14 سلسلة حالة PDF
14 سلسلة حالة PDF
14 سلسلة حالة PDF
M. Ni, D. Scholz
Cabin Redesign
Starting from Cabin Zero [2], which is the
standard cabin of an aircraft, customers may
require specific features for their product. A
cabin conversion is defined as the sum of the
activities necessary to transform the cabin from
its original appearance to a new one, required
for the new mission. Cabin Redesign can be:
Pax-to-Pax, Pax-to-Freighter or Pax-to-VIP [3].
1.3 Objectives and Structure of the Paper
The aim of this paper is first to provide the
reader with an insight perspective of the
processes involved in cabin design and
conversion. For this purpose, representation
methods are studied while investigating the
project management models appropriate to this
field. (Sections 2 and 3).
A second major issue treated in this
paper refers to optimization studies conducted
with the purpose of improving the process
chain. This is done in close connection with the
representation method chosen for illustrating the
process chain and the relations between its
elements. Approached in this matter was the
Dependency
and
Structure
Modeling
Methodology that uses Design Structure
Matrices as a basic tool (Section 4).
A third focal point is the investigation
towards the tools necessary to be implemented
into an organization performing cabin design
and conversion activities. Tools have a vital
importance in designing, analyzing and
archiving data. The research towards this topic
includes the analysis of existing tools used in
cabin related activities, and seeks to describe a
range of further useful tools (Section 5).
The investigation is done with a medium
sized engineering office in mind that wants to
perform partial or complete cabin design (for
VIP customers) or redesign (for airlines).
2 The Process Chain for Cabin Design
2.1 Process Chain Description
At a smaller scale, the cabin design reflects the
process steps of aircraft design. Once the
Fig. 1
M. Ni, D. Scholz
Fig. 2
3.1.1
A:Offer
The Offer Phase starts with the Customer
Request which is formalized through a
B: Conversion Processing
The conversion cycle gathers all the phases
related to the design and certification of the
conversion work. These phases are:
1) Concept
2) Definition
3) Design
4) Adjustment
Each phase has its own number of subphases, which can also be further divided into
smaller processes. Their representation and
optimization is performed in Section 4.
1) Concept Phase
The first stage in the development of a
product is the conception. The actions required
at the beginning of a project are mainly
referring to:
understanding and filtering the customer
requirements,
understanding
and
filtering
the
certification requirements,
making an internal feasibility study,
studying the design possibilities,
organizing the work flow,
developing the preliminary design,
developing the testing and verification
methods.
2) Definition Phase
The definition phase approaches the same
issues more in depth, with the purpose of
3.1.3
C: Hand Over
Once the design is performed and verified,
the next step is to hand over the results to the
customer. The form of the results is written
documentation, describing the assembly process
in detail. The size and complexity of the
technical documentation depends on the size of
the conversion project. Besides the technical
documentation, assistance should be as well
provided. The steps involved in this phase
require:
taking over the final version of the
design documentation,
creating the assembly instructions, based
on the design documentation,
verifying the documentation,
providing assistance,
delivering the results to the customer.
The output of the finalized conversion
process becomes the input for the hand over
phase, and receives the name deliverable.
Together with the deliverable, the engineering
office needs to provide assistance to the
customer, once the work package is finished.
Under the hypothesis that the company
performs only the design work, and not the
manufacture and assembly, the deliverable is in
fact a document, gathering all the data necessary
for the design to be executed: technical
documentation, procedures and instructions for
assembly, part lists, instructions and cautions
for continued airworthiness and maintenance.
3.2 The Completion Center Concept
A Completion Center can deliver a range of
modifications from simple cabin upgrades to
complete, highly specialized conversions,
usually attributed to VIP aircraft. The range of
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M. Ni, D. Scholz
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
M. Ni, D. Scholz
Information
Required:
Desired:
Weight
+2
+1
Indifferent:
Undesired:
0
-1
Detrimental:
-2
Information exchange is
necessary for functionality
beneficial but not absolutely
necessary for functionality
does not affect functionality
causes negative effects but
does not prevent functionality
must be prevented to achieve
functionality
Fig. 6
Table 2.
Criteria
Representation
Dimension
Focus of
Analysis
DSM
nxn matrix
Single domain
Tasks
Activities
Parameters
Components
People
Information flow
Deliverable flow
DMM
nxm matrix
Dual domain
Components /
Organization
Project /
Organizational
Structure
Functionality /
Product
Architecture
Information flow
M. Ni, D. Scholz
Dimensions
Fig. 7
DMM
Partitioning
analysis
Clustering
analysis
Partitioning
algorithm
Block
diagonalization /
Triangularization
Clustering in
blocks along
the diagonal
Move items
into clusters
Result of the
analysis
Sequence of
items, activities
Cluster of
items
Cluster of
items
Visualization
of
dependencies
Feedback and
circuits
Loop of items
Parallel items
Sequence of
items
Cluster of
items
Dependencie
s of clusters
Cluster of
items
Dependencies
of clusters
Key words
Tasks
Activities
Information flow
Deliverables
Parameters
Components
People
Organization
Information
flow
Components /
Organization
Project /
Organizational
Structure
Functionality /
Product
architecture
Partitioning Algorithm
The processes were introduced in the
EXCEL tool [14] and the algorithm was run. By
manipulating the rows and columns, a minimal
feedback process configuration was obtained.
Figure 8 illustrates, as far as possible, the
partitioned DSM.
10
Fig. 8
The partitioned DSM resulted after running the partitioning algorithm on the original DSM matrix
Eigenstructure Analysis
When aiming to optimize a large number
of processes, it helps conducting an analysis
M. Ni, D. Scholz
Fig. 9
Process ID
Process Title
Eigenvalue
50
6.43
51
2.21
52
2.21
53
106
113
121
2.31
1.62
1.62
1.00
12
Zone I
Zone II
Zone III
Zone IV
Zone V
Partitioned DSM
Activity
Pasivity
Sum
5271
5271
Mean Value
36.86
36.86
Standard
Deviation
40.067
19.147
Minimum
Maximum
142
85
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M. Ni, D. Scholz
Category
CAD and
CAE
Criteria
Compatibility with other types of software
(CAD, CAE, PDM) or with old and future
versions of the same software,
Operability - such as duration of a medium
sized task,
Functionalities,
Visualization capabilities for CAD only,
Already implemented in the CC or not.
Operability of the database ,
PDM
Access management for multi work and
suppliers,
1
SDM , PLM capabilities,
Integration implications (e.g. set-up duration
and complexity),
Supplier access.
Functionalities
ERP
Operability
Integration implications
1
SDM Simulation Data Management
Criteria
Compatibility with CATIA -current and
future versions
Operability
Duration of a medium difficult task
Necessary computer power
Ongoing modification possibility
Real time rendering
Total
(1)
2
2
1
1
0
0
6
Tool
(2) (3)
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
6
2
3
2
2
2
11
(2)
2
(3)
2
Tools
(4) (5)
0
0
(6) (7)
Compatibility with
0
1
CATIA
Database
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
operability
Access
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
management for
multi work
Access
2
2
1
1
0
0
1
management for
suppliers
SDM capabilities
0
0
3
0
3
3
3
PLM capabilities
2
1
2
2
0
0
0
CMII certification
3
0
2
0
0
0
0
i
ii
iii
iv
Others
3
0
0
0
1
1
1
Total
16 9
12 6
8
8
10
I
Open source
ii
Supports data handling from other ANSYS products
iii
Integrated access to SimManager from MSC
applications, compatibility with other CAE application
through web-browser interface
iV
Configurable connectors with other CAD and CAE tools
M. Ni, D. Scholz
Tool
Description
Sage ERP X3
Access with simple browser
Premium Edition Multiuser capability (up to 1500)
Complete integration with MS Office
Customer Relationship Management
module
PDA applications
Automatic reading of documents
Good customization capabilities
SAP Business
Suite
Microsoft
Dynamics
16
*
*
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M. Ni, D. Scholz
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1
NM=Non-Mandatory
References
[1] European Standard EN 9100:2003. Quality
Management Systems, Requirements (based on ISO
9001:2000) and Quality Systems : Model for Quality
Assurance in Design, Development, Production,
Installation and Servicing (based on ISO 9001:1994)
[2] Dohrmann, F. A380 Kabinentechnologie, Integration
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URL: http://www.fzt.haw-hamburg.de/pers/Scholz/
dglr/hh/text_2006_12_14_A380.pdf (2009-05-15)
[3] Scholz, Dieter: Research Proposal : Aircraft Cabin
and Cabin System Refurbishing Management of
Technical
Processes
(CARISMA).
Hamburg
University of Applied Sciences, Aircraft Design and
Systems Group. Technical Note, 2008-06-13
[4] Reis, G. Systems Architectural Development : A New
Paradigm for Early-Stage Design. Atlanta : PACE
America Inc., 2010. URL: http://www.pace.de
(2010-03-03).
[5] Ni, M.; Scholz, D. From Preliminary Aircraft
Cabin Design to Cabin Optimization. In: German
Aerospace Congress 2010 (DLRK 2010, 31.08-02.09
2010, Hamburg).
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Modern Approach. New Jersey : Prentice Hall, 2003.
[7] Szasz, B. Cabin Refurbishing Supported by
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University of Applied Sciences, Master Thesis 2009.
[8] European Aviation Safety Agency Certification
Specifications for Large Aeroplanes, Sep. 2008.
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Mesures/Certification_Spec/CS-5%20Amendment%
206.pdf (2009-07-08).
[9] European Aviation Safety Agency Commission
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[10] Steward, D. Planning and Managing the Design of
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[11] Browning, T. Applying the Design Structure Matrix
to System Decomposition and Integration Problems :
A Review and New Directions. In: IEEE
Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 48,
No. 3, August 2001.
[12] Bartolomei, J; Silbey, S; Hastings, D; De Neufville,
R and Rhodes, H. Bridging the Unspannable Chasm :
Qualitative Knowledge Construction for Engineering
Systems. In: Second International Symposium on
Engineering
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MIT,
(Cambridge,
Massachusetts, June 15-17, 2009).
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M. Ni, D. Scholz
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have obtained permission, from the copyright holder of
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give permission, or have obtained permission from the
copyright holder of this paper, for the publication and
distribution of this paper as part of the ICAS2010
proceedings or as individual off-prints from the
proceedings.
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