and (iii).
Table 63 Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook by Reynold.

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Analysis of Actions
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w = vx.n.lx kN/m
B

ly
Beam AC
ly

w = vy.n.lx kN/m

lx
C

lx

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Beam CD

Example 2.1
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FS1 (150 thk.)

200 x 500

200 x 500

FS2 (150 thk.)

FS3 (150 thk.)

200 x 500

200 x 500

A
2500

200 x 500

200 x 500

4500
Weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Finishes, ceiling = 2.0 kN/m2
and services
Variable action
= 3.0 kN/m2
(All slab)

4000

200 x 500

200 x 500

3000

200 x 500

Determine the characteristic permanent and

variable action act on beam B/1-3.
3

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Solution of Example 2.1

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Action on slab
Selfweight
= 0.15 x 25
Finishes, ceiling and services
Chac. Permanent action, Gk
Chac. Variable action, Qk

= 3.75 kN/m2
= 2.0 kN/m2
= 5.75 kN/m2
= 3.0 kN/m2

Distribution of actions from slabs are as follows;

FS1 : ly/lx = 7.5 / 2.5 = 3 > 2.0, One-way slab
FS2 : ly/lx = 4.0 / 3.0 = 1.33 < 2.0, Two-way slab
FS3 : ly/lx = 4.5 / 4.0 = 1.13 < 2.0, Two-way slab

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Solution of Example 2.1

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2
3000

3
4500

2500

A
w1 = 0.5.n.lx

w2 = vy.n.lx

w3 = vx.n.lx

4000

C
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Solution of Example 2.1

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Action from slab

w1 Gk = 0.5 x 5.75 x 2.5 = 7.19 kN/m
w1 Qk = 0.5 x 3.00 x 2.5 = 3.75 kN/m

From Table 3.15: BS 8110: Part 1: 1997

w2 Gk = 0.4 x 5.75 x 3.0 = 6.90 kN/m

w2 Qk = 0.4 x 3.00 x 3.0 = 3.60 kN/m
w3 Gk = 0.44 x 5.75 x 4.0 = 10.12 kN/m
w3 Qk = 0.44 x 3.00 x 4.0 = 5.28 kN/m

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Solution of Example 2.1

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Actions on beam
Beam selfweight

= 0.20 x (0.5 0.15) x 25 = 1.75 kN/m

Span 1-2
Permanent action,Gk
Variable action, Qk

= 7.19 + 6.90 + 1.75 = 15.84 kN/m

= 3.75 + 3.60 = 7.35 kN/m

Span 2-3
Permanent action, Gk
Variable action, Qk

= 7.19 + 10.12 + 1.75 = 19.06 kN/m

= 3.75 + 5.28 = 9.03 kN/m

Gk = 15.84 kN/m
Qk = 7.35 kN/m

3000

Gk = 19.06 kN/m
Qk = 9.03 kN/m

4500
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Combination of Actions
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Combination of action is specifically used for the definition of the

magnitude of actions to be used when a limit state is under the
influence of different actions.
For continuous beam, Load cases is concerned with the
arrangement of the variable actions to give the most unfavourable
conditions.
If there is only one variable actions (e.g. Imposed load) in a
combination, the magnitude of the actions can be obtained by
multiplying them by the appropriate factors.
If there is more than one variable actions in combination, it is
necessary to identify the leading action(Qk,1) and other
accompanying actions (Qk,i). The accompanying actions is always
taken as the combination value.

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Combination of Actions
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Design values of actions, ultimate limit state-persistent and

transient design situations

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Load Cases
/ and Combination
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Clause 5.1.3 : MS EN 1992-1-1

In considering the combinations of actions, the relevant cases

shall be considered to enable the critical design conditions to
be established at all sections, within the structure or part of
the structure considered.
For simply supported beam, the analysis for bending and
shear force can be carried out using statically determinate
approach. For the ultimate limit state we need only consider
the maximum load of 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk on the span.
While for continuous beam a simplification in the number of
load arrangements for use in a Country is required, reference
is made to its National Annex. The following simplified load
arrangements are recommended for buildings:
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Load Cases and Combination

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Section 5.1.3 : MS EN 1992-1-1

Load set 1: Alternate or adjacent spans loaded (Continuous

Beam)
Alternate span carrying the design permanent and variable
load (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), other spans carrying only the design
permanent loads (1.35Gk)
Any two adjacent spans carrying the design permanent and
variable loads (1.35Gk + 1.5Qk), all other spans carrying only
the design permanent load (1.35Gk)

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Load Cases and Combination

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Alternate spans loaded

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk

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Load Cases and Combination

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Adjacent Span Loaded

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

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Load Cases and Combination

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UK National Annex & Malaysia National Annex

Load set 2: All or alternate spans loaded (Continuous Beam)

All span carrying the design permanent and variable loads
(1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk)
Alternate span carrying the design permanent and variable
load (1.35Gk+ 1.5Qk), other spans carrying only the design
permanent loads (1.35Gk)

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Load Cases and Combination

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All span loaded

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

Alternate span loaded

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
1.35Gk

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Load Cases and Combination

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The shear force and bending moment diagrams can be drawn

for each of the load cases required in the patterns of loading.
A composite diagram comprising a profile indicating the
maximum values including all possible load cases can be
drawn; this is known as an envelope.

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Load Cases and Combination

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Load Case 1

Load Case 2

SFD

SFD

BMD

BMD

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Load Cases and Combination

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Load Case 3
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM ENVELOPE

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM ENVELOPE

SFD

BMD

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Method of Structural Analysis

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Three analysis methods may be used in order to obtain shear

force and bending moment for design purposes. There are;
Elastic analysis using moment distribution method
(Modified Stiffness Method)
Simplified method using shear and moment coefficient
from Table 3.6: BS 8110: Part 1.
Using commercial analysis software such as Staad Pro,
Esteem, Ansys, Lusas, etc.

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Moment Distribution Method

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Moment distribution method is only involving distribution

moments to joint repetitively.
The accuracy of moment distribution method is dependent to
the number repeat which does and usually more than 5
repeat real enough. Right value will be acquired when no
more moments that need distributed.
In general the value is dependent to several factor as :
Fixed end moment
Carry over factor
Member Stiffness Factor (distribution factor)

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Moment Distribution Method

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Fixed end moment (FEM)

The moment at the fixed joints of a loaded member are called
fixed-end moment.
This moment can be determined from table below, depending
upon the type of loading on the member.
Carry over factor (CO)
The carry-over factor to a fixed end is always 0.5, otherwise it
is 0.0.

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Moment Distribution Method

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Fixed End Moment

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Moment Distribution Method

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Moment Distribution Method

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Moment Distribution Method

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Moment Distribution Method

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Example 2.2
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A series of 250 x 400 mm reinforced concrete beams spaced at 3 m

centres and spanning 7.5 m support a 175 mm thick reinforced concrete
slab as shown in Figure 2.1. If the variable floor action is 3 kN/m2 and the
load induced by the weight of concrete is 25 kN/m3, calculate the
maximum shear force and bending moment of beam B/1-2.

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Solution of Example 2.2

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Slab
Permanent action, gk from 175 mm slab
: 25 x 0.175 = 4.38 kN/m2
Variable action, qk : 3.0 kN/m2
Total ultimate load : 1.35 (4.38) + 1.5(3.0) = 10.41 kN/m2
Beam
Ultimate load from slab : 10.41 x (1.5x2) = 31.23 kN/m
Beam self-weight, Gk : 25 x 0.4 x 0.25 = 2.5 kN/m
Ultimate load for beam : 1.35 x 2.5 = 3.38 kN/m
Total ultimate load, w
: 31.23 + 3.38 = 34.61 kN/m
Maximum shear force = wL/2 = 34.61 x 7.5/2 = 129.79 kN
Maximum bending moment = wL2/8 = 34.61 x 7.52/8 = 243.35 kNm
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Example 2.3
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Figure below shows the first floor layout plan of commercial

building. If all beams size are 300 x 500 mm, determine the
following;
1.
2.

Characteristic permanent and variable action act on the beam 2/A-E

if all slab thickness are 150 mm and the brickwall heights is 3m.
Shear force and bending moment envelope of beam 2/A-E.

Given the following data;

Variable load on slab
Finishes, ceiling & services
Unit weight of concrete

=
=
=

4.0 kN/m2
1.5 kN/m2
25 kN/m3

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Example 2.3
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Solution of Example 2.3

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1) Characteristic permanent and variable action act on the beam 2/A-E

Action on slab
Permanent action, Gk
Selfweight of slab
Finishes, ceiling and service
Total permanent action on slab
Variable action, Qk
Action on beam
Permanent action, Gk
Load from slab
Beam selfweight
Brickwall
Total permanent action on beam
Variable action, Qk
Load from slab

=
=
=
=

0.15 x 25 = 3.75 kN/m2

1.5 kN/m2
5.25 kN/m2
4.0 kN/m2

=
=
=
=

0.5 x 5.25 x 3 = 7.88 kN/m

(0.3 x (0.5 0.15) x 25) = 2.63 kN/m
2.6 x 3 = 7.8 kN/m
18.31 kN/m

0.5 x 4.0 x 3.0 = 6.00 kN/m

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Solution of Example 2.3

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2) Shear force and bending moment envelope of beam 2/A-E.

Loading

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Solution of Example 2.3

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Moment of Inertia, I
I = bh3/12 = 300 x 5003/12 = 3.125 x 109 mm4

Stiffness, K
A-B
B-C
C-D
D-E

KAB = KBA= 3I/L = 3 x 3.125 x 109/8000 = 1.17 x 106 mm3

KBC = KCB = 4I/L = 4 x 3.125 x 109/8000 = 1.56 x 106 mm3
KCD = KDC = 4I/L = 4 x 3.125 x 109/8000 = 1.56 x 106 mm3
KDE = KED= 3I/L = 3 x 3.125 x 109/8000 = 1.17 x 106 mm3

Distribution Factor, DF
Joint A & E ~ DFAB & DFED
Joint B
~ DFBA
DFBC
Joint C
~ DFCB
DFCD
Joint D
~ DFDC
DFDE

= KAB / (KAB + 0) = 1.17 / (1.17 + 0) = 1.0

= KBA / (KBA + KBC) = 1.17 / (1.17 + 1.56) = 0.43
= KBC / (KBA + KBC) = 1.56 / (1.17 + 1.56) = 0.57
= KCB / (KCB + KCD) = 1.56 / (1.56 + 1.56) = 0.50
= KCD / (KCB + KCD) = 1.56 / (1.56 + 1.56) = 0.50
= KDC / (KDC + KDE) = 1.56 / (1.17 + 1.56) = 0.57
= KDE / (KDC + KDE) = 1.17 / (1.17 + 1.56) = 0.43

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Solution of Example 2.3

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Load Case 1
Fix End Moment, FEM
-M
- AB = MBA = wL2/12
= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

- BC = MCB = wL2/12
-M
= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm
- CD = MDC = wL2/12
-M
= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm
- DE = MED = wL2/12
-M
= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

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Solution of Example 2.3

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Solution of Example 2.3

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Load Case 2
Fix End Moment, FEM
-M
- AB = MBA = wL2/12
= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

- BC = MCB = wL2/12
-M
= 24.72 x 82/12
= 131.84 kNm
- CD = MDC = wL2/12
-M
= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm
- DE = MED = wL2/12
-M
= 24.72 x 82/12
= 131.84 kNm

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Solution of Example 2.3

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Solution of Example 2.3

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Load Case 3

Fix End Moment, FEM

-M
- AB = MBA = wL2/12
= 24.72 x 82/12
= 131.84 kNm

- BC = MCB = wL2/12
-M
= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm
- CD = MDC = wL2/12
-M
= 24.72 x 82/12
= 131.84 kNm
- DE = MED = wL2/12
-M
= 33.72 x 82/12
= 179.84 kNm

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Solution of Example 2.3

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Solution of Example 2.3

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SFD Envelope

BMD Envelope

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Simplified Method
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The analysis using moment distribution method is time

consuming and is more conveniently carried out using
standard computer technique.
Therefore, as a simplification BS 8110 cl. 3.4.3 can be use.
Table 3.5 are given in BS 8110 which enable a conservative
estimate of shear force and bending moment values to be
determined for the design of continuous beam.
There are conditions which must be satisfied in each case
before these tables can be used. They are:

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Simplified Method
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The beams should be approximately equal span.

The characteristic variable action Qk may not exceed the characteristic
permanent action Gk.
Load should be substantially uniformly distributed over three or more
spans.
Variation in span length should not exceed 15% of the longest span.

(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)

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Simplified Method
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End Span
Bending
Moments

Interior Span

-0.11FL

-0.08FL

-0.08FL

0.07FL

0.09FL

Shearing
Forces
0.55F

0.45F

0.55F

0.60F

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Example 2.4
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By using simplified method, analyze the beams shown below.

F = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
= 1.35(18.31) + 1.5(6.00) = 33.72 kN/m x 8 m = 269.75 kN

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Solution of Example 2.4

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Shear force and bending moment diagrams

0.45F =121.39 kN

0.55F =148.36 kN

0.60F =161.85 kN
0.11FL =237.38 kNm

0.09FL =194.22 kNm

0.60F =161.85 kN

0.55F =148.36 kN

0.55F =148.36 kN

0.08FL =172.64kNm

0.07FL =151.06 kNm

0.55F =148.36 kN

0.45F =121.39 kN

0.11FL =237.38 kNm

0.07FL =151.06 kNm

0.09FL =194.22 kNm

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Moment Redistribution
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Plastic behavior of RC at the ULS affects the distribution of moment

in structure.
To allow for this, the moment derived from an elastic analysis may
be redistributed based on the assumption that plastic hinges have
formed at the sections with the largest moment.
From design point of view, some of elastic moment at support can
be reduced, but this will increasing others to maintain the static
equilibrium of the structure.
The purpose or moment redistribution is to reduced the bending
moment at congested zone especially at beam-column connection
of continuous beam support. Therefore, the amount of
reinforcement at congested zone also can be reduced then it will
result the design and detailing process become much easier.
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Moment Redistribution
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EC2: Section 5.5 permit the moment redistribution with the

following requirement;
The resulting distribution remains in equilibrium with the load.
The continuous beam are predominantly subject to flexural.
The ratio of adjacent span should be in the range of 0.5 to 2

There are other restrictions on the amount of moment

redistribution in order to ensure ductility of the beam such as grade
of reinforcing steel and area of tensile reinforcement and hence the
depth of neutral axis.
Class A reinforcement; redistribution should 20%
Class B and C reinforcement; redistribution should 30%

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Example 2.5
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Based on results obtained from Example 2.3, redistribute 20% of

moment at support.
Solution:
Original moment at support B & D
Reduced moment (20%)

= 231.21 kNm
= 0.8 x 231.21 = 184.97 kNm

Original moment at support C

Reduced moment (20%)

= 154.14 kNm
= 0.8 x 154.14 = 123.31 kNm

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Solution of Example 2.5

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184.97 kNm

Load Case 1
33.72 kN/m

Span A - B
MB = 0
VA(8) 33.72(8)2/2 + 184.97 = 0
VA = 894.07 / 8 = 111.76 kN

8m
VA

Fy = 0
111.76 + VB1 33.72(8) = 0
VB1 = 158.0 kN

VB1

184.97 kNm

Span B - C

123.21 kNm
33.72 kN/m

MC = 0
VB2(8) 33.72(8)2/2 + 123.21 - 184.97 = 0
VB2 = 1140.8 / 8 = 142.60 kN

8m
VB2

VC1

Fy = 0
142.60 + VC1 33.72(8) = 0
VC1 = 127.16 kN

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Solution of Example 2.5

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184.97 kNm

123.21 kNm

Span C - D

33.72 kN/m

MD = 0
VC2(8) 33.72(8)2/2 - 123.21 +184.97 = 0
VC2 = 1017.28 / 8 = 127.16 kN

8m
VD1

VC2

Fy = 0
127.16 + VD1 33.72(8) = 0
VD1 = 142.60 kN

184.97 kNm

Span D - E

33.72 kN/m

ME = 0
VD2(8) 33.72(8)2/2 - 184.97 = 0
VD2 = 1264.01 / 8 = 158.0 kN

Fy = 0
158.0 + VE 33.72(8) = 0
VE = 111.76 kN

8m
VD2

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VE

Solution of Example 2.5

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184.97 kNm

Load Case 2
33.72 kN/m

Span A - B
MB = 0
VA(8) 33.72(8)2/2 + 184.97 = 0
VA = 894.07 / 8 = 111.76 kN

8m
VA

Fy = 0
111.76 + VB1 33.72(8) = 0
VB1 = 158.0 kN

VB1

184.97 kNm

Span B - C

123.21 kNm
24.72 kN/m

MC = 0
VB2(8) 24.72(8)2/2 + 123.21 - 184.97 = 0
VB2 = 852.8 / 8 = 106.60 kN

8m
VB2

VC1

Fy = 0
106.60 + VC1 24.72(8) = 0
VC1 = 91.16 kN

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Solution of Example 2.5

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184.97 kNm

123.21 kNm

Span C - D

33.72 kN/m

MD = 0
VC2(8) 33.72(8)2/2 - 123.21 +184.97 = 0
VC2 = 1017.28 / 8 = 127.16 kN

8m
VD1

VC2

Fy = 0
127.16 + VD1 33.72(8) = 0
VD1 = 142.60 kN

184.97 kNm

Span D - E

24.72 kN/m

ME = 0
VD2(8) 24.72(8)2/2 - 184.97 = 0
VD2 = 976.01 / 8 = 122.0 kN

Fy = 0
122.0 + VE 24.72(8) = 0
VE = 75.76 kN

8m
VD2

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VE

Solution of Example 2.5

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184.97 kNm

Load Case 3
24.72 kN/m

Span A - B
MB = 0
VA(8) 24.72(8)2/2 + 184.97 = 0
VA = 606.07 / 8 = 75.76 kN

8m
VA

Fy = 0
75.76 + VB1 24.72(8) = 0
VB1 = 122.0 kN

VB1

184.97 kNm

Span B - C

123.21 kNm
33.72 kN/m

MC = 0
VB2(8) 33.72(8)2/2 + 123.21 - 184.97 = 0
VB2 = 1140.8 / 8 = 142.60 kN

8m
VB2

VC1

Fy = 0
142.60 + VC1 33.72(8) = 0
VC1 = 127.16 kN

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Solution of Example 2.5

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184.97 kNm

123.21 kNm

Span C - D

24.72 kN/m

MD = 0
VC2(8) 24.72(8)2/2 - 123.21 + 184.97 = 0
VC2 = 729.28 / 8 = 91.16 kN

8m
VD1

VC2

Fy = 0
91.16 + VD1 24.72(8) = 0
VD1 = 106.60 kN

184.97 kNm

Span D - E

33.72 kN/m

ME = 0
VD2(8) 33.72(8)2/2 - 184.97 = 0
VD2 = 1264.01 / 8 = 158.0 kN

Fy = 0
158.0 + VE 33.72(8) = 0
VE = 111.76 kN

8m
VD2

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VE

Solution of Example 2.5

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SFD Envelope
After 20%
Redistribution

BMD Envelope
After 20%
Redistribution

With Wisdom We Explore