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Name, Symbol, Dimensions Conversion Formula: Formulas For Unit Conversions

The document provides tables of conversion formulas, commonly used equations, useful constants, and properties of air and water. Table F.1 lists conversion formulas for units of length, speed, mass, density, force, pressure, volume, volume flow rate, mass flow rate, energy, power, angular speed, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and temperature. Table F.2 lists commonly used equations in fluid mechanics. Table F.3 provides values for useful physical constants like gravity and the universal gas constant. Tables F.4-F.6 give properties of air and water under standard conditions.

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Qedew Er
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views

Name, Symbol, Dimensions Conversion Formula: Formulas For Unit Conversions

The document provides tables of conversion formulas, commonly used equations, useful constants, and properties of air and water. Table F.1 lists conversion formulas for units of length, speed, mass, density, force, pressure, volume, volume flow rate, mass flow rate, energy, power, angular speed, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and temperature. Table F.2 lists commonly used equations in fluid mechanics. Table F.3 provides values for useful physical constants like gravity and the universal gas constant. Tables F.4-F.6 give properties of air and water under standard conditions.

Uploaded by

Qedew Er
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

Endpapers.

indd Page 2 13/06/12 3:04 PM user-f409

TA BL E F.1 Formulas for Unit Conversions*

Name, Symbol, Dimensions

Conversion Formula
1 m  3.281 ft  1.094 yd  39.37 in  km/1000  106 m
1 ft  0.3048 m  12 in  mile/5280  km/3281
1 mm  m/1000  in/25.4  39.37 mil  1000 m  107

Length

Speed

L/T

1 m/s  3.600 km/hr  3.281 ft/s  2.237 mph  1.944 knots


1 ft/s  0.3048 m/s  0.6818 mph  1.097 km/hr  0.5925 knots

Mass

1 kg  2.205 lbm  1000 g  slug/14.59  (metric ton or tonne or Mg)/1000


1 lbm  lbf s2/(32.17 ft)  kg/2.205  slug/32.17  453.6 g
 16 oz  7000 grains  short ton/2000  metric ton (tonne)/2205

Density

M/L3

Force

ML/T 2

1 lbf  4.448 N  32.17 lbm ft/s2


1 N  kg m/s2  0.2248 lbf  105 dyne

p, 

M/LT 2

1 Pa  N/m2  kg/m s2  105 bar  1.450  104 lbf/in2  inch H2O/249.1


 0.007501 torr  10.00 dyne/cm2
1 atm  101.3 kPa  2116 psf  1.013 bar  14.70 lbf/in2  33.90 ft of water
 29.92 in of mercury  10.33 m of water  760 mm of mercury  760 torr
1 psi  atm/14.70  6.895 kPa  27.68 in H2O  51.71 torr

Volume

L3

Volume Flow
Rate (Discharge)

L3/T

#
m

1 m3/s  35.31 ft3/s  2119 cfm  264.2 gal (US)/s  15850 gal (US)/m
1 cfs  1 ft3/s  28.32 L/s  7.481 gal (US)/s  448.8 gal (US)/m

M/T

1 kg/s  2.205 lbm/s  0.06852 slug/s

E, W

ML2/T 2

# #
P, E, W

1 J  kg m2/s2  N m  W s  volt  coulomb  0.7376 ft lbf


 9.478  104 Btu  0.2388 cal  0.0002388 Cal  107 erg  kWh/3.600  106

ML2/T 3

1 W  J/s  N m/s  kg m2/s3  1.341  103 hp


 0.7376 ft lbf/s  1.0 volt-ampere  0.2388 cal/s  9.478  104 Btu/s
1 hp  0.7457 kW  550 ft lbf/s  33,000 ft  lbf/min  2544 Btu/h

Angular Speed

T 1

Viscosity

M/LT

1 Pa s  kg/m s  N s/m2  10 poise  0.02089 lbf s/ft2  0.6720 lbm/ft s

Kinematic
Viscosity

L2/T

1 m2/s  10.76 ft2/s  106 cSt

Temperature

Pressure, Shear
Stress

Mass Flow Rate


Energy and
Work
Power

1000 kg/m3  62.43 lbm/ft3  1.940 slug/ft3  8.345 lbm/gal (US)

1 m3  35.31 ft3  1000 L  264.2 U.S. gal


1 ft3  0.02832 m3  28.32 L  7.481 U.S. gal  acre-ft/43,560
1 U.S. gal  231 in3  barrel (petroleum)/42  4 U.S. quarts  8 U.S. pints
 3.785 L  0.003785 m3

1.0 rad/s  9.549 rpm  0.1591 rev/s

K  C 273.15  R/1.8
C  ( F  32)/1.8
R  F 459.67  1.8 K
F  1.8 C 32

*A useful online reference is www.onlineconversion.com

Endpapers.indd Page 3 13/06/12 3:04 PM user-f409

TA BL E F. 2 Commonly Used Equations


Mass ow rate equation

Ideal gas law


p  RT

(Eq. 1.10, p. 14)

Specic weight
  g

V d A  V d A
A

(Eq. 2.3, p. 31)

Specic gravity



S
 H2 O at 4C
 H2O at 4C

(Eq. 2.5, p. 32)

Kinematic viscosity

 /

(Eq. 2.15, p. 38)

Denition of viscosity
dV

dy

(Eq. 2.16, p. 39)

Pressure equations
pgage  pabs  patm
pvacuum  patm  pabs

(Eq. 3.3a; p. 62)


(Eq. 3.3b, p. 62)

(Eq. 3.10b, p. 66)

p  z

(Eq. 3.10c, p. 66)

(Eq. 3.10a, p. 66)

Manometer equations
p2  p1 a i h i  a i hi

(Eq. 3.21, p. 74)

h1  h 2  h 1B /A  12

(Eq. 3.22, p. 75)

down

up

Hydrostatic force equations (at panels)


FP  pA
I
ycp  y 
yA
Buoyant force (Archimedes equation)
FB  V D
The Bernoulli equation
p2
p1
V 21
V 22
z1 b  a
z2 b
a


2g
2g
V 12
V 22
g z1 b  ap2
gz 2 b
2
2

Coecient of pressure
pz  pzo
h  ho
Cp 
 2
Vo2 /2
Vo / 12g2
Volume ow rate equation
#
m
Q  VA   VdA 

A

Continuity equation
d
d V V d A  0
dt cv
cs

(Eq. 5.28, p. 183)

d
#
#
Mcv a mo  a mi  0
dt
cs
cs
 2 A 2 V2   1 A 1 V1
Momentum equation
d
a F  dt v dV
cv

aF

d 1mcv vcv 2
dt

(Eq. 5.11, p. 174)

(Eq. 5.29, p. 183)


(Eq. 5.33, p. 189)

vV d A

(Eq. 6.7, p. 213)

#
#
a mov o  a mi v i

(Eq. 6.10, p. 213)

cs

cs

cs

Energy equation

Hydrostatic equation
p1
p2
z1 
z2  constant


pz  p1 z 1  p2 z 2  constant

ap1

#
m  AV  Q 

(Eq. 3.28, p. 80)


(Eq. 3.33, p. 81)

p1


1

p2
V 21
V 22
z1b hp  a 2
z 2 b ht hL

2g
2g
(Eq. 7.29; p. 262)

The power equation


P  FV  T
#
P  m gh  Qh
Eciency of a machine
Poutput

Pinput
Reynolds number (pipe)
#
VD
4m
4Q
VD
Re D 




v
Dv
D

(Eq. 4.21b, p. 133)


(Eq. 4.21a, p. 133)

L V2
V2
hL  a f
a K
2g
pipes D 2g
components

(Eq. 10.1, p. 361)

(Eq. 5.10, p. 174)

(Eq. 10.45, p. 382)

Friction factor f (Resistance coecient)


64
f
Re  2000
(Eq. 10.34, p. 370)
ReD
0.25
f
1Re
 30002 (Eq. 10.39, p. 375)
ks
5.74 2
clog10 a
0.9 bd
3.7D
Re D
Drag force equation
FD  C D Aa

(Eq. 7.32; p. 267)

Combined head loss equation


(Eq. 3.41a, p. 87)

(Eq. 4.47, p. 147)

V dA

(Eq. 7.3, p. 255)


(Eq. 7.31; p. 265)

V 20
b
2

Lift force equation


V 20
b
FL  CL A a
2

(Eq. 11.5, p. 409)

(Eq. 11.17, p. 424)

Endpapers.indd Page 4 13/06/12 3:04 PM user-f409

TA BL E F.3 Useful Constants

Name of Constant
Acceleration of gravity
Universal gas constant
Standard atmospheric pressure

Value
g  9.81 m/s2  32.2 ft/s2
Ru  8.314 kJ/kmol K  1545 ft lbf/lbmol R
patm  1.0 atm  101.3 kPa  14.70 psi  2116 psf  33.90 ft of water
patm  10.33 m of water  760 mm of Hg  29.92 in of Hg  760 torr  1.013 bar

TA BL E F.4 Properties of Air [T  20C (68F), p  1 atm]

Property

SI Units

Traditional Units

Specic gas constant

Rair  287.0 J/kg K

Rair  1716 ft lbf/slug R

Density

  1.20 kg/m3

  0.0752 lbm/ft3  0.00234 slug/ft3

Specic weight

  11.8 N/m3

  0.0752 lbf/ft3

Viscosity

  1.81  105 N s/m2

  3.81  107 lbf s/ft2

Kinematic viscosity

 1.51  105 m2/s

 1.63  104 ft2/s

Specic heat ratio

k  cp/cv  1.40

k  cp/cv  1.40

Specic heat

cp  1004 J/kg K

cp  0.241 Btu/lbm R

Speed of sound

c  343 m/s

c  1130 ft/s

TA BL E F.5 Properties of Water [T  15C (59F), p  1 atm]

Property

SI Units

Traditional Units

Density

  999 kg/m3

  62.4 lbm/ft3  1.94 slug/ft3

Specic weight

  9800 N/m3

  62.4 lbf/ft3

Viscosity

  1.14  103 N s/m2

  2.38  105 lbf s/ft2

Kinematic viscosity

 1.14  106 m2/s

 1.23  105 ft2/s

Surface tension (waterair)

  0.073 N/m

  0.0050 lbf/ft

Bulk modulus of elasticity

Ev  2.14  109 Pa

Ev  3.10  105 psi

TA BL E F.6 Properties of Water [T  4C (39F), p  1 atm]

Property

SI Units

Traditional Units

Density

  1000 kg/m3

  62.4 lbm/ft3  1.94 slug/ft3

Specic weight

  9810 N/m3

  62.4 lbf/ft3

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