DIGITAL SIMULATION LAB

1 Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

EXPERIMENTS
1.

Flow over an airfoil

2. Supersonic flow over a wedge

3. Flat plate boundary layer

4.

Laminar pipe flow

13

5.

Flow past a cylinder

17

6. Flow in a convergent and divergent nozzle

21

7. Programm for Unstructured grid

25

8. Programm for Structured grid over an airfoil

27

9. Programm for Burgers Equation

29

10. Programm for Blasius solution of Boundary layer over flat plate

31

11.

Programm for Riemann solver for Shock Tube

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

39

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Experiment - 1: Flow over Airfoil

Aim: To obtain flow field over an airfoil at 00 Angle of attack chord length 1m with incoming
flow conditions to be velocity 180 m/s, at Isothermal condition.

Software: ICEM and CFX

Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM

Import vertex data of airfoil coordinates from File Import Geometry

Formatted point data.

Join the points by selecting geomtry tab, Create curve from points.

Create a line in Z direction to extrude airfoil.

Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve and then the
remaining lines under the driven curve Apply.

Geometry Create surface Simple surface for upper and lower surface.

Create domain for the flow analysis.

Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.

From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
Top top_1
Side sidewall_1
Bottom Bot _ 1
Airfoil Airfoil_1

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Apply

Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two

diagonally opposite points on the model such that point should not be within
airfoil Apply.

2. Mesh geometry:

Click Mesh Function tab

Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 0.1 display on apply.

Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet and wall.

Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism

layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.

Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.

3. Export mesh

Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.

4. CFX:

CFX Pre New file general.

Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.

Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 1 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified

Type
Location

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Fluid
FLUID

Materials
Air Ideal Gas
Fluid Definition

Material Library

Morphology

Continuous Fluid
Settings

Buoyancy Model

Non Buoyant

Domain Motion

Stationary

Reference Pressure

1.0000e+00 [atm]

Heat Transfer Model

Isothermal

Fluid Temperature

2.5000e+01 [C]

Turbulence Model

SST

Turbulent Wall Functions

Scalable

Domain

Boundaries

Default Domain Modified

Boundary - inlet
Type

INLET

Location

IN_1
Settings

Flow Regime

Subsonic

Mass And Momentum

Normal Speed

Normal Speed

1.3000e+02 [m s^-1]

Turbulence

low Intensity = 1%
Boundary - outlet

Type

OUTLET

Location

OUT_1
Settings

Flow Regime
Mass And Momentum

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Subsonic
Average Static Pressure

Pressure Profile Blend

5.0000e-02

Relative Pressure

1.0132e+05 [Pa]

Pressure Averaging

Average Over Whole Outlet

Boundary - WALL

Type

Location

WALL
Airfoil_1, Top_1, Bot _1

Settings

Mass And Momentum

No Slip Wall

Wall Roughness

Smooth Wall

Click ok and define run to start solution.

POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:

Create plane

Create contour pressure, mach number

Create streamlines

Create chart for velocity along plate.

Results:

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Experiment -2: Supersonic flow over a wedge

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Aim: To obtain flow field over a 150 Angle wedge length with incoming flow conditions to be
Mach 3, Pressure 1 atm and air at 250c.

Software: ICEM and CFX

Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM

Create the points 1(0,0,0); 2(0.5,0,0); 3(1.5,0,0); by selecting geomtry tab

Create point Explicit coordinate method.

Join the points 1-2, 2-3 by selecting geomtry tab

points

Geometry Transform Geomtry Translate/Rotate/Mirror/Scale select Zaxis Select centre of rotation as 2 coordinate Select line Angle 15 0
Apply.

Create a line in Z direction to extrude airfoil.

Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve and then the
remaining lines under the driven curve Apply.

Create Wedge Surfaces.

Create domain for the flow analysis.

Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.

From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
Top top_1
Side Side wall_1
Bottom Bot_1

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Create/Modify curve from

Wedge Wed_1
Apply

Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two

diagonally opposite points on the model Apply.

2. Mesh geometry:

Click Mesh Function tab

Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 0.1 height 0.1 height ratio 1.2 display on apply.

Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet, domain and wedge.

Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism

layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.

Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.

3. Export mesh

Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.

4. CFX:

CFX Pre New file general.

Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.

Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 0 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified

Type

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Fluid

Location

FLUID
Materials

Air Ideal Gas

Fluid Definition

Material Library

Morphology

Continuous Fluid
Settings

Buoyancy Model

Non Buoyant

Domain Motion

Stationary

Reference Pressure

1.0000e+00 [atm]

Heat Transfer Model

Isothermal

Fluid Temperature

2.5000e+01 [C]

Turbulence Model

K- epsilon

Turbulent Wall Functions

Scalable

Domain

Boundaries

Default Domain Modified

Boundary - inlet
Type

INLET

Location

IN_1
Settings

Flow Regime

Supersonic

Mass And Momentum

Normal Speed

Normal Speed

1.04000e+02 [m s^-1]

Rel Static Pressure

1 atm

Static temp

300 K
Boundary - outlet

Type

OUTLET

Location

OUT_1
Settings

Flow Regime
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Supersonic

Mass And Momentum

Average Static Pressure

Boundary - WALL
Type

WALL
Location
Top_1, Bot_1, Wed_1
Settings

Mass And Momentum

No Slip Wall

Wall Roughness

Smooth Wall

Click ok and define run to start solution.

POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:

Create plane

Create contour pressure, mach number

Create streamlines

Create chart for velocity along plate.

RESULTS:

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Temperature contour

Pressure contour

Experiment -3: Flat plate boundary layer

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Aim: To obtain flow field over a flat plate at 0 0 Angle of attack length 10m with incoming flow
conditions to be velocity 30 m/s, Reynolds number 2.5x106 to 3.6 x106 and air at 250c

Software: ICEM and CFX

Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM

Create the points 1(0,0,0); 2(10,0,0); 3(20,0,0); 4(20,3,0); 5(-10,3,0); 6(-10,0,0);

7(0, 0.1,0); 8(10,0.1,0); 9(0,0,0.1) by selecting geomtry tab Create point
Explicit coordinate method.

Join the points 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-1, 1-7, 7-8, 8-2, 1-9 by selecting geomtry tab
Create curve from points.

Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve 1-9 and then
the remaining lines under the driven curve Apply.

Geometry Create surface Simple surface Select the lines 5-6 and 3-4
apply.

Geometry Create surface Segment surface Select the surface to be

segmented select curves 2-8, 8-7, 7-9 click apply.

Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.

From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
Top top_1
Plate flat_ns_1
Bottom back_ns_1 and front _ ns_1
Apply

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Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two

diagonally opposite points on the model Apply.

2. Mesh geometry:

Click Mesh Function tab

Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 0.1 display on apply.

Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet and wall.

Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism

layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.

Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.

3. Export mesh

Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.

4. CFX:

CFX Pre New file general.

Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.

Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 1 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified

Type

Fluid

Location

FLUID
Materials

Air Ideal Gas

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Fluid Definition

Material Library

Morphology

Continuous Fluid
Settings

Buoyancy Model

Non Buoyant

Domain Motion

Stationary

Reference Pressure

1.0000e+00 [atm]

Heat Transfer Model

Isothermal

Fluid Temperature

2.5000e+01 [C]

Turbulence Model

SST

Turbulent Wall Functions

Scalable

Domain

Boundaries

Default Domain Modified

Boundary - inlet
Type

INLET

Location

IN_1
Settings

Flow Regime

Subsonic

Mass And Momentum

Normal Speed

Normal Speed

0.3000e+02 [m s^-1]

Turbulence

low Intensity = 1%
Boundary - outlet

Type

OUTLET

Location

OUT_1
Settings

Flow Regime
Mass And Momentum
Pressure Profile Blend
Relative Pressure

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Subsonic
Average Static Pressure
5.0000e-02
1.0132e+05 [Pa]

Pressure Averaging

Average Over Whole Outlet

Boundary - WALL

Type

Location

WALL
flat_ns_1, back_ns_1 and front _ ns_1

Settings

Mass And Momentum

No Slip Wall

Wall Roughness

Smooth Wall

Click ok and define run to start solution.

POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:

Create plane

Create contour pressure, mach number

Create streamlines

Create chart for velocity along plate.

RESULTS:

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velocity at leading edge

pressure at leading edge

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Experiment -4: Laminar flow through Pipe

Aim: To obtain flow field through pipe of 10cm diameter and 1m length consider fluid to be
water flowing with velocity 0.01m/s.

Software: ICEM and CFX

Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM

Create the points 1(0,0,0); 2(0,5,0); 3(5,0,0); by selecting geomtry tab Create
point Explicit coordinate method.

Geometry Create curve circle on arc select the center as point 1 select
other two points as 2 and 3 Apply.

Create the point 4(0,0,100); by selecting geomtry tab Create point Explicit
coordinate method.

Join the points 1-4 by selecting geomtry tab Create/modify curve from points

Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve 1-4 and then
the circle lines under the driven curve Apply

Geometry Create surface Simple surface select lines apply.

Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.

From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
wall wall_1
Apply

Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two

diagonally opposite points on the model Apply.

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2. Mesh geometry:

Click Mesh Function tab

Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 1 display on apply.

Create partmesh setup for inlet and outlet element max size = 1 height 0.5
height ratio 1.2, and wall element max size = 0.5.

Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism

layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.

Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.

3. Export mesh

Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.

4. CFX:

CFX Pre New file general.

Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.

Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 0 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified

Type

Fluid

Location

FLUID
Materials

Air Ideal Gas

Fluid Definition

Material Library

Morphology

Continuous Fluid

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Settings
Buoyancy Model

Non Buoyant

Domain Motion

Stationary

Reference Pressure

1.0000e+00 [atm]

Heat Transfer Model

Isothermal

Fluid Temperature

2.5000e+01 [C]

Turbulence Model

K- epsilon

Turbulent Wall Functions

Scalable

Domain

Boundaries

Default Domain Modified

Boundary - inlet
Type

INLET

Location

IN_1
Settings

Flow Regime

Supersonic

Mass And Momentum

Normal Speed

Normal Speed

0.01000 [m s^-1]

Rel Static Pressure

1 atm

Static temp

300 K
Boundary - outlet

Type

OUTLET

Location

OUT_1
Settings

Flow Regime

Subsonic

Mass And Momentum

Average Static Pressure

Boundary - WALL
Type

WALL

Location
Top_1, Bot_1, Wed_1
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Settings

Mass And Momentum

No Slip Wall

Wall Roughness

Smooth Wall

Click ok and define run to start solution.

POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:

Create plane

Create contour pressure, mach number

Create streamlines

Create chart for velocity along pipe.

RESULTS:

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meshed model

velocity contour

Pressure contour

Experiment -5: Flow over A Cylinder

Aim: To obtain flow over a cylinder of 10cm radius and 1m length consider the flow with
velocity 34m/s.

Software: ICEM and CFX

Procedure: Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM

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Create the points 1(0,0,0); 2(0,10,0); 3(10,0,0); by selecting geomtry tab

Create point Explicit coordinate method.

Geometry Create curve circle on arc select the center as point 1 select
other two points as 2 and 3 Apply.

Create the point 4(0,0,100); by selecting geomtry tab Create point Explicit
coordinate method.

Join the points 1-4 by selecting geomtry tab Create/modify curve from points

Geometry Create surface Curve driven select driving curve 1-4 and then
the circle lines under the driven curve Apply

Geometry Create surface Simple surface select lines apply.

Create domain over cylinder to analyze flow field.

Delete unwanted surfaces, lines and points.

From the model tree right click on parts create part Name
Inlet in_1
Outlet out_1
wall wall_1
Cylinder- cyl_1
Apply

Geometry Create body Location centroid of 2 points select the two

diagonally opposite points on the model Apply.

2. Mesh geometry:

Click Mesh Function tab

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Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size = 10 display on apply.

Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet and wall element max size = 10 height
0.5 height ratio 1.2, and cylinder element max size = 1.

Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type tetra/mixed create prism

layers create hexa-core mesh method Robust[octree] select geometry
compute.

Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.

3. Export mesh

Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.

4. CFX:

CFX Pre New file general.

Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.

Default Domain Basic Settings Materials Air at 250c, Reference Pressure 0 atm
Domain - Default Domain Modified

Type

Fluid

Location

FLUID
Materials

Air Ideal Gas

Fluid Definition

Material Library

Morphology

Continuous Fluid
Settings

Buoyancy Model

Non Buoyant

Domain Motion

Stationary

Reference Pressure
22 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

1.0000e+00 [atm]

Heat Transfer Model

Isothermal

Fluid Temperature

Ideal gas

Turbulence Model

K- epsilon

Turbulent Wall Functions

Scalable

Domain

Boundaries

Default Domain Modified

Boundary - inlet
Type

INLET

Location

IN_1
Settings

Flow Regime

Supersonic

Mass And Momentum

Normal Speed

Normal Speed

34.01000 [m s^-1]

Rel Static Pressure

1 atm

Static temp

300 K
Boundary - outlet

Type

OUTLET

Location

OUT_1
Settings

Flow Regime

Subsonic

Mass And Momentum

Average Static Pressure

Boundary - WALL

Type

WALL
Wall_1

Location

Settings
Mass And Momentum

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free Wall

Wall Roughness

Smooth Wall

Boundary Cyl_1
Type

WALL
Wall_1

Location

Settings

Mass And Momentum

No slipWall

Wall Roughness

Smooth Wall

Click ok and define run to start solution.

POST PROCESSING
5. Analyze results in CFX POST:

Create plane

Create contour pressure, mach number

Create streamlines

Create chart for velocity along pipe.

RESULTS:

24 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

velocity contour

pressure contour

EXPERIMENT 6: Simulation of compressible flow in a convergent-divergent nozzle

Aim: Consider the nozzle having a cross sectional area A varies with axial distance from the
throat, according to the formula A = 0.1+X2; where X varies from -0.5<X<0.5. Stagnation
pressure Po = 101325 pa; stagnation temperature To = 300K;

Software: ICEM and CFX

Procedure:
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Pre processing:
1. Create geometry in ICEM

Create the vertex data of Nozzle contour variation along axis line with vertices (0.5, 0) and (0.5, 0) and A = 0.1+X2 in excel sheet.

Import vertex data into ICEM by creating .dat file.

Create edges by create/modify curves and face by create/modify faces of nozzle

using geometry function tab.

Create body point.

Create parts inlet, outlet and wall.

2. Mesh geometry:

Click Mesh Function tab

Give global mesh parameters in global mesh setup like element scale factor and
element max size.

Create partmesh setup for inlet, outlet and wall.

Compute mesh volume mesh mesh type select geometry compute.

Edit mesh check mesh quality mesh smooth mesh.

3. Export mesh

Output output to cfx save project output type output scale factor - .msh file
created.

4. CFX:
26 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

CFX Pre New file general.

Mesh - Import mesh ICEM CFD open .msh file.

Domain - Default Domain Modified

Type

Fluid

Location

FLUID
Materials

Air Ideal Gas

Fluid Definition

Material Library

Morphology

Continuous Fluid
Settings

Buoyancy Model

Non Buoyant

Domain Motion

Stationary

Reference Pressure

1.0000e+00 [atm]

Heat Transfer Model

Isothermal

Fluid Temperature

2.5000e+01 [C]

Turbulence Model

k epsilon

Turbulent Wall
Functions

Scalable

Domain
Default Domain
Modified

Boundaries
Boundary - inlet
Type

INLET

Location

IN
Settings

Flow Regime
Mass And Momentum
Normal Speed
27 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

Subsonic
Normal Speed
2.8000e+02 [m s^-1]

Turbulence

Medium Intensity and Eddy Viscosity

Ratio
Boundary - outlet

Type

OUTLET

Location

OUT
Settings

Flow Regime
Mass And Momentum

Subsonic
Average Static Pressure

Pressure Profile
Blend

5.0000e-02

Relative Pressure
Pressure Averaging

1.0132e+05 [Pa]
Average Over Whole Outlet
Boundary - WALL

Type

WALL

Location

Wall
Settings

Mass And Momentum

No Slip Wall

Wall Roughness

Smooth Wall

5. Solve the problem:

Solver Control Basic setting

Advection scheme

Turbulence Numerics

Convergence controls

Fluid timescale control

Convergence criteria

28 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

POST PROCESSING
6. Analyze results:

Create plane

Create contour pressure, mach number

Create streamlines

Create chart for temperature along nozzle axis.

Mach number contour

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Pressure contour

EXPERIMENT 7: Write a program to generate unstructured grid using

Delaunay Triangulation method.
function tri = triangulate(xnod,ynod,nodes)
% tri = triangulate(xnod,ynod,nodes)
% triangulate the quadrilateral mesh
nele = size(nodes,1);
tri = zeros(3,2*nele)';
iv = [];
ii1 = [2 3 1];
jj1 = [4 1 3];
ii2 = [1 2 4];
jj2 = [2 3 4];
nrtri = 0;
for iel = 1:nele
iv = nodes(iel,:);
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d1 = norm([xnod(iv(1))-xnod(iv(3));ynod(iv(1))-ynod(iv(3))]);
d2 = norm([xnod(iv(2))-xnod(iv(4));ynod(iv(2))-ynod(iv(4))]);
if d1 <= d2
nrtri = nrtri+1;
tri(nrtri,:) = iv(ii1);
nrtri = nrtri+1;
tri(nrtri,:) = iv(jj1);
else
nrtri = nrtri+1;
tri(nrtri,:) = iv(ii2);
nrtri = nrtri+1;
tri(nrtri,:) = iv(jj2);
end
end
x=[0:1/(numx):1];
y=[0:1/(numy):1]; %Matlab's meshgrid is used to create 2D grid from specified divisons above
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
X1=reshape(X',length(x)*length(y),1);
Y1=reshape(Y',length(x)*length(y),1); %Coordinates of the node
node=[X1 Y1]; % Node
tri = triangulate(X1,Y1,element); % element connectivity
nele = size(tri,1);
Z= zeros(length(y)-2,length(x)-2);
nn = tri; % nodes in a long list
xx = X1(nn); yy = Y1(nn); % coordinates corresponding to nodes
xplot = reshape(xx,size(tri));
yplot = reshape(yy,size(tri));figure(1);
clf;
fill(xplot',yplot','w');

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title(['Triangular Mesh ', num2str(length(nn)),' elements'])

%%%%%%Subfunction % triangulate

EXPERIMENT 8: Write a program for 2D Strucutured grid over an airfoil.

%Algebraic Grid Generation
clear;
clc; %Assign values for t and beta
t=0.15;
beta=1.05; %Prompt user for number of grid points
n=input('Enter the number of grid points in the i direction: '); m=input('Enter the number of grid
points in the j direction: ');
%Create zeroes matrix for surface plots
z=zeros(n,m); %Assign lengths and values for eta and xi
L=3;
eta=linspace(0,1,m);
xi=linspace(0,L,n); %x is equal to xi
X=xi; %Find height
ytop=2;
for i=1:n
if X(i) < 1
ybottom(i)=0;
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elseif X(i) > 2

ybottom(i)=0;
else
x2(i)=X(i)-1;
ybottom(i)=(t/.2)*(0.2969*x2(i)^.5-0.126*x2(i)-0.3516*x2(i)^2+0.2843*x2(i)^30.1015*x2(i)^4);
end
H(i)=ytop-ybottom(i);
end %Loop to calculate coordinates
zeta=beta+1;
gamma=beta-1;
alpha=zeta/gamma;
for i=1:n
for j=1:m
chi=1-eta(j);
y(i,j)=H(i)*(zeta-gamma*alpha^chi)/(alpha^chi+1)+ybottom(i);
x(i,j)=X(i);
end
end surface(x,y,z);
xlabel ('x');
ylabel ('y');
title ('Algerbraic Grid');

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Discussion of Results Enter the number of grid points in the i direction: 50 Enter the number of
grid points in the j direction: 50 Figure shows the algebraic grid generation with the growth rate
=1.05 the grids are very fine at y=0 and it gets coarser as the y increases. The value of growth
rate can be varied and you can see the difference in the growth rate of the grid. 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
3 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.81 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.82 x y Algerbraic Grid.

EXPERIMENT 9: Write a program to get the exact solution of Burgers equation.

Program for function f
function ret = f( u )
ret = 0.5 * u.^2;
function ret = df( u )
ret = u;
function ret = nf( u, v )
for i = 1:length(u)
if (u(i) >= v(i))
if ((u(i)+v(i))/2 > 0)
ustar(i)=u(i);
else
ustar(i)=v(i);
end
else
if (u(i)>0)
ustar(i)=u(i);
elseif (v(i)<0)
ustar(i)=v(i);
else
ustar(i)=0;
end
end
end
ret =f(ustar);

Burgers Programm
clear all;

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%Selection of equation and method.

xend = 2; % x-axis size.
tend = 2; % t-axis size.
N = input('Enter the number of grid points: ');
dx = xend/N; % Grid spacing
dt = input('Enter time step dt: ');
x = 0:dx:xend;
nt = floor(tend/dt);
dt = tend / nt;
%Set up the initial solution values.
u0=(0:0.2:2);
u=u0;
unew = 0*u;
%Implementation of the numerical methods.
for i = 1 : nt
us = u(1:end-1) - dt/dx * (f(u(2:end)) - f(u(1:end-1)));
unew(2:end-1)= 0.5*(u(2:end-1) + us(2:end)) - ...
0.5*dt/dx* (f(us(2:end)) - f(us(1:end-1)));
unew(1) = u(1);
unew(end) = u(end);
u = unew;
U(i,:) = u(:);
end
U=[u0;U];
T=0:dt:tend;
%Plot of the solutions.
figure(1)
surf(x,T,U)
shading interp
xlabel('x'), ylabel('t'), zlabel ('u(x,t)');
grid on
colormap('Gray');

Enter the number of grid points: 10

Enter time step dt: 1

35 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

EXPERIMENT 10: Write a Program for Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer over
a flat plate.
% This script animates the solution to the Balsius' model for a boundary
% layer flow over a flat plate. This model assumes steady flow, constant
% density and viscosity. First one must solve the Blasius differential
% equation f'''+0.5*f*f''= 0 with f(0)=0, f'(0)=0 AND f'(infinity)=0 where
% the prime denotes differentiation wuth respect to eta=y*(U*rho/mu)^.5.
clear all

36 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

set(0,'DefaultAxesFontSize',12);
set(0,'DefaultTextFontSize',12);
eta=linspace(0,10,2001);
deta=.005;
z1=0;
z2=0;
z3=.33193;%input('The second derivative at eta = 0 is');
% Found by trial and error assuming various values until the final
% condition was satisfied.
X=[z1;z2;z3];
for i=1:2000
z1=z1+z2*deta;
z2=z2+z3*deta;
z3=z3-0.5*z1*z3*deta;
X=[X [z1;z2;z3]];
end
figure(1);clf;
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(eta,X(1,:))
xlabel('Variable, \eta')
ylabel('Solution, f(\eta)')
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(eta,X(2,:))
xlabel('Variable, \eta')
ylabel('Solution, df(\eta)/d\eta')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(eta,X(3,:))
xlabel('Variable, \eta')
ylabel('Solution, d^2f(\eta)/d\eta^2')
F=eta.*X(2,:)-X(1,:);
text(5,1.5,'Press Enter to Continue')
pause
figure(2);clf;
plot(eta,F)
xlabel('Variable, \eta')
ylabel('Solution, \etadf(\eta)/d\eta-f(\eta)')
text(4,.8,'Press Enter to Continue')
pause
y=linspace(0,.003,51);
x=[0 .05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4 .45 .5]*.1;
figure(3);clf;
axis([0 1 -.0001 .003])
hold on
plot([0 1],[0 0])
hold on
u=zeros(51,11);
eta3=[];
% (U*rho/mu)=1e5:Corresponds to water at 20 C with U=0.1 m/s
for i=2:51 % y loop
for j=2:11 % x loop
eta1=sqrt(1e5/(x(1,j)))*y(1,i);
if y(1,i)==0
fprime=0;
fact=0;

37 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

else
fprime=interp1(eta,X(2,:),eta1);
fact=interp1(eta,F,eta1);
end
u(i,j)=fprime;
v(i,j)=sqrt(1/(1e5*x(1,j)))*fact;
eta3(i,j)=eta1;
end
end
u(:,1)=ones(51,1);
v(:,1)=zeros(51,1);
v(1,:)=zeros(1,11);
for i=39:51
u(i,2)=1;
end
for j=1:11
plot(u(:,j),y)
hold on
end
text(.8,.6e-3,'x = 0.005');
text(.7,.7e-3,'0.01');
text(.38,1e-3,'0.05');
box on
xlabel('Dimensionless Velocity, u(x,y)/U')
ylabel('Distance Above the Surface, y')
text(0.2,2e-3,['\rhoU/\mu = ' num2str(1e5) ' m^-^1'])
text(.2,2.5e-3,'Press Enter to Continue')
pause
figure(4);clf;
axis([-.01 .06 -.0002 .006])
hold on
patch([0 .005 .062 .06 0],[0 -.0002 -.0002 0 0],'r')
box on
plot([0 .004 .004 0 0],[0 0 3e-3 3e-3 0])
patch([.004 .003 .003 .004],[3e-3 (3e-3)-.0001 (3e-3)+.0001 3e-3],'b')
hold on
for i=2:11
plot(x(1,i)*ones(1,51)+.004*u(:,i)',y(1,:))
xtip=x(1,i)+.004*u(51,i);
ytip=y(1,51);
plot([x(1,i) x(1,i) xtip],[0 ytip ytip])
patch([xtip xtip-.001 xtip-.001 xtip ],[ytip ytip-.0001 ytip+.0001 ytip],'b')
hold on
end
x3=linspace(0,.06,201);
delta3=5*sqrt(x3/1e5);
plot(x3,delta3,'m')
hold on
plot([x3(1,150) .033],[delta3(1,150) 3.5e-3],'m');
text(.004,3.5e-3, 'Boundary Layer Thickness')
xlabel('Distance along the plate x, m')
ylabel('Distance above the plate y, m')
text(-.005,4.8e-3,'U\rho/\mu = 100000 m^-^1, Water at U = 0.1 m/s and 20 C')
text(-.005,5.5e-3,'Horizontal Velocity Profiles vs Distance along the Plate')

38 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

text(-.005, 4e-3,'Press Enter to Continue')

pause
dt=.00005;
x1=-5*ones(8,1);
beginningx=-5;
y1=[.5e-5 .00001 .00002 .00003 .00004 .00005 .00006 .00007]'*2;
hold on
v1=zeros(8,1);
u1=ones(8,1);
figure(5);clf;%Do animation
axis([beginningx 200 -2 80]);
hold on
patch([0 4 200 200 0],[0 -2 -2 0 0],'r')
x1new=.000001*ones(8,1);
y1new=y1;
Udt=.1*dt;
plot([x1 x1new]'/Udt,[y1 y1new]'/Udt, 'k');
box on
xlabel('Dimensionless Location, x/U\Deltat')
ylabel('Dimensionless Location, y/U\Deltat')
text(10,70 ,['\rhoU/\mu = ' num2str(1e5) ' m^-^1, U = 0.1 m/s'])
T=text(100,5,'Press Enter to Animate');
text(10,65,'\Deltat = 0.00005 s')
pause
set(T,'String',' ');
x1=x1new;
y1=y1new;
for t=1:200%time loop
for i=1:8%streamline loop
eta3=sqrt(1e5/(x1(i,1)))*y1(i,1);
if eta3>=10
fprime=1;
F1=1.7233;
else
fprime=interp1(eta, X(2,:),eta3);
F1=interp1(eta,F,eta3);
end
u1(i,1)=fprime;
v1(i,1)=sqrt(1/(4e5*x1(i,1)))*F1;
x1new(i,1)=x1(i,1)+dt*u1(i,1)*.1;
y1new(i,1)=y1(i,1)+dt*v1(i,1)*.1;
hold on
end
plot([x1 x1new]'/Udt,[y1 y1new]'/Udt, 'k');
x1=x1new;
y1=y1new;
pause(.01)
end
x4=linspace(0,200,201);
delta4=5*sqrt(x4/.50);
plot(x4,delta4,'m','Linewidth',2)
text(100,62,'Boundary Layer Thickness')
plot([x4(1,90),97],[delta4(1,90),63],'m','LineWidth',2);

39 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

set(T,'String','Press Enter to Continue')

pause
x1=-5*ones(8,1);
beginningx=-5;
y1=[.5e-5 .00001 .00002 .00003 .00004 .00005 .00006 .00007]'*5;
v1=zeros(8,1);
u1=ones(8,1);
figure(6);clf;%Do animation
axis([beginningx 200 -3 120]);
hold on
patch([0 4 200 200 0],[0 -3 -3 0 0],'r')
x1new=.000001*ones(8,1);
y1new=y1;
plot([x1 x1new]'/Udt,[y1 y1new]'/Udt, 'k');
box on
xlabel('Dimensionless Location, x/U\Deltat')
ylabel('Dimensionless Location, y/U\Deltat')
text(20,110 ,['\rhoU/\mu = ' num2str(1e5) ' m^-^1, U = 0.1 m/s'])
%text(20,110 ,['\rhoU/\mu = ' num2str(1e5) ' m^-^1'])
T=text(120,10,'Press Enter to Animate');
text(20,100,'\Deltat = 0.00005 s')
pause
set(T,'String',' ');
x1=x1new;
y1=y1new;
u8=[];
for t=1:200%time loop
for i=1:8%streamline loop
eta3=sqrt(1e5/(x1(i,1)))*y1(i,1);
if eta3>=10
fprime=1;
F1=1.7233;
else
fprime=interp1(eta, X(2,:),eta3);
F1=interp1(eta,F,eta3);
end
u1(i,1)=fprime;%actuallu u/U
v1(i,1)=sqrt(1/(4e5*x1(i,1)))*F1;%actually v/U
x1new(i,1)=x1(i,1)+dt*u1(i,1)*.1;
y1new(i,1)=y1(i,1)+dt*v1(i,1)*.1;
hold on
end
plot([x1 x1new]'/Udt,[y1 y1new]'/Udt, 'k');
hold on
x1=x1new;
y1=y1new;
pause(.01)
end
plot(x4,delta4,'m','Linewidth',2)
plot([x4(1,90),99],[delta4(1,90),19],'m','Linewidth',2);
text(100,18,'Boundary Layer Thickness')
set(T,'String','Press Enter to End')
pause

40 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

41 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

42 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

43 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

44 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

EXPERIMENT 11: Write a Program Riemann solver for shock tube problem
% Riemann solver for solving shock-tube problem
% 6 possible cases of formation of shock waves and expansionfan have been
% considered including the case of cavitation. The cavitationcheck is
% incorporated in the code. It further prevents plotting formathematically
% possible but physically unlikely case of expansion shocks.
%
clear;
clc;
close all;
% Ratio of specific heats for air
gamma = 1.4;
% Problem definition: Conditions at time t=0
% Case 1 : Sod's Problem
ch=0;
while(ch==0)
fprintf ('Choose one of the following cases :- \n');
fprintf ('\n \t Case 1: Sods problem \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 2: Left running expansion and right running "STRONG" shock \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 3: Left running shock and right running expansion \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 4: Double shock \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 5: Double expansion \n');
fprintf ('\t Case 6: Cavitation \n');
cas=input ('\nEnter a case no. <1-6>: ');
if cas==1
% Case 1:Left Expansion & right Shock
fprintf('Case 1:Sods problem \n');
rho1=1;
rho4=0.125;
u1=0;
u4=0;
p1=1;
p4=0.1;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
elseif cas==2
% Case 2:Strong Expansion & Shock
fprintf('Case 2:Strong Expansion & Shock \n');
rho1=3;
rho4=2;
u1=0;
u4=0;
p1=1000;
p4=0.01;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;

45 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

elseif cas==3
% Case 3:Shock & Expansion
fprintf('Case 3:Shock & Expansion \n');
rho1=1;
rho4=1;
u1=0;
u4=0;
p1=7;
p4=10;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
elseif cas==4
% Case 4:Double Shock
fprintf('Case 4:Double Shock \n');
rho1=6;
rho4=6;
u1=20;
u4=-6;
p1=450;
p4=45;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
elseif cas==5
% Case 5:Double Expansion
fprintf('Case 5:Double Expansion \n');
rho1=1;
rho4=2.5;
u1=-2;
u4=2;
p1=40;
p4=40;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
elseif cas==6
% Case 6:Cavitation
fprintf('Case 6:Cavitation \n');
rho1=1;
rho4=1;
u1=-20;
u4=20;
p1=0.40;

46 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

p4=0.40;
fprintf ('P1 = %f \n',p1);
fprintf ('P4 = %f \n',p4);
fprintf ('U1 = %f \n',u1);
fprintf ('U4 = %f \n',u4);
fprintf ('rho1 = %f \n',rho1);
fprintf ('rho4 = %f \n',rho4);
ch=1;
else
fprintf ('Please enter an appropriate choice \n');
end % for case selection if-else loop
end % for case selection while loop
% Calculation of flow parameters at initial condition
a1=sqrt(gamma*p1/rho1);
a4=sqrt(gamma*p4/rho4);
M1=u1/a1;
M4=u4/a4;
if u1<0 && u4>0 && (u1+(2/(gamma-1))*a1)<=(u4-(2/(gamma-1))*a4)
%chk for cavitation
fprintf('\n Cavitation is observed in this case of double expansion. No solution possible \n');
break;
else
% Secant Method for getting pressure P*
p23up=(((gamma-1)/2*(u1-u4)+a1+a4)/((a1*(p1)^((2*gamma)/(gamma-1)))+(a4*(p4)^((2*gamma)/(gamma1)))))^((2*gamma)/(gamma-1)); % upper limit
p23down=(rho1*a1*p4+rho4*a4*p1-(rho1*a1*rho4*a4*(u4-u1)))/(rho1*a1+rho4*a4); %lower limit by linear
theory
s=0;
if p23down>=p1
s=1;
end
ss=0;
if p23down>=p4
ss=1;
end
if s==1
m1=rho1*a1*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23up-p1)/(2*gamma*p1)));
m1d=rho1*a1*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23downp1)/(2*gamma*p1)));
else
m1=rho1*a1*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23up/p1)/(1-(p23up/p1)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
m1d=rho1*a1*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23down/p1)/(1-(p23down/p1)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
end
if ss==1
m4=rho4*a4*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23up-p4)/(2*gamma*p4)));
m4d=rho4*a4*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23down-p4)/(2*gamma*p4)));
else
m4=rho4*a4*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23up/p4)/(1-(p23up/p4)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
m4d=rho4*a4*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23down/p4)/(1-(p23down/p4)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
end
p23=(m1*p4+m4*p1-m1*m4*(u4-u1))/(m1+m4);
f=p23up-p23;
p23d=(m1d*p4+m4d*p1-m1d*m4d*(u4-u1))/(m1d+m4d);
ff=p23d-p23;
j=0;
% iteration procedure starts from here
while abs(f)>0.000001

47 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

p23up=p23up-(f*(p23up-p23d)/(f-ff));
if s==1
m1=rho1*a1*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23upp1)/(2*gamma*p1)));
m1d=rho1*a1*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23downp1)/(2*gamma*p1)));
else
m1=rho1*a1*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23up/p1)/(1-(p23up/p1)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
m1d=rho1*a1*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23down/p1)/(1-(p23down/p1)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
end
if ss==1
m4=rho4*a4*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23up-p4)/(2*gamma*p4)));
m4d=rho4*a4*sqrt(1+((gamma+1)*(p23down-p4)/(2*gamma*p4)));
else
m4=rho4*a4*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23up/p4)/(1-(p23up/p4)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
m4d=rho4*a4*(gamma-1)/(2*gamma)*(1-p23down/p4)/(1-(p23down/p4)^((gamma-1)/(2*gamma)));
end
p23=(m1*p4+m4*p1-m1*m4*(u4-u1))/(m1+m4);
f=p23up-p23;
p23d=(m1d*p4+m4d*p1-m1d*m4d*(u4-u1))/(m1d+m4d);
ff=p23d-p23;
j=j+1;
if j>450000;
fprintf ('No convergance \n');
break;
end
end % for while loop of secant method
% Root finder ends
%Calculation of flow parameters depending whether shock oran
%expansion is observed
u23=(m1*u1+m4*u4-(p4-p1))/(m1+m4);
if s==1
rho2=rho1*(1+(((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))*p23/p1))/(((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))+p23/p1);
if u23>u1
fprintf('Expansion shock-not physically possible\n');
return;
end
else
rho2=rho1*(p23/p1)^(1/gamma);
end
if ss==1
rho3=rho4*(1+(((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))*p23/p4))/(((gamma+1)/(gamma-1))+p23/p4);
if u23<u4
fprintf('Expansion shock-not physically possible\n');
return;
end
else
rho3=rho4*(p23/p4)^(1/gamma);
end
a2=sqrt(gamma*p23/rho2);
a3=sqrt(gamma*p23/rho3);
end % for cavitation test
% Print calculated flow quantities
fprintf ('\n Solution of Riemann problem :- \n');
fprintf ('P* = %f \n',p23);
fprintf ('U* = %f \n',u23);
fprintf ('rho2 = %f \n',rho2);
fprintf ('rho3 = %f \n',rho3);

48 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

% Variable initialization
cs12=0;
cs34=0;
expc121=0;
expc122=0;
expc341=0;
expc342=0;
% Calculation of shock/expansion speeds
if s==1
cs12l=a1*sqrt(1+(gamma+1)/(2*gamma)*(p23-p1)/p1);
cs12=u1-abs(cs12l);
else
expc121=u1-a1;
expc122=u23-a2;
end
if ss==1
cs34r=a4*sqrt(1+(gamma+1)/(2*gamma)*(p23-p4)/p4);
cs34=u4+abs(cs34r);
else
expc341=u4+a4;
expc342=u23+a3;
end
%Array construction
maxxt=max([cs12 cs34 expc121 expc122 expc341 expc342]);
minxt=min([cs12 cs34 expc121 expc122 expc341 expc342]);
offsetxt=0.1*(maxxt-minxt);
if s==1
xt(1)=cs12-offsetxt;
incr=abs(offsetxt)/1500;
for i=1:1500
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
u(i)=u1;
rho(i)=rho1;
p(i)=p1;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(1500)=cs12;
incr=abs(u23-cs12)/1500;
for i=1501:3000
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
u(i)=u23;
rho(i)=rho2;
p(i)=p23;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(3000)=u23;
else
xt(1)=expc121-offsetxt;
incr=abs(offsetxt)/1000;
for i=1:1000
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
u(i)=u1;
rho(i)=rho1;
p(i)=p1;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end

49 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

xt(1000)=expc121;
incr=abs(expc122-expc121)/1000;
for i=1001:2000
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
if expc122>=0
u(i)=2/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-a1)+(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*u1;
a=((gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-u1))+(2/(gamma+1)*a1);
else
u(i)=2/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)+a1)+(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*u1;
a=(-(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-u1))+(2/(gamma+1)*a1);
end
rho(i)=rho1*(a/a1)^(2/(gamma-1));
p(i)=p1*(a/a1)^(2*gamma/(gamma-1));
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(2000)=expc122;
incr=abs(expc122-u23)/1000;
for i=2001:3000
xt(i+1)=xt(i)+incr;
u(i)=u23;
rho(i)=rho2;
p(i)=p23;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(3000)=u23;
end
if ss==1
incr=abs(u23-cs34)/1500;
for i=3001:4500
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
u(i)=u23;
rho(i)=rho3;
p(i)=p23;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(4500)=cs34;
incr=abs(offsetxt)/1500;
for i=4501:6000
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
u(i)=u4;
rho(i)=rho4;
p(i)=p4;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
else
incr=abs(expc342-u23)/1000;
for i=3001:4000
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
u(i)=u23;
rho(i)=rho3;
p(i)=p23;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(4000)=expc342;
incr=abs(expc342-expc341)/1000;
for i=4001:5000

50 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
if expc341>=0
u(i)=2/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-a4)+(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*u4;
a=((gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-u4))+(2/(gamma+1)*a4);
else
u(i)=2/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)+a4)+(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*u4;
a=(-(gamma-1)/(gamma+1)*(xt(i)-u4))+(2/(gamma+1)*a4);
end
rho(i)=rho4*(a/a4)^(2/(gamma-1));
p(i)=p4*(a/a4)^(2*gamma/(gamma-1));
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
xt(5000)=expc341;
incr=abs(offsetxt)/1000;
for i=5001:6000
xt(i)=xt(i-1)+incr;
u(i)=u4;
rho(i)=rho4;
p(i)=p4;
e(i)=p(i)/(gamma-1)/rho(i);
end
end
% Plotting instructions
subplot (2,2,1)
plot(xt,u);
title('Plot of U v/s x/t');
xlabel ('x/t');
ylabel ('u');
axis tight;
subplot (2,2,2)
plot(xt,rho);

Choose one of the following cases :Case 1: Sods problem

Case 2: Left running expansion and right running "STRONG" shock
Case 3: Left running shock and right running expansion
Case 4: Double shock
Case 5: Double expansion
Case 6: Cavitation
Enter a case no. <1-6>: 1
Case 1:Sods problem
P1 = 1.000000
P4 = 0.100000
U1 = 0.000000
U4 = 0.000000
rho1 = 1.000000
rho4 = 0.125000
Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 0.303130
U* = 0.927453
rho2 = 0.426319
rho3 = 0.265574
51 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

Enter a case no. <1-6>: 2

Case 2:Strong Expansion & Shock
P1 = 1000.000000
P4 = 0.010000
U1 = 0.000000
U4 = 0.000000
rho1 = 3.000000
rho4 = 2.000000
Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 406.902385
U* = 13.020508
rho2 = 1.578286
rho3 = 11.998280

Enter a case no. <1-6>: 3

Case 3:Shock & Expansion
P1 = 7.000000
P4 = 10.000000
U1 = 0.000000
U4 = 0.000000
rho1 = 1.000000
rho4 = 1.000000
52 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 8.480870

U* = -0.435229
rho2 = 1.146676
rho3 = 0.888968

Enter a case no. <1-6>: 4

Case 4:Double Shock
P1 = 450.000000
P4 = 45.000000
U1 = 20.000000
U4 = -6.000000
rho1 = 6.000000
rho4 = 6.000000
Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 1701.594168
U* = 8.933681
rho2 = 14.530506
rho3 = 31.206924

Enter a case no. <1-6>: 5

Case 5:Double Expansion
P1 = 40.000000
P4 = 40.000000
U1 = -2.000000
U4 = 2.000000
53 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I

rho1 = 1.000000
rho4 = 2.500000
Solution of Riemann problem :P* = 24.897610
U* = 0.450296
rho2 = 0.712733
rho3 = 1.781833

Enter a case no. <1-6>: 6

Case 6:Cavitation
P1 = 0.400000
P4 = 0.400000
U1 = -20.000000
U4 = 20.000000
rho1 = 1.000000
rho4 = 1.000000
Cavitation is observed in this case of double expansion. No solution possible.

54 | D i g i t a l S i m u l a t i o n L a b - I